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1 

THE    FRENCH    VERB 


ITS  CONJUGATION  AND  IDIOMATIC  USE, 


rs 


BY 


C.    F.    MARTIN 

FIRST   LIEUTENANT   FIFTH    UNITED   STATES   CAVALRY 

INSTRUCTOR   OF   MODERN   LANGUAGES,    UNITED 

STATES   MILITARY   ACADEMY 


OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 

OF 

s£dLlFORN)^ 


NEW  YORK  •:.  CINCINNATI  •:•  CHICAGO 

AMERICAN    BOOK   COMPANY 


AT.  ,^#^ 


A^' 


Copyright,  1910,  by 
C.  F.  MARTIN. 

Entered  at  Stationers'  Hall,  London. 


THE  FRENCH  VERB. 


OF   THE  \ 

UNIVERSITY    )) 

OF  J 


PREFACE 

The  object  of  this  work  is  to  show  the  complete  conjugations  of  all  French 
verbs  and  to  illustrate  their  idiomatic  use. 

The  idea  of  the  author  is  that  when  a  student  learns  to  conjugate  a  verb,  he 
should  also  learn  how  to  use  it.  It  is  as  necessary  to  know  what  preposition, 
if  any,  follows  a  verb  before  an  infinitive  as  it  is  to  know  the  gender  of  a  noun. 
It  is  also  necessary  to  know  how  to  form  a  sentence  with  the  verb. 

The  arrangement  of  the  book  is  based  on  the  system  used  at  the  United  States 
Military  Academy,  where  the  object  is  to  impart  a  thorough  working  knowledge 
of  the  French  language  in  the  most  practical  way  and  in  the  shortest  time  possible. 

The  verb  is  to  a  language  what  the  steel  frame  is  to  a  building.  Hence  at 
the  Military  Academy  the  Verb  Book  is  a  companion  to  the  Grammar  and  the 
Reader. 

As  soon  as  the  cadet  acquires  a  knowledge  of  the  rules  of  pronunciation  and 
has  begun  the  study  of  the  grammar,  he  is  set  to  learning  each  day  to  conjugate 
in  full  at  least  one  verb.  He  is  taken  step  by  step  through  the  auxiliary  verbs, 
the  regular  verbs  (models),  the  verbs  having  orthographical  peculiarities,  the 
reflexive,  the  impersonal,  the  irregular  verbs,  and  the  defective  verbs.  When  he 
has  gone  through  the  Verb  Book,  he  starts  over  again  at  the  beginning.  So 
throughout  the  course  of  nine  months  he  has  to  be  prepared  each  day  to  write 
a  verb  in  full  on  the  blackboard.  The  results  attained  have  proved  the  wisdom 
of  the  plan.  The  secret  of  successful  instruction  lies  in  the  arrangement  and  the 
method  of  presentation  of  the  subject.  In  this  book  the  arrangement  is  one 
for  practical  results,  and  the  following  distinguishing  points  may  be  noted : 

1.  Conjugation  at  the  beginning  of  the  constantly  used  verbs  avoir,  etre,  faire, 

and  aller. 

2.  Information  with  each  verb  conjugated  in  the  text  as  to  the  use  of  preposi- 

tions (if  any)  before  infinitives. 

3.  Examples  illustrating  the  use  of  each  verb  conjugated,  and  others  like  it. 

4.  Arrangement  of  verbs  in  the  order  of  their  importance,  and  not  alphabeti- 

cally.    Thus,  in  the  irregular  verbs,  the  third  conjugation  is  placed  first ; 
and  vouloir  and  pouvoir  precede  asseoir  and  mouvoir. 

5 .  Verb  lists,  showing  verbs  requiring  a  before  an  infinitive,  those  requiring  de, 

those   requiring   no   preposition,  and  those   requiring  sometimes  i  and 
sometimes  de. 


193936 


4  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

Questions  in  English  to  be  translated  by  the  student.  The  answers  to  the 
questions  are  so  arranged  as  to  cause  the  student  to  make  use  of  the  verb 
faire  and  the  pronouns  employed  to  abbreviate  responses. 

These  verbs  are  intended  to  be  given  out  to  the  student  two  or  three  at  a 
time  (particularly  on  the  review),  as  a  daily  drill  on  the  use  of  verbs  with 
following  infinitives.  The  exercises  on  these  verbs  are  to  be  used  in 
addition  to  the  daily  verb,  which  is  to  be  conjugated  throughout. 

6.  A  list  (No.  5)  of  verbs  used  reflexively  in  French  and  not  in  English. 

The  questions  and  answers  connected  with  these  verbs  are  combined  with  the 
use  of  the  past  tenses  —  another  difficulty  for  beginners. 

The  list  is  meant  to  be  used  similarly  to  lists  i  to  5. 

Constant  practice  in  using  the  verbs  in  idiomatic  sentence  construction  is 
indispensable  to  the  acquirement  of  ease  in  speaking  and  writing  the 
language. 

7.  A  Verb  Dictionary,  to  be  used  for  reference,  showing  the  idiomatic  use  of 

all  verbs  offering  peculiarities  or  difficulties  to  students. 
This  list  shows  the  conjugation  to  which  the  verb  belongs,  its  auxiliary,  the 

prepositions  used  with  it,  the  proverbs  or  axioms  formed  with  it  —  in  short, 

its  use  in  full,  illustrated  by  examples  in  French  and  English  where  deemed 

necessary. 
It  is  believed  that  this  dictionary  will  meet  a  practical  need. 

8.  Throughout  the  book  are  given  hints  and  suggestions  which  have  been  found 

in  daily  class-room  work  to  be  most  helpful  to  beginners. 

To  Professor  E.  E.  Wood,  Department  of  Modern  Languages,  U.  S.  M.  A., 
I  desire  to  offer  my  acknowledgments  and  sincere  thanks,  as  a  critic  to  whom 
the  merit  of  the  book  is  most  largely  due.  To  him  are  due  the  suggestions  as 
to  the  formation  of  the  verb  and  the  use  of  the  tenses,  and  the  ehmination  of 
everything  that  would  tend  to  confuse  a  beginner. 

That  my  work  has  throughout  profited  by  his  advice  and  criticism  is  to  me 
a  source  of  deep  gratitude. 

I  wish  also  to  acknowledge  my  indebtedness  to  Monsieur  A.  Marin  Lamesl^e, 
Civilian  Instructor,  U.  S.  M.  A.,  for  valuable  criticism  and  assistance  in  connection 
with  the  Verb  Dictionary. 

My  acknowledgments  and  thanks  are  due  to  Captain  Arthur  Thayer,  3d  U.  S. 
Cavalry,  and  to  M.  Georges  Castegnier,  U.  S.  M.  A.,  West  Point,  N.  Y. 

CHARLES  F.  MARTIN. 


THE  FRENCH  VERB 


I.  FRENCH  VERBS 

French  verbs,  like  English  verbs,  are  classified  as  transitive  and  intransitive, 
passive,  reflexive  or  pronominal,  and  impersonal  verbs. 

Transitive  verbs  in  French  are  called  active  verbs  {verbes  actifs) . 

Intransitive  verbs  are  called  neuter  verbs  {verbes  neutres). 

Passive  verbs  in  French  do  not  differ  from  passive  verbs  in  English,  except 
that  they  are  not  so  much  used. 

A  reflexive  verb  (often  called  pronominal  verb)  is  one  in  which  one  of  the 
objects  of  the  verb  (either  direct  or  indirect)  is  the  same  person  or  thing  as  the 
subject  of  the  verb.  A  reflexive  verb  in  English  is  the  same,  and  there  is  no 
difference  between  the  two  languages,  except  that  the  reflexive  is  used  more  in 
French,  and  that  its  auxiliary  is  etre  (to  be)  instead  of  avoir  {to  have). 

The  impersonal  verb  in  French  is  practically  the  same  as  the  impersonal  verb 
in  English. 

In  English  we  have  several  auxiliary  verbs,  such  as  to  have,  to  be,  may,  can, 
must,  ought,  etc.  In  French  there  are  practically  only  two,  avoir,  to  have,  and 
Itre,  to  be,  which  are  used  as  the  corresponding  two  verbs  are  in  English  to  form 
compound  tenses  and  to  form  the  passive.  The  manner  of  expressing  in  French 
the  meaning  of  the  English  auxiliaries  other  than  to  have  and  to  be  will  be 
explained  later. 

2.    MOOD 

The  following  remarks  on  the  use  and  formation  of  the  moods  and  tenses  will 
be  found  to  be  of  assistance.  They  should  be  carefully  read  over  in  connection 
with  the  conjugation  of  avoir  and  other  verbs. 

3.    THE    FRENCH   INFINITIVE 

In  French,  as  in  English,  the  infinitive  {V infinitif)  is  the  verb  used  as  a  noun. 

In  French,  however,  the  infinitive  is  a  single  word,  whereas  in  English  the 
infinitive  is  usually  preceded  by  the  word  to  as  its  sign.  In  French  the  sign  or 
mark  of  the  infinitive  is  written  at  the  end  of  the  infinitive  and  making  with  it 
one  word.  This  is  also  done  in  English  in  the  case  of  what  is  known  as  the 
infinitive  in  ing. 

5 


6  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

In  French  there  is  but  one  form  of  the  infinitive ;  in  English  there  are  two : 
To  march  is  difficult.         Marching  is  difficult. 

To  march  in  French  is  marcher ;  er  is  the  ending  and  sign  of  the  infinitive 
marcher,  of  which  march  is  the  stem. 

If  we  may  imagine  the  to  in  the  infinitive  to  march  to  be  converted  into  ing 
and  added  after  march,  we  get  the  second  form  of  the  English  infinitive,  march- 
ing.   The  ing  is  therefore  the  sign  of  the  English  "  infinitive  in  /«^,"  as  it  is  called. 

The  infinitive  in  ing  corresponds  in  construction  more  nearly  than  the  infinitive 
with  to  to  the  French  infinitive. 

Marcher  (French)    1  _  ^.  i^         Marcher  est  difficile. 


1- 


March/;/^  (English)  J  March/;?^  is  difficult. 

If  we  keep  in  mind  the  English  infinitive  in  ing,  it  will  aid  materially  in  under- 
standing infinitive  constructions  in  French. 

The  student  should  rid  himself  entirely  of  the  idea  that  the  French  infinitive 
includes  or  implies  to,  and  should  know  that  it  is  a  single  word  —  nothing  else. 
This  will  help  us  to  see  that  the  French  preposition  for  to  or  at  (which  is  a)  when 
used  before  the  infinitive  is  not  a  sign  of  the  infinitive,  but  a  true  preposition. 

Aidez-moi  a  faire  cela.     Help  me  in  doing  that  =  help  me  to  do  that. 

4.    THE    PRESENT   PARTICIPLE 

The  present  participle  (/<?  participe present)  corresponds  to  the  EngUsh  present 
participle.      It  always  ends  in  ant. 

5.  THE  PAST   PARTICIPLE 

The  past  participle  (Je  participe  passe)  corresponds  to  the  English  past  parti- 
ciple and  is  used  to  form  compound  tenses.  It  sometimes  changes  for  gender 
and  number. 

6.  THE   INDICATIVE   MOOD 

1.  The  indicative  mood  {P indicatif)  corresponds  to  the  English  indicative. 

2.  The  present  tense  (Je  present)  in  French  has  but  one  form,  and  translates 
the  English  three  forms,  —  the  absolute,  the  emphatic,  and  the  progressive : . 
/  speak,  I  do  speak,  I  am  speaking.  In  French  there  is  only  the  single  form, 
je  parle,  to  translate  the  above  three  forms. 

3.  The  imperfect  tense  {I'imparfait)  is  equivalent  to  the  English  progressive 
imperfect,  and  also  indicates  repeated  or  customary  action :  je  parlais  means 
/  was  speaking  or  /  used  to  speak. 


THE  FRENCH  VERB 


4.  The  past  definite  or  preterit  {le  passe  defini)  answers  the  question  what 
happened  or  what  took  place  at  a  certain  past  time. 

5.  The  future  tense  (/<?  futur)  is  formed  in  French  without  an  auxiHary,  and 
corresponds  in  use  to  the  English  future. 


7.  THE   CONDITIONAL   MOOD 

The  conditional  mood  {le  conditionnel)  corresponds  to  the  English  expression 
I  should  speaky  he  would  speak,  if  somethmg  occurred.  I  should  speak,  he  would 
speak,  would  be  in  the  conditional  mood  in  French.  /  should  speak,  etc.,  as 
given  above,  is  by  some  called  the  conditional  mood  in  English.  In  French  it  is 
formed  without  an  auxiliary. 

8.  THE   SUBJUNCTIVE   MOOD 

The  subjunctive  mood  {le  subjonclif)  is  used  much  more  frequently  in  French 
than  in  English,  although  the  general  principles  governing  its  use  are  very  nearly 
the  same  in  both  languages.  As  in  EngUsh,  it  is  never  used  except  in  a  depend- 
ent clause,  though  the  principal  clause  may  sometimes  be  understood  and  not 
expressed.  Being  always  in  a  dependent  clause,  it  is  always  preceded  by  some 
conjunction  or  relative  pronoun.  As  the  conjunction  most  frequently  used  for 
this  purpose  is  que,  that,  the  subjunctive  forms  in  the  table  giving  the  conjugation 
of  a  verb  are  always  preceded  by  que. 

The  use  of  the  tenses  of  the  subjunctive  will  be  explained  later. 


9.    THE   IMPERATIVE   MOOD 

The  French  imperative  proper  {Vimperatif)  is  used  to  express  a  command 
or  entreaty ;  this  command  or  entreaty  can  be  made  either  to  the  person  spoken 
to  or  to  the  person  speaking  himself.  As  the  French  still  use  thee  and  thou  as  well 
as  you,  there  are  two  forms  for  the  second  person ;  e.g.  parle,  speak  {thou),  and 
parlez,  speak  {you) .  In  the  first  person  the  plural  form  is  used ;  e.g.  parlons,  which 
may  mean  either  let  us  speak  or  let  me  speak.  In  English  the  third  persons  of 
the  imperative  are  expressed  by  the  use  of  the  verb  let  in  combination  with  the 
verb  expressing  the  action  to  be  performed ;  e.g.  let  him  speak,  let  them  speak, 
etc.  In  French  for  this  purpose  the  third  persons  of  the  present  subjunctive  are 
used  ;  e.g.  qu'il  parle,  qu'ils  patient ;  literally,  that  he  may  speak,  that  they  may 
speak.  A  principal  clause  meaning  I  wish  or  /  command  is  here  understoocl,  so 
that  the  entire  meaning  would  be  /  wish  or  command  that  he  or  they  speak.  This 
is  equivalent  in  meaning  to  the  English  let  him  or  them  speak. 


8  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

In  the  conjugation  of  the  verb  the  imperative  proper  is  written  first  and  the 
third  persons  next : 

parle,  speak  (thou) . 
parlons,  let  us  or  me  speak.  . 
parlez,  speak  (you) . 

qu'il  parle,  let  him  speak. 
qu'ils  parlent,  let  them  speak. 

10.     GENERAL   REMARKS   ON   THE   FORMATION   OF   VERBS 

1.  The  infinitive  always  ends  in  er,  ir,  oir,  or  re ;  e.g.  parler,  finir,  avoir,  etre. 
As  these  endings  are  the  sign  of  the  infinitive,  French  verbs  are  classified  in 
conjugation  according  to  these  endings.  Consequently  there  are  four  conjuga- 
tions, called  respectively  ist,  2d,  3d,  and  4th.  A  verb  of  the  ist  conjugation  has 
its  infinitive  ending  in  er ;  the  2d  in  ir ;  the  3d  in  oir ;  the  4th  in  re. 

2.  As  already  stated,  the  present  participle  always  ends  in  ant,  whereas  the 
English  present  participle  has  the  invariable  ending  ing. 

3.  The  past  participle  ends  in  6,  i,  u,  u,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  irregular 
participles. 

II.    ENDINGS   OF   THE    INDICATIVE 

Present  Tense.  —  The  2d  person  singular  {thou)  ends  in  s,  and  this 
is  also  the  ending  of  the  2d  person  singular  in  all  moods  and  tenses  except 
the  2d  person  singular  of  the  imperative.  The  2d  person  plural  {you)  always 
ends  in  ez,  the  ist  person  plural  {we)  in  ons,  and  the  3d  person  plural  in  nt. 
These  endings  for  these  persons  are  also  used  in  all  moods  and  tenses,  except  in 
the  past  definite,  where  mes  and  tes  are  used  in  place  of  ons  and  ez.  Also  in 
three  verbs  (etre,  faire,  dire)  in  the  present  indicative  tes  is  used  for  the  2d 
person  in  place  of  ez. 

Imperfect  Tense.  — The  endings  ais,  ais,  ait,  ions,  iez,  aient  are  the  endings 
of  the  imperfect  tense  for  all  verbs  without  exception. 

Past  Definite.  —  The  ending  of  the  three  persons  plural  are  mes,  tes,  rent. 
This  is  true  for  all  verbs. 

Future  Tense.  —  The  endings  are  rai,  ras,  ra,  rons,  rez,  ront.  This  is  true 
of  all  verbs.     An  explanation  of  the  formation  of  the  future  will  be  given  later. 

12.    ENDINGS   OF  THE    CONDITIONAL 

Notice  that  the  endings  are  rais,  rais,  rait,  rions,  riez,  raient.  This  is  true 
of  all  verbs.  It  may  aid  the  student  if  he  notices  that  these  terminations  are  the 
same  as  those  of  the  imperfect  indicative  preceded  by  the  letter  r. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  9 

13.  ENDINGS   OF   THE    IMPERATIVE 

With  very  few  exceptions,  the  2d  person  plural  {you)  and  the  ist  person 
plural  or  singular  are  obtained  by  dropping  the  pronouns  vous  and  nous  in  the 
corresponding  persons  of  the  present  indicative. 

14.  ENDINGS   OF   THE   SUBJUNCTIVE 

The  formation  of  the  present  subjunctive  will  be  explained  later. 
The  imperfect  subjunctive  can  be  obtained  from  the  past  definite  by  changing 
the  ending  s  or  i  of  the  ist  person  singular  into  sse,  sses,  t,  ssions,  ssiez,  ssent. 

15.  COMPOUND    TENSES 

The  compound  tenses  are  formed  in  French  as  in  English  by  placing  the 
past  participle  after  the  auxiliary  avoir  or  etre. 

16.  PAST   INDEFINITE 

The  past  indefinite  {passe  indefini)  is  used  in  French  not  only  to  express 
what  is  usually  expressed  by  the  perfect  in  English,  but  also  to  express  a  simple 
past.  In  English  this  tense,  as  /  have  seen,  is  used  with  expressions  such  as 
to-day,  this  week,  etc.,  where  the  time  includes  the  present  moment,  but  not  with 
expressions  of  time  entirely  past,  such  as  yesterday,  last  week,  etc.  But  with 
events  that  occurred  in  time  comparatively  recent,  such  as  are  generally  referred 
to  in  conversation,  the  French  make  no  such  distinction  as  in  English.  So  the 
compound  tense  j'ai  marche  may  be  translated  either  by  /  have  marcJied  or  by 
/  marched. 

In  speaking  of  events  that  occurred  in  time  comparatively  recent,  this  tense 
is  almost  exclusively  used  in  place  of  the  past  definite,  and  hence  is  sometimes 
called  the  conversational  tense.  The  past  definite  is  generally  used  in  narration, 
and  hence  is  sometimes  called  the  historical  tense. 

For  the  above  reasons  the  past  indefinite  is  translated  by  both  the  simple  and 
the  compound  past  tenses;  as  j'ai  march!  =  I  marched,  I  have  marched. 

As  this  tense  is  used  so  much  in  French,  the  student  should  form  the  habit 
from  the  beginning  of  using  it  in  place  of  the  past  definite  for  all  events  that 
^occurred  in  time  comparatively  recent,  where  the  imperfect  indicative  could  not 
be  used,  reserving  the  past  definite  for  narration,  etc. 

17.    PAST   or   COMPOUND    CONDITIONAL  I 

The  past  conditional  has  two  forms :  one  the  ordinary  or  natural  form,  the 
other  formed  by  taking  the  form  of  the  pluperfect  subjunctive  and  using  it  as  a 


lO  THE  FRENCH  VERB 

compound  conditional.     For  all  practical  purposes  these  two  forms  mean  the 
same  thing,  and  can  be  used  one  for  the  other. 

The  fact  that  there  are  two  forms  to  express  the  same  thing  need  not  be  con- 
fusing, since  we  have  in  English  similar  cases,  as  in  If  I  had  ox  If  1  should  have. 


i8.    VERBS  REQUIRING  DE  OR  A  BEFORE  AN  INFINITIVE  DEPENDING 

UPON  THEM 

Whenever  an  infinitive  follows  a  verb  in  French  and  depends  upon  it,  the 
verb  preceding  the  infinitive  frequently  requires  either  de  or  a  before  this  infini- 
tive. As  the  EngHsh  construction  generally  does  not  suggest  what  should  be 
used  in  French,  every  verb  conjugated  in  the  text  is  given  with  the  de  or  a 
required  before  the  infinitive,  or  the  information  is  given  when  the  verb  does  not 
take  either  de  or  a. 

It  is  well  to  remember  that  whenever  in  English  in  order  to  is  either  expressed 
Yt  or  understood  before  an  infinitive,  the  preposition  pour  {in  order  to)  must  always 
be  used  in  French. 

19.  Note,  in  the  conjugation  of  avoir  and  the  first  few  verbs  following,  that 
the  compound  tenses  are  arranged  symmetrically  opposite  the  corresponding 
simple  tenses,  each  compound  tense  being  made  up  of  the  past  participle  of  the 
verb  and  of  the  corresponding  simple  tense  of  the  auxiliary.  This  arrangement 
applies  to  all  French  verbs,  and  the  names  of  the  compound  tenses  correspond- 
ing to  the  simple  tenses  are  the  same  in  all  verbs. 

The  French  names  of  the  tenses  are  : 
Indicative  mood  — 

Le  present  (present)  ;  Vimparfait  (imperfect)  ;  le  passe  defini  (past  definite, 
which  corresponds  to  the  English  imperfect)  ;  le  futur  (future)  ;  le  passe  indefini 
(past  indefinite,  which  corresponds  to  the  EngHsh  perfect)  ;  le  plus-que-parfait 
(pluperfect)  ;  le  passe  anterieur  (past  anterior)  ;  le  futur  anterieur  (future  anterior, 
which  corresponds  to  the  future  perfect). 

Conditional  — 

Le  present  (present)  ;  le  passe  (past). 

Imperative  — 

Le  present  ou  le  futur  (present  or  future). 

Subjunctive  — 

Le  present  {^xt.?>^Yi\)  ;  I' imparf ait  (impeifect)  ;  le  passe  (imperfect)  ;  le  plus-que- 
parfait  (pluperfect). 

Only  the  French  names  of  the  tenses  are  given  in  the  paradigms. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


II 


Learn  the  names  of  all  the  tenses,  and  fix  in  the  mind  the  compound  tenses 
corresponding  to  all  the  simple  tenses. 

The  past  participles  of  most  French  verbs  vary  for  gender  and  number  to 
(jorrespond  to  the  gender  and  number  of  a  word  with  which  the  participle  agrees. 
The  two  rules  governing  this  agreement  will  be  found  on  page  109. 

In  the  conjugations  following,  the  abbreviation  m.s.  stands  for  masculine 
singular;  f.s.  stands  for  feminine  singular ;  m.pl.,  for  masculine  plural;  and 
f.pl.,  for  feminine  plural. 

Note  that  the  pronoun  je,  equivalent  to  /  in  English,  loses  the  e,  which  is 
replaced  by  an  apostrophe,  before  a  vowel  or  a  silent  h.  J'ai  is  pronounced  as 
if  spelled  jai. 

20.    CONJUGATION   OF  AVOIR  =  TO   HAVE 


Infin  itif  Present 
Avoir  to  have 


Participe  Present 
2_^      A^yant  having 


Infin  itif  Passi 
Avoir  eu  to  have  had 

Participe  Passe  Compose 
Ayant  eu  having  had 


3 


Participe  Passe 
Eu  (w.j.),eue  (/.^.)»  eus  {m.pl.),  eues  {f.pl.),  had 


L'INDICATIF 

TEMPS  SIMPLES 

TEMPS 

COMPOSES 

Present 

Passe  Indefini 

S.T^ 

I  have 

S,    J'ai  eu 

I  have  had 

"Tuas 

thou  hast 

Tu  as  eu 

thou  hast  had 

11  a 

he  has 

11  aeu 

he  has  had 

Ellea 

she  has 

Elle  a  eu 

she  has  had 

On  a 

one  has,  people  have 

On  aeu 

one  has  had,  people  have 
had 

PI.   Nous  avons 

we  have 

PI,   Nous  avons  eu 

we  have  had 

Vous  avez 

you  have 

Vous  avez  eu 

you  have  had 

lis  ont 

they  have 

lis  ont  eu 

they  have  had 

Biles  ont 

they  have 

t- 
Imparfait 

EUes  ont  eu 

they  have  had 

Plus-que-parfait 

J'ava/s 

I  had  or  I  used  to  have 

J'avais  eu 

T  had  had 

Tu  ava/s 

thou  hadst  or  usedst  to 
have 

Tu  avals  eu 

thou  hadst  had 

11  ava/f 

he  had  or  used  to  have 

n  avait  eu 

he  had  had 

On  ava/Y 

one  (people)  had  or  used 
to  have 

On  avait  eu 

one  had  had 

Nous  ayt'ons 

we  had  or  used  to  have 

Nous  avions  eu 

we  had  had 

Vous  av/ez 

you  had  or  used  to  have 

Vous  aviez  eu 

you  had  had 

lis  ayaient 

they  had  or  used  to  have 

lis  avaient  eu 

they  had  had 

12 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


reus    _ 
Tu  eus 
Ileut 
On  eut 
Nous  efirties 
Vous  elites 
lis  eurent 


J' aura/ 
Tu  auras 
II  aura 
On  aura 
Nous  aurows 
Vous  aurez 
lis  awont 


Passe  Defini 

I  had 
thou  hadst 
he  had 
one  had 

we  had 
you  had 
they  had 

FuHtr 

I  shall  07'  M  ill  have 
thou  shalt  or  wilt  have 
he  shall  or  will  have 
one  shall  or  will  have 
we  shall  or  will  have 
you  shall  or  will  have 
they  shall  or  will  have 


Passe  Anterieur 


J'eus  eu 
Tu  eus  eu 
II  eut  eu 
On  eut  eu 
Nous  eumes  eu 
Vous  eutes  eu 
lis  eurent  eu 


I  had  had 
thou  hadst  had 
he  had  had 
one  had  had 
we  had  had 
you  had  had 
they  had  had 


Futur  Anterieur 


J'aurai  eu 
Tu  aura  eu 
II  aura  eu 
On  aura  eu 
Nous  aurons  eu 
Vous  aurez  eu 
lis  auront  eu 


I  shall  or  will  have  had 
thou  shalt  or  wilt  have  had 
he  shall  or  will  have  had 
one  shall  ^r  will  have  had 
we  shall  or  will  have  had 
you  shall  or  will  have  had 
they  shall  or  will  have  had 


LE  CONDITIONNEL 


J'aura/s 
Tu  amrais 
11  aura/'t 
On  aarait 
Nous  aurions 
Vous  auriez 
lis  auraient 


Present 

I  should  or  would  have 

thou  shouldst  or  wouldst 

have 
he  should  or  would  have 

one  should  or  would  have 

we  should  or  would  have 

you  should  or  would  have 

they  should  or  would  have 


Passe 


1st  I crin 


2d  Form 


J'aurais  eu  J'eusse  eu 

I  should  or  would  have  had 
Tu  aurais  eu  Tu  eusses  eu 

thou  shouldst  or  wouldst  have  had 
II  aurait  eu  11  efit  eu 

he  should  or  would  have  had 
On  aurait  eu  On  efit  eu 

one  should  or  would  have  had 
Nous  aurions  eu       Nous  eussions  eu 

we  should  or  would  have  had 
Vous  auriez  eu         Vous  eussiez  eu 

you  should  or  would  have  had 
lis  auraient  eu         lis  eussent  eu 

they  should  or  would  have  had 


L'IMPERATIF 
Present 


Ale 

Ayez 

Ayons 


have  (thou) 

have  (you) 

let  us  or  me  have 


Qu'il  ait 
Qu'on  ait 
Qu'ils  aient 


let  him  have 

let  one  or  people  have 

let  them  have 


THE  FRENCH    VERB 


13 


LE  SUBJONCTIF 


Present 


Que  j'aie 
Que  tu  aies 
Qu'il  ait 
Qu'on  ait 
Que  nous  ayons 
Que  vous  ayez 
Quails  aient 


Que  j'eusse 
Que  tu  eusses 


that  I  may  have 
that  thou  mayest  have 
that  he  may  have 
that  one  may  have 
that  we  may  have 
that  you  may  have 
that  they  may  have 

Imp  ar fait 

that  I  might  have 

that  thou  mightest  have 


Que  j'aie  eu 
Que  tu  aies  eu 
Qu'il  ait  eu 
Qu'on  ait  eu 
Que  nous  ayons  eu 
Que  vous  ayez  eu 
Qu'ils  aient  eu 


Passe 

that  I  may  have  had 
that  thou  mayest  have  had 
that  he  may  have  had 
that  one  may  have  had 
that  we  may  have  had 
that  you  may  have  had 
that  they  may  have  had 


Qu'il  efif  that  he  might  have 

Qu'on  efif  that  one  might  have 

Que  nous  euss/ons  that  we  might  have 

Que  vous  euss/ez  that  you  might  have 

Qu'ils  eussent  that  they  might  have 


P/us-  que -pa  rfa  it 

Que  j'eusse  eu  that  I  might  have  had 

Que  tu  eusses  eu  that  thou  mightest  have 

had 
Qu'il  eflt  eu  that  he  might  have  had 

Qu'on  efit  eu  that  one  might  have  had 

Que  nous  eussions  eu  that  we  might  have  had 
Que  vous  eussiez  eu    that  you  might  have  had 
Qu'ils  eussent  eu         that  they  might  have  had 


Nous  avons  une  maison  ^  la  campagne.      We  have  a  house  in  the  country. 
J'ai  deux  fr^res  et  trois  soeurs.     I  have  two  bi'others  and  three  sisters. 
Cette  poule  a  douze  poussins.     That  hen  has  twelve  chicks. 
Ce  cheval  a  une  belle  ecurie.     That  horse  has  a  fine  stable. 
Ma  soeur  a  une  jolie  bague.     My  sister  has  a  pretty  ring. 
Avez-vous  mon  crayon?     Have  you  my  pencil? 

Avoir  requires  a  before  an  infinitive  depending  upon  it :  J'ai  a  ^tudier,  I  have 
to  study. 


21.    THE    INTERROGATIVE    CONJUGATION 

In  French,  verbs  are  conjugated  interrogatively  only  in  the  indicative  and  in 
the  conditional  moods. 

With  the  pronouns  the  verb  is  conjugated  as  in  English  by  placing  the  pro- 
noun after  the  verb  in  the  simple  tenses  :  Avez-vous  un  livre  ?  Have  you  a 
book  ?  In  compound  tenses  the  pronoun  occurs,  of  course,  after  the  auxihary  : 
Ai-je  eu  un  fr^re  ?     Have  I  had  a  brother  ? 

In  the  French  interrogation  a  hyphen  connects  the  verb  and  the  pronoun. 

The  t  between  the  verb  and  the  pronoun  in  a-t-il  and  a-t-elle,  in  the  inter- 
rogative conjugation,  is  merely  euphonic.  It  is  thus  used  in  the  interrogative 
form  whenever  the  third  person  of  a  verb  ends  with  a  voiueL  This  euphonic  t  is 
pronounced  with  the  following  pronoun  :  a-t-elle,  pronounced  a-telle. 


H 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


22.    CONJUGATION   OF   AVOIR  =  TO    HAVE 
Interrogatively 


S, 


PI. 


L'INDICATIF 

TEMPS 

SIMPLES 

TEMPS 

COMPOSES 

Present 

Passe 

•  Indejini 

Ad-je? 

have  I  ? 

S. 

Ai-jeeu? 

have  I  had  ? 

As-tu? 

hast  thou  ? 

As-tu  eu  ? 

hast  thou  had  ? 

A-t-il? 

has  he  ? 

A-t-il  eu? 

has  he  had  ? 

A-t-elle? 

has  she  ? 

A-t-elle  eu  ? 

has  she  had  ? 

A-t-on? 

has  one,  have 

people  ? 

A-t-on  eu  ? 

has  one  had,  have  people  had  ? 

Avons-nous  ?  have  we  ? 
Avez-vous  ?  have  you  ? 
Ont-ils  ?  have  they  ? 

Ont-elles  ?       have  they  ? 


PI.  Avons-nous  eu?  have  we  had  ? 
Avez-vous  eu  ?  have  you  had  ? 
Ont-ils  eu  ?  have  they  had  ? 

Ont-elles  eu  ?      have  they  had  ? 


Ava/s-je  ? 
Ava/s-tu  ? 
Ava/f-il  ? 
Ava/Y-on  ? 
Av/o/7s-nous  ? 
Av/ez-vous  ? 
Ava/e/jf-ils  ? 


Imparfait 

had  I  ? 
hadst  thou  ? 
had  he  ? 
had  one  ? 
had  we  ? 
had  you  ? 
had  they  ? 


Avals- je  e\i  ? 
Avais-tu  eu  ? 
Avait-il  eu  ? 
Avait-on  eu  ? 
Avions-nous  eu  ? 
Aviez-vous  eu  ? 
Avaient-ils  eu  ? 


Plus-que-parfait 

had  I  had  ? 
hadst  thou  had  ? 
had  he  had  ? 
had  one  had  ? 
had  we  had  ? 
had  you  had  ? 
had  they  had  ? 


Passe  Dejini 


Passe  Anterieur 


Eus-je? 
Eus-tu? 
Eut-il  ? 
Eut-on  ? 
Eflmes-nous  ? 
Eutes-vous? 
Eurent-ils  ? 


had  I? 
hadst  thou  ? 
hacfh©? 
had  one  ? 
had  we  ? 
had  you  ? 
had  they  ? 


Eus-je  eu  ? 
Eus-tu  eu  ? 
, Eut-il  eu?^, 
Eut-on  eu  ?^ 
Eumes-nous  eu  ? 
Eutes-vous  eu  ? 
Eurent-ils  eu  ? 


had  I  had  ? 
hadst  thou  had  ? 
jiad  he  had  ? 
had  one  had  ? 
had  we  had  ? 
had  you  had  ? 
had  they  had  ? 


Futur 


Futur  Anth'ieur 


AuA*a/-je  ? 
Aums-tu  ? 
Aura-t-il  ? 
Aura-t-on  ? 
Auro/7s-nous  ? 
Aurez-vous  ? 
Auro/7f-ils  ? 


shall  I  have  ? 
wilt  thou  have  ? 
will  he  have  ? 
will  one  have  ? 
shall  we  have  ? 
will  you  have  ? 
will  they  have  ? 


Aurai-je  eu  ? 
Auras-tu  eu  ? 
Aura-t-il  eu  ? 
Aura-t-on  eu  ? 
Aurons-nous  eu  ? 
Aurez-vous  eu  ? 
Auront-ils  eu  ? 


shall  I  have  had  ? 
wilt  thou  have  had  ? 
will  he  have  had  ? 
will  one  have  had  ? 
shall  we  have  had  ? 
will  you  have  had  ? 
will  they  have  had  ? 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


15 


LE  CONDITIONNEL 


Present 


Passe 


J  St  Form 


Awa/s-je  ?  should  I  have  ? 

Aura/s-tu  ?  wouldst  thou  have  ? 

Aura/Y-il  ?  would  he  have  ? 

Au/*a/f-on  ?  would  one  have  ? 

Aur/ows-nous  ?  should  we  have  ? 

Aur/ez-vous  ?  would  you  have  ? 

Aura/e/7f-ils  ?  would  they  have  ? 


2d  Form 

Aurais-je  eu  ?  Euss6-je  eu  ? 

should  I  have  had  ? 
Aurais-tu  eu  ?  Eusses-tu  eu  ? 

wouldst  thou  have  had  ? 
Aurait-il  eu  ?  Eflt-il  eu  ? 

would  he  have  had  ? 
Aurait-on  eu  ?  Eut-on  eu  ? 

would  one  have  had  ? 
Aurions-nous  eu  ?      Eussions-nous  eu  ? 

should  we  have  had  ? 
Auriez-vous  eu  ?        Eussiez-vous  eu  ? 

would  you  have  had  ? 
Auraient-ils  eu  ?        Eussent-ils  eu  ? 

would  they  have  had  ? 


23.  When  a  noun  is  the  subject  of  a  verb  in  an  interrogative  sentence,  the 
noun  is  placed  first  and  the  proper  pronoun,  corresponding  in  gender  and  number 
to  the  noun,  is  placed  after  the  verb  and  connected  with  the  latter  by  a  hyphen 
in  the  manner  explained  before  :  Has  the  girl  a  ring  ?    La  fille  a-t-elle  une  bague  ? 

It  should  be  remembered  that  in  French  there  are  but  two  genders,  and  that 
the  masculine  pronoun  il  {^plur.  ils)  and  the  feminine  pronoun  elle  {piur.  elles) 
are  used  to  represent  things  as  well  as  to  represent  persons  and  animals :  Les 
oiseaux  ont-ils  un  nid?  Have  the  birds  a  nest?  Les  plumes  sont-elles  sur  la 
table  ?     Are  the  pens  on  the  table  ? 

When  representing  things,  il  or  elle  is  translated  into  English  by  it. 

Note.  —  Another  form  of  interrogation  is  sometimes  used.  It  consists  in 
prefixing  to  a  statement  the  expression  est-ce  que,  is  it  that :  Est-ce  que  vous 
avez  mon  crayon?  Is  it  that  you  have  my  pencil?  —  which  is  equivalent  to 
saying.  Have  you  my  pencil? 

The  est-ce  construction  is  used  in  French  very  much  as  we  use  the  prefatory 
interrogative  expression  Is  it  a  fact  that,  etc.,  to  express  doubt  or  surprise.  It  is 
also  used  to  avoid  ambiguity  or  a  harsh  sound  such  as  sometimes  occurs  in  the 
first  person  singular  of  verbs  :  Est-ce  que  je  mange  ?  Do  I  eat?  instead  of  mang6- 
je  ?  Or  est-ce  que  je  cours  ?  for  cours-je  ?  Am  I  running  ?  Est-ce  que  je  mens  ? 
Am  I  lying?  instead  of  mens- je?  which  might  be  confused  with  mang6-je? 

Except  in  the  cases  outlined  above  the  direct  form  of  the  interrogative  is 
preferable  :  Ai-je  le  droit  de  parler  ?  Have  I  the  right  to  speak  ?  Fais-je  ce  que 
vous  d^sirez  ?     Am  I  doing  what  {that  which)  you  wish  ? 

24.  Je  chante  is  the  only  form  in  French  to  express  I  sing,  I  am  singing,  I  do 
sing.     Similarly,  chante-t-il ?  expresses  sings  he?  is  he  singing?  does  he  sing? 


1 6  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

The  English  interrogative  forms  does  he  speak  ?  did  he  speak  ?  with  the  aux 
iliary  have  no  equivalent  in  French.  There  is  only  one  form  for  each  tense 
whether  affirmative  or  negative. 


25.    THE    NEGATIVE    CONJUGATION 

To  make  a  French  verb  negative,  ne  is  placed  before  it  and  the  won 
pas  after  it:  je  n'ai  pas  una  plume,  /  haven't  a  {one)  pen;  je  ne  chant 
pas,  /  do  not  sing.  (Ne  loses  the  e  before  a  word  beginning  with  a  vowel  or  ; 
silent  h.) 

The  use  of  two  words  to  form  the  negative  of  a  verb  is  sometimes  found  ii 
EngHsh,  as  an  analysis  of  the  above  method  will  show. 

The  ne  is  the  true  negative  corresponding  to  the  English  not  or  no.  Pas  i 
really  a  noun,  and  means  step  or  pace.  When  we  say  I  havefi't  a  hit  of  bread,  wi 
are  using  an  expression  exactly  similar  to  the  French  je  n'ai  pas  de  pain.  Th( 
French  originally  added  the  word  pas  for  emphasis,  just  as  we  do  when  we  sa' 
/  ivon't  go  a  step ;  but  the  prolonged  use  of  the  word  caused  it  to  be  adopte( 
by  the  genius  of  the  language,  so  that  now  it  is  necessary  to  complete  the  nega 
tion,  except  in  certain  cases,  the  discussion  of  which  is  outside  the  scope  of  thi 
work. 

Point  {point  in  English)  is  sometimes  used  for  pas  {step).  As  a  point  i 
smaller  than  a  step,  the  negation  with  point  is  necessarily  stronger  than  thi 
negation  with  pas :  il  n'a  point  d'argent,  he  hasn't  any  money  at  all.  Point  i 
not  used  as  much  as  pas. 


26.    CONJUGATION    OF   AVOIR 
Negatively 

(See  footnote  on  page  17.) 

Infinitif  Present  Infimtif  Passe 

Ne  pas  avoir  not  to  have  N'avoir  pas  eu  not  to  have  had 

Participe  Present  Participe  Passe  Compose 

N'ayant  pas  not  having  N'ayant  pas  eu  not  having  had 

Participe  Passe 
Nc.paseu  not...  had 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


i; 


L'INDICATIF 


5-. 


PL 


TEMPS  SIMPLES 
Present 


Je  n'ai  pas 
Tu  n'as  pas 
II  n'a  pas 
Elle  n'a  pas 
On  n'a  pas 


I  have  not 
thou  hast  not 
he  has  not 
she  has  not 
one  has  not 


Nous  n'avons  pas  we  have  not 
Vous  n'avez  pas    you  have  not 
lis  n'ont  pas  they  have  not 

EUes  n'ont  pas      they  have  not 


Imparfait 


Je  n'avais  pas 
Tu  n'avais  pas 
II  n'avait  pas 
On  n'avait  pas 
Nous  n'avions  pas 
Vous  n'aviez  pas 
lis  n'avaient  pas 


I  had  not 
thou  hadst  not 
he  had  not 
one  had  not 
we  had  not 
you  had  not 
they  had  not 


S. 


PI, 


TEMPS  COMPOSES 


Passe  Indefini 


Je  n'ai  pas  eu 
Tu  n'as  pas  eu 
II  n'a  pas  eu 
Elle  n'a  pas  eu 
On  n'a  pas  eu 


I  have  not  had 
thou  hast  not  had 
he  has  not  had 
she  has  not  had 
one  has  not  had 


Nous  n'avons  pas  eu  we  have  not  had 
Vous  n'avez  pas  eu  you  have  not  had 
lis  n'ont  pas  eu         they  have  not  had 
EUes  n'ont  pas  eu     they  have  not  had 

Plus- que-par fait 


Je  n'avais  pas  eu 
Tu  n'avais  pas  eu 
II  n'avait  pas  eu 
On  n'avait  pas  eu 
Nous  n'avions  pas  eu 
Vous  n'aviez  pas  eu 
lis  n'avaient  pas  eu 


I  had  not  had 
thou  hadst  not  had 
he  had  not  had 
one  had  not  had 
we  had  not  had 
you  had  not  had 
they  had  not  had 


Passe  Dejini 

Je  n'eus  pas  I  had  not 

Tu  n'eus  pas  thou  hadst  not 

II  n'eut  pas  he  had  not 

On  n'eut  pas  one  had  not 

Nous  n'eiimes  pas  we  had  not 

Vous  n'eutes  pas  you  had  not 

lis  n'eurent  pas  they  had  not 

Futur 


Passe  Anterieur 


Je  n'eus  pas  eu 
Tu  n'eus  pas  eu 
11  n'eut  pas  eu 
On  n'eut  pas  eu 
Nous  n'eflmes  pas  eu 
Vous  n'eutes  pas  eu 
lis  n'eurent  pas  eu 


I  had  not  had 
thou  hadst  not  had 
he  had  not  had 
one  had  not  had 
we  had  not  had 
you  had  not  had 
they  had  not  had 


Futur  Anterieur 


Je  n'aurai  pas  eu 
Tu  n'auras  pas  eu 
II  n'aura  pas  eu 
On  n'aura  pas  eu 
Nous  n'aurons  pas  eu 
Vous  n'aurais  pas  eu 
lis  n'auront  pas  eu 


I  shall  not  have  had 
thou  wilt  not  have  had 
he  will  not  have  had 
one  will  not  have  had 
we  shall  not  have  had 
you  will  not  have  had 
they  will  not  have  had 


Je  n'aurai  pas  I  shall  not  have 

Tu  n'auras  pas  thou  wilt  not  have 

II  n'aura  pas  he  will  not  have 

On  n'aura  pas  one  will  not  have 

Nous  n'aurons  pas  we  shall  not  have 

Vous  n'aurez  pas  you  will  not  have 

lis  n'auront  pas  they  will  not  have 

Note.  —  In  the  compound  tenses  ne  comes  before  the  auxiliary  and  pas  after  the  auxiliary 
but  before  the  participle :  il  n'a  pas  eu,  etc. 

In  the  infinitive  present,  ne  and  pas  generally  come  together  before  the  infinitive :  Itre 
ou  ne  pas  §tre,  to  be  or  not  to  be.     It  is  not,  however,  incorrect  to  write  n'§tre  pas. 

The  same  rule  applies  to  the  past  infinitive;  but  in  this  case  it  seems  to  be  preferable  to 
put  the  auxiliary  between  the  ne  and  the  pas :  n'avoir  pas  eu ;  or,  less  frequently,  ne  pas 
avoir  eu. 

martin's   FRENCH   VERB  —  2 


i8 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


LE  CONDITIONNEL 


Present 


Passe 


have 
he  would  not  have 

one  would  not  have 


ist  Form  2d  Form 

I  should  not  have  je  n'aurais  pas  eu  Je  n'eusse  pas  eu 

I  should  not  have  had 
thou    wouldst    not       Xu  n'aurais  pas  eu  Tu  n'eusses  pas  eu 

thou  wouldst  not  have  had 
II  n'aurait  pas  eu  II  n'eut  pas  eu 

he  would  not  have  had 
On  n'aurait  pas  eu  On  n'eflt  pas  eu 

one  would  not  have  had 

Nous  n'aurions  pas  eu    Nous  n'eussions  pas 

eu 

we  should  not  have  had 

Vous  n'auriez  pas  eu       Vous  n'eussiez  pas  eu 

you  would  not  have  had 

lis  n'auraient  pas       they  would  not  have       lis  n'auraient  pas  eu       lis  n'eussent  pas  eu 

they  would  not  have  had 


Je  n'aurais  pas 
Tu  n'aurais  pas 
II  n'aurait  pas 
On  n'aurait  pas 


Nous  n'aurions  pas     we  should  not  have 
Vous  n'auriez  pas        you  would  not  have 


N'aie  pas 
N'ayez  pas 
N'ayons  pas 


L'IMPERATIF 


have  not  (thou) 
have  not  (you) 
let  us  not  have 


Qu'il  n'ait  pas 
Qu'on  n'ait  pas 
Qu'ils  n'aient  pas 


let  him  not  have 

let  one  (people)  not  have 

let  them  not  have 


LE  SUBJONCTIF 


Present 


Passe 


Que  je  n'aie  pas  that  I  may  not  have        Que  je  n'aie  pas  eu  that  I  may  not  have 

had 
Que  tu  n'aies  pas        that  thou  mayest  not    Que  tu  n'aies  pas  eu        that  thou  mayest  not 

have  have  had 

Qu'il  n'ait  pas  that  he  may  not  have      Qu'il  n'ait  pas  eu  that  he  may  not  have 

had 
Qu'on  n'ait  pas  that  one  may  not  have    Qu'on  n'ait  pas  eu  that  one  may  not  have 

had 
Que  nous  n'ayons  pas  that  we  may  not  have     Que  nous  n'ayons  pas  eu  that  we  may  not  have 

had 
Que  vous  n'ayez  pas   that  you  may  not  have    Que  vous  n'ayez  pas  eu  that  you  may  not  have 

had 
Qu'ils  n'aient  pas        that    they    may    not    Qu'ils  n'aient  pas  eu       that  they  may  not  have 
have  had 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


19 


Imparfait  Plus-que-parfait 

Que  je  n'eusse  pas      that  I  might  not  have  Que  je  n'eusse  pas  eu      that  I  might  not  have 

had 

Que  tu  n'eusses  pas    that  thou  mightest  not  Que  tu  n'eusses  pas  eu    that  thou  mightest  not 

have  have  had 

Qu'il  n'eflt  pas            that  he  might  not  have  Qu'il  n'eiit  pas  eu            that    he     might    not 

have  had 

Qu'on' n'eiit  pas           that    one    might    not  Qu' on  n'eiit  pas  eu           that    one    might  not 

have  have  had 

Que  nous  n'eussions    that    we    might     not  Que  nous  n'eussions  pas  that    we    might    not 

pas                                   have  eu                                          have  had 

Que  vous  n'eussiez    that    you    might    not  Que  vous  n'eussiez  pas  that    you    might    not 

pas                                  have  eu                                         have  had 

Qu'ils  n'eussent  pas    that    they  might    not  Qu'ils  n'eussent  pas  eu  that  they  might  not 

have  have  had 

II  n'avait  pas  I'argent  nicessaire.    He  {had  not)  did  not  have  the  necessary  money. 

THE   NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE   CONJUGATION 

27.    CONJUGATION   OF   AVOIR 

Negatively  and  Interrogatively 

Note.  —  To  form  the  negative-interrogative  conjugation  of  a  verb,  first  put 
the  verb  in  the  interrogative  form,  and  then  make  this  interrogative  form  nega- 
tive, putting  the  pas  or  point  after  the  inverted  pronoun  subject. 


L'INDICATIF 


TEMPS  SIMPLES 
Present 


S. 


N'ai-je  pas? 
N'as-tu  pas  ? 
N'a-t-il  pas? 
N'a-t-elle  pas? 
N'a-t-on  pas? 


have  I  not  ? 
hast  thou  not  ? 
has  he  not  ? 
has  she  not  ? 
has  one  not  ? 


PL  N'avons-nous  pas  ?  have  we  not  ? 

N'avez-vous  pas  ?    have  you  not  ? 
N'ont-ils  pas  ?  have  they  not  ? 

N'ont-elles  pas  ?       have  they  not  ? 


Imparfait 


N'avais-je  pas  ? 
N'avais-tu  pas  ? 
N'avait-il  pas? 
N'avait-on  pas? 
N' ay  ions-nous  pas  ? 
N'aviez-vous  pas  ? 
N'avaient-ils  pas  ? 


had  I  not  ? 
hadst  thou  not  ? 
had  he  not  ? 
had  one  not  ? 
had  we  not  ? 
had  you  not  ? 
had  they  not  ? 


TEMPS  COMPOSES 
Passe  Indefini 


S. 


N'ai-je  pas  eu? 
N'as-tu  pas  eu? 
N'a-t-il  pas  eu? 
N'a-t-elle  pas  eu? 
N'a-t-on  pas  eu? 
PI.  N'avons-nous  pas 
eu? 


have  I  not  had  ? 
hast  thou  not  had  ? 
has  he  not  had  ? 
has  she  not  had  ? 
has  one  not  had  ? 

have  we  not  had  ? 


N'avez-vous  pas  eu?  have  you  not  had  ? 
N'ont-ils  pas  eu?  have  they  not  had  ? 
N'ont-elles  pas  eu?    have  they  not  had  ? 

Pius-que-parfaii 


N'avais-je  pas  eu  ? 
N'avais-tu  pas  eu? 
N'avait-il  pas  eu  ? 
N'avait-on  pas  eu? 
N'avions-nous  pas  eu  ? 
N'aviez-vous  pas  eu? 
N'avaient-ils  pas  eu  ? 


had  I  not  had  ? 
hadst  thou  not  had  ? 
had  he  not  had  ? 
had  one  not  had  ? 
had  we  not  had  ? 
had  you  not  had  ? 
had  they  not  had  ? 


20 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


Passe  Dejini 


Passe  Anterieur 


N'eus-je  pas? 
N'eus-tu  pas? 
N'eut-ilpas? 
N'eut-on  pas? 
N'eiimes-nous  pas? 
N'eutes-vous  pas? 
N'eurent-ils  pas  ? 


had  I  not  ? 
hadst  thou  not  ? 
had  he  not  ? 
had  one  not  ? 
had  we  not  ? 
had  you  not  ? 
had  they  not  ? 


N'eus-je  pas  eu? 
N'eus-tu  pas  eu? 
N'eut-il  pas  eu? 
N'eut-on  pas  eu? 
N'efimes-nous  pas  eu? 
N'efltes-vous  pas  eu? 


had  I  not  had  ? 
hadst  thou  not  had  ? 
had  he  not  had  ? 
had  one  not  had  ? 
had  we  not  had  ? 
had  you  not  had  ? 


N'eurent-ils  pas  eu?         had  they  not  had  ? 


N'aurai-je  pas? 
N'auras-tu  pas  ? 


Futur 

shall  I  not  have  ? 
wilt  thou  not  have  ? 


N'aura-t-il  pas? 
N'aura-t-on  pas  ? 
N'aurons-nous  pas  ? 
N'aurez-vous  pas? 
N'auront-ils  pas? 


will  he  not  have  ? 
will  one  not  have  ? 
shall  we  not  have  ? 
will  you  not  have  ? 
will  they  not  have  ? 


Futur  Anterieur 
N'aurai-je  pas  eu?  shall  I  not  have  had? 


N'auras-tu  pas  eu? 

N'aura-t-il  pas  eu? 
N'aura-t-on  pas  eu? 
N'aurons-nous  pas  eu? 
N'aurez-vous  pas  eu? 
N'auront-ils  pas  eu? 


wilt    thou    not     have 

had? 
will  he  not  have  had? 
will  one  not  have  had  ? 
shall  we  not  have  had? 
will  you  not  have  had  ? 
will  they  not  have  had  ? 


LE  CONDITIONNEL 


Present 


Passe 


jst  Form 


N'aurais-je  pas? 
N'aurais-tu  pas  ? 
N'aurait-il  pas  ? 
N'aurait-on  pas? 


2d  Form 
should  I  not  have  ?      N'aurais-je  pas  eu?         N'euss6-je  pas  eu? 

should  I  not  have  had? 
wouldst    thou    not      N'aurais-tu  pas  eu?        N'eusses-tu  pas  eu? 

have  ?  •  wouldst  thou  not  have  had? 

would  he  not  have  ?     N'aurait-il  pas  eu?  N'eflt-il  pas  eu? 

would  he  not  have  had  ? 
would  one  not  have  ?   N'aurait-on  pas  eu?        N'eflt-on  pas  eu? 
would  one  not  have  had  ? 
N'aurions-nous  pas?      should  we  not  have  ?   N'aurions-nous pas  eu ?  N'eussions-nous  pas 

eu? 
should  we  hot  have  had  ? 
N'aurlez-vous  pas?        would  you  not  have  ?   N'auriez-vous  pas  eu?     N'eussiez-vous     pas 

eu? 
would  you  not  have  had  ? 
N'auraient-ils  pas  ?        would  they  not  have  ?   N'auraient-ils  pas  eu  ?    N'eussent-ils  pas  eu? 

would  they  not  have  had  ? 


N'a-t-elle  pas  une  maison  a  la  campagne?  Hasn't  she  a  house  in  the 
country? 

See  Verb  Dictionary  for  idiomatic  uses  of  avoir. 

When  a  noun  is  the  subject  of  a  negative-interrogative  sentence,  make  the 
sentence  interrogative  first  (according  to  rule  under  interrogative  conjugation); 
then  make  the  interrogative  sentence  negative  according  to  the  rule  on  p.  19. 

The  quickest  and  best  way  to  learn  the  French  verb  is  to  write  out  the  entire 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


21 


verb,  and  then  read  aloud  what  has  been  written.  The  student  should  apply  this 
method  to  all  the  different  conjugations.  By  no  other  means  can  he  so  readily 
acquire  the  proficiency  in  the  use  of  the  verb  necessary  for  conversation  in 
French. 

28.    CONJUGATION    OF   ETRE  =  TO    BE 

Note  that  the  imperfect  indicative  of  this  verb  can  be  obtained  by  taking  the 
present  participle,  etant,  and  changing  its  termination  ant  into  the  terminations 
of  the  imperfect  indicative  —  ais,  ais,  ait,  ions,  iez,  aient.  This  is  true,  with  but 
very  few  exceptions,  of  all  French  verbs. 

Note  that  when  the  student  has  learned  the  form  of  the  future  indicative,  the 
present  co7iditional  can  always  be  obtained  by  changing  the  terminations  of  the 
future  to  rais,  rais,  rait,  rions,  riez,  raient.     This  is  true  of  all  French  verbs. 


Infin  itif  Present 
Etre  to  be 

Participe  Present 
Etant  being 


Infinitif  Passe 
Avoir  6t6  to  have  been 

Participe  Passe  Compose 
Ayant  6t6  having  been 


Participe  Passe 
Et6    (Jnvariable)    been 


. 

L'INDICATIF 

TEMPS  SIMPLES 

TEMPS  COMPOSES 

Present 

Passe  Jndefini 

S.    Jesuis 

I  am 

S.    J'ai6t6 

I  have  been 

Tues 

thou  art 

Tu  as  6t6 

thou  hast  been 

11  est 

he  is 

11  a  6t6 

he  has  been 

EUe  est 

she  is 

Elle  a  6t6       . 

she  has  been 

On  est 

one  is,  people  are 

On  a  6te 

one  has  been,  peop 

been 

PI.  Nous  sommes  we  are 

PI.  Nous  avons  h\.i 

\  we  have  been 

Vous  etes 

you  are 

Vous  avez  kXk 

you  have  been 

lis  sent 

they  are 

lis  ont  6t6 

they  have  been 

EUes  sont 

they  are 

Elles  ont  6t6 

they  have  been 

Imparfait 

Pitts- 

que-parfait 

J'^tais 

I  was,  or 

used  to  be 

J'avais  6t6 

I  had  been 

Tu§tais 

thou  wast 

:,  or  used  to  be 

Tu  avals  kXk 

thou  hailst  been 

11  6tait 

he  was,  or  used  to  be 

11  avait  6t6 

he  had  been 

On  6tait 

one  was, 

used  to  be 

On  avait  6t6 

one  had  been 

people 

were,  used  to  be 

people  had  been 

Nous  6tions 

we  were, 

or  used  to  be 

Nous  avions  k\k 

we  had  been 

Vous  etiez 

you  were, 

or  used  to  be 

Vous  aviez  6t6 

you  had  been 

lis  6taient 

they  were 

:,  or  used  to  be 

lis  avaient  6t6 

they  had  been 

22 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


Passe  Defini 

Jefus 

I  was 

Tu  f  us 

thou  wast 

Ilfut 

he  was 

Onfut 

one  was 

Nous  fflmes 

we  were 

Vous  futes 

you  were 

lis  furent 

they  were 

Passe  Anterieur 


J'eus  §t6 

Tu  eus  6t6 
II  eut  6t6 
On  eut  §t6 
Nous  eumes  6t6 
Vous  elites  6t6 
lis  eurent  §t§ 


I  had  been 
thou  hadst  been 
he  had  been 
one  had  been 
we  had  been 
you  had  been 
they  had  been 


Je  serai 
Tu  seras 
II  sera 
On  sera 
Nous  serons 
Vous  serez 
lis  seront 


Futur 

I  shall  or  will  be 
thou  shalt  or  wilt  be 
he  shall  or  will  be 
one  shall  or  will  be 
we  shall  or  will  be 
you  shall  or  will  be 
they  shall  or  will  be 


Futur  Anterieur 


J'aurai  6t6 
Tu  auras  6t6 
II  aura  6t6 
On  aura  kik 
Nous  aurons  6t§ 
Vous  aurez  6t6 
lis  auront  6t6 


I  shall  or  will  have  been 
thou  shalt  £»r  wilt  have  been 
he  shall  or  will  have  been 
one  shall  or  will  have  been 
we  shall  or  will  have  been 
you  shall  or  will  have  been 
they  shall  or  will  have  been 


LE  CONDITIONNEL 


Present 


Je  serais  I  should  or  would  be 

Tu  serais  thou  shouldst  or  wouldst  be 

II  serait  he  should  or  would  be 

On  serait  one  should  or  would  be 

Nous  serious  we  should  or  would  be 

Vous  seriez  you  should  or  would  be 

lis  seraient  they  should  or  would  be 


Passe 


I  St  Form 


2d  Form 


J'aurais  6t§  J'eusse  6t6 

I  should  or  would  have  been 
Tu  aurais  §16  Tu  eusses  4t6 

thou  shouldst  or  wouldst  have  been 
II  aurait  §t§  II  eiit  6t6 

he  should  or  would  have  been 
On  aurait  §t6  On  eut  6t6 

one  should  or  would  have  been 
Nous  aurions  6t§    Nous  eussions  6t§ 

we  should  or  would  have  been 
Vous  auriez  6t6      Vous  eussiez  6t§ 

you  should  or  would  have  been 
lis  aurient  6t6        lis  eussent  6t6 

they  should  or  would  have  been 


L'IMP 

Sois 

Soyez 

Soyons 

ERATIF 

be  (thou) 

be  (you) 

let  us  or  me  be 

Qu'il  soit 
Qu'on  soit 
Qu'ils  soient 

let  him  be 

let  one  (people)  be 

let  them  be 

THE  FRENCH   VERB 


23 


LE  SUBJONCTIF 


Present 


Passe 


Que  je  sois 
Que  tu  sois 
Qu'il  soit 
Qu'on  soit 
Que  nous  soyons 
Que  vous  soyez 
Qu'ils  soient 


that  I  may  be 
that  thou  may  est  be 
that  he  may  be 
that  one  may  be 
that  we  may  be 
that  you  may  be 
that  they  may  be 


Que  j'aie  6t6 
Que  tu  aies  §t§ 
Qu'il  ait  §t§ 
Qu'on  ait  6te 
Que  nous  ayons  6t6 
Que  vous  ayez  6t6 
Qu'ils  aient  6t6 


that  I  may  have  been 
that  thou  mayest  have  been 
that  he  may  have  been 
that  one  may  have  heen 
that  we  may  have  been 
that  you  may  have  been 
that  they  may  have  been 


Imparfait 

Que  je  fusse  that  I  might  be 

Que  tu  fusses  that  thou  mightest  be 

Qu'il  fut  that  he  might  be 

Qu'on  flit  that  one  might  be 

Que  nous  fussions  that  we  might  be 

Que  vous  fussiez  that  you  might  be 

Qu'ils  fussent  that  they  might  be 


Plus-que-parfait 

Que  j'eusse  kXk  that  I  might  have  been 

Que  tu  eusses  6t6  that  thou  mightest  have  been 

Qu'il  eiit  k\.k  that  he  might  have  been 

Qu'on  efit  6t6  that  one  might  have  been 

Que  nous  eussions  6t§  that  we  might  have  been 

Que  vous  eussiez  k\.k  that  you  might  have  been 

Qu'ils  eussent  6t6  that  they  might  have  been 


Etre  takes  ^  before  the  infinitive  connected  with  it : 

Je  suis  a  4crire.     I  am  engaged  in  writing  (literally :  I  am  at  writing). 

Notice  the  English  expressions  "  I  am  a-writing,  I  am  a-hunting,"  etc.,  in 
which  the  meaning  and  the  construction  are  similar. 

Cela  est  a  vendre.     That  is  to  be  sold  (literally  :  that  is  for  selling). 

29.    CONJUGATION   OF  ETRE 
Negatively 


Infinitif  Present 
N'§tre  pas  not  to  be 


Infin  itif  Passe 
N'avoir  pas  kXJk  not  to  have  been 

Participe  Present  Participe  Passe  Compose 

N'6tant  pas  not  being  N'ayant  pas  6t6  not  having  been 

Participe  Passe 
Ne...pas6t6  not... been 


L'INDICATIF 

TEMPS  COMPOSES 

Passe  Indefini 
Je  n'ai  pas  6t6,  etc.      I  have  not  been,  etc. 
Passe  Anterieur 


TEMPS  SIMPLES 
Present 
Je  ne  suis  pas,  etc.      I  am  not,  etc. 

Imparfait 
Je  n'Stais  pas,  etc.       I  was  not,  etc.  Je  n'eus  pas  6t6,  etc.    I  had  not  been,  etc 


24  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

Passe  Defini    -■  Plus-que-parfait 

Je  ne  fus  pas,  etc.        I  was  not,  etc.  Je  n'avais  pas  6t6,  etc.  I  had  not  been,  etc. 

Futur  Futur  Anterieur 

Je  ne  serai  pas,  etc.     I  shall  not  be,  etc.  Je    n'aurai   pas  dt6,    I  shall  not  have  been, 

etc.  etc. 

LE  CONDITIONNEL 

Present  Passe 

ist  Form  2d  Form 

Je  ne  serais  pas,  etc.   I  should  not  be,  etc.       Je  n'aurais  pas  6t§,    Je   n'eusse  pas  6t§, 

etc.  etc. 

I  should  not  have  been,  etc. 

l'impe'ratif 

Ne  sois  pas  be  (thou)  not 

Ne  soyez  pas  be  (you)  not 

Ne  soyons  pas  let  us  not  be 


Qu'il  ne  soit  pas  let  him  not  be 

Qu'on  ne  soit  pas  let  one  (people)  not  be 

Qu'ils  ne  soient  pas  let  them  not  be 

LE   SUBJONCTIF 

Present  Passe 

Que  je  ne  sois  pas,    that    I    may   not    be.  Que  je  n'aie  pas  6t6,    that    I    may    not   have 

etc.                                     etc.  etc.                                      been,  etc. 

Iviparfait  Plus-que-parfait 

Que  je  ne  fusse  pas,    that   I   might  not  be,  Que    je   n'eusse   pas    that  I  might  not  have 

etc.                                  etc.  §t6,  etc.                            been,  etc. 

Interrogatively 
L'INDICATIF 

TEMPS  SIMPLES  TEMPS  COMPOSES 

Present  Passe  Indefini 

Suis-je?  etc.                  ami?  etc.  Ai-je6t6?  etc.                have  I  been?  etc. 

Imparfait  Passe  Anterieur 

ijtais-je?  etc.               was  I?  etc  Eus-je  6t6 ?  etc.            had  I  been ?  etc. 

Passe  Defini  Plus-que-parfait 

Fus-je?  etc.                  was  I  ?  etc.  Avais-je  §t§  ?  etc.         had  I  been  ?  etc. 

Futur  Futur  Anterieur 

Serai-je?  etc.               shall  I  be  ?  etc.  Aurai-je  6t6?  etc.         shall  I  have  been?  etc. 


THE  FRENCH    VERB  25 

LE  CONDiriONNEL 

Present  Passe 

I  St  Form  2d  Form 

Serais-je?  etc.  should  I  be  ?  etc.        Aurais-je  6t6?  etc.       Euss6-je  et6?  etc. 

should  I  have  been?  etc. 


30.    CONJUGATION    OF  ETRE 

Negatively  and  Interrogatively 

L'INDICATIF 
TEMPS  SIMPLES  TEMPS  COMPOSES 

Present  Passe  Indefini 

Ne  suis-je  pas  ?  etc.    am  I  not  ?  etc.  N'ai-je  pas  §t§  ?  etc.    have  I  not  been  ?  etc. 

Imparfait  Passe  Anterieur 

N'6tais-je  pas?  etc.    was  I  not  ?  etc.  N'eus-je  pas  6t§?  etc.  had  I  not  been  ?  etc. 

Passe  Defini  Plus-que-parfait 

Ne  f us-je  pas  ?  etc.     was  I  not  ?  etc.  N'avais-je  pas  k\.k  ?    had  I  not  been  ? 

etc.  etc. 

Futur  Futur  Anterieur 

Ne  serai-je  pas  ?  etc.  shall  I  not  be  ?  etc.        N'aurai-je  pas  6t6  ?    shall  I  not  have  been  ? 

etc.  etc. 

LE   CONDITIONNEL 

Present  Passe 

ist  Form  2d  Form 

Ne  serais-je  pas?  etc.  should  I  not  be  ?  etc.     N*aurais-je  pas  6t6?    N'6uss6-je  pas  6t6? 

etc.  etc. 

should  I  not  have  been?  etc. 

Ou  est-elle  ?      Where  is  she  ? 

EUe  est  dans  le  jardin.     She  is  in  the  garden. 

Ne  sera-t-il  pas  ici  demain  ?      Will  he  not  be  here  to-morrow  ? 

See  Verb  Dictionary  for  idiomatic  uses  of  etre. 

31.    THE   VERB   FAIRE 

Faire  is  one  of  the  most  important  French  verbs. .  In  general  terms,  it  corre- 
sponds to  two  English  verbs,  to  inake  and  to  do. 


26 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


CONJUGATION   OF  FAIRE  =  TO   DO,   TO   MAKE 

Infinitif  Present 


*?i  .-.{^  Faire  .   to  do 

f  Vi^  %  >#•%       Panicipe  Present 

^  Faisani  doing 


Infinitif  Passe 
Avoir  fait  to  have  done 

Participe  Passe  Compose 
Ayant  fait  |  having  done 


P(/f%t^pe  Passe 

3, 

Fait  {m.s.),  faite  (f.s.),  faits  {m.pL),  faites  if.pl.),  done 

L'INDICATIF 

TEMPS  SIMPLES 

TEMPS  COMPOSES 

Present 

Passe  Indefini 

Y_JefaJa^ 

I  do 

J'ai  fait 

I  have  done 

Tufais 

thou  doest 

Tu  as  fait 

thou  hast  done 

11  fait 

he  does 

11  a  fait 

he  has  done 

On  fait 

one  does 

On  a  fait 

one  has  done 

Nous  faisons 

we  do 

Nous  avons  fait 

we  have  done 

Vous  faites 

you  do 

Vous  avez  fait 

you  have  done 

lis  font 

they  do 

lis  ont  fait 

they  have  done 

Imparfait 

Plus-que-parfait 

Je  faisais 

I  was  doing 

J' avals  fait 

I  had  done 

Tu  faisais 

thou  wast  doing 

Tu  avals  fait 

thou  hadst  done 

11  fa/sa/f 

he  was  doing 

0^1  avait  fait 

he  had  done 

On  /cf/sa/Y 

one  was  doing 

On  avait  fait 

one  had  done 

Nous  faisions 

we  were  doing 

Nous  avions  fait 

we  had  done 

Vous  faisiez 

you  were  doing 

Vous  aviez  fait 

you  had  done 

lis  faisaient 

they  were  doing 

lis  avaient  fait 

they  had  done 

r 

Passe  Defini 

Passe  Anterieur 

S      Je/7s 

I  did 

J'eus  fait 

I  had  done 

-Tul^ 

thou  didst 

Tu  eus  fait 

thou  hadst  done 

11 /7f 

he  did 

11  cut  fait 

he  had  done 

On /7f 

one  did 

On  eut  fait 

one  had  done 

Nous  ///wes 

we  did 

Nous  eumes  fait 

we  had  done 

Vous  //fes 

you  did 

Vous  eutes  fait 

you  had  done 

lis  firent 

they  did 

lis  eurent  fait 

they  had  done 

Futur 

Futur  Anterieur 

Je  /era/ 

I  shall  do 

J'aurai  fait 

I  shall  or  will  have  done 

Tu  /eras 

thou  wilt  do 

Tu  auras  fait 

thou  shalt  or  wilt  have  done 

11  fera 

he  will  do 

11  aura  fait 

he  shall  or  will  have  done 

Oa  /era 

one  will  do 

On  aura  fait 

one  shall  or  will  have  done 

Nous  ferons 

we  shall  do 

Nous  aurons  fait 

we  shall  or  will  have  done 

Vous  /erez 

you  will  do 

Vous  aurez  fait 

you  shall  or  will  have  done 

lis  /ero//f 

they  will  do 

lis  auront  fait 

they  shall  or  will  have  done 

THE  FRENCH   VERB 


27 


LE  CONDITIONNEL 


Je  ferais 
Tu  ferais 
II  ferait 
On  ferait 
Nous  ferions 
Vous  fer/ez 
lis  feraient 


Fais 

Faites 

Faisons 


Present 

I  should  do 
thou  wouldst  do 
he  would  do 
one  would  do 
we  should  do 
you  would  do 
they  would  do 

L'IMPERATIF 

do  (thou) 

do  (you) 

let  us  (me)  do 


Qu'il  fasse 
Qu'on  fasse 
Qu'ils  fas  sent 


let  him  do 

let  one  (<?r  people)  do 

let  them  do 


Passe 


ist  Form 


2d  Form 


J'aurais  fait  J'eusse  fait 

I  should  or  would  have  done 
Tu  aurais  fait  Tu  eusses  fait 

thou  shouldst  or  wouldst  have  done 
II  aurait  fait  II  eiit  fait 

he  should  or  would  have  done 
On  aurait  fait  On  eflt  fait 

one  should  or  would  have  done 
Nous  aurions  fait      Nous  eussions  fait 

we  should  or  would  have  done 
Vous  auriez  fait        Vous  eussiez  fait 

you  should  or  would  have  done 
lis  auraient  fait         lis  eussent  fait 

they  should  or  would  have  done 


LE   SUBJONCTIF 


Que  je  fasse 
Que  tu  fasses 

Qu'il  fasse 
Qu'on  fasse 
Que  nous  fassions 
Que  vous  fassiez 
Qu'ils  fasse nt 


Que  je  fisse 
Que  tu  fissses 

Qu'il  frt 
Qu'on  fit 

Que  nous  fissions 

Que  vous  fissiez 

Qu'ils  fissent 


Present 

that 
that 

that 
that 
that 
that 
that 

Imp  ar fait 

that 
that 


that 
that 

that 

that 

that 


I  may  do 
thou  mayest  do 

he  may  do 
one  may  do 
we  may  do 
you  may  do 
they  may  do 


I  might  do 
thou  mightest  do 

he  might  do 
one  might  do 

we  might  do 

you  might  do 

they  might  do 


Que  j'aie  fait 
Que  tu  aies  fait 

Qu'il  ait  fait 
Qu'on  ait  fait 


Passe 

that  I  may  have  done 
that  thou  mayest  have 

done 
that  he  may  have  done 
that  one  may  have  done 
Que  nous  ayons  fait  that  we  may  have  done 
Que  vous  ayez  fait     that  you  may  have  done 
Qu'ils  aient  fait         that  they  may  have  done 

Plus-que-parfait 

Que  j'eusse  fait  that  I  might  have  done 

Que  tu  eusses  fait      that  thou  mightest  have 

done 

that  he  might  have  done 

that    one    might    have 

done 

Que   nous    eussions  that  we  might  have  done 

fait 
Que    vous     eussiez  that    you    might   have 

fait  done 

Qu'il  eussent  fait    .  that   they   might    have 
"■■*  done 


Qu'il  eat  fait 
Qu'on  eut  fait 


32.    F AIRE  =10  DO 

In  the  sense  of  to  do,  the  verb  faire  is  used  alone. 

Que  f aisiez-vous  ?      What  were  you  doing  ? 


28  THE  FRENCH    VERB 

In  this  sense  it  is  also  much  used  in  replies  to  questions  made  with  other  verbs. 

Avez-vous  parl6  a  cet  homme  ?      Je  I'ai  fait. 

Have  you  spoken  to  that  man  ?     I  have  done  it  =  /  did. 

AUez-vous  a  I'eglise  tous  les  dimanches  ? 

Do  you  go  to  church  {^all  the  Sundays)  every  Sunday  ? 

Je  le  fais.     I  do  —  literally,  ///  do. 

While  in  English  we  can  say  /  do,  I  did,  or  /  have  done  it,  etc.,  instead  of 
repeating  a  clause  or  sentence,  the  French  can  use  faire. 

33.    TO    CAUSE    TO   BE    DONE  =  TO   HAVE    DONE 

The  verb  faire  is  much  used  before  infinitives  in  the  sense  of  to  cause  a  thing 
to  be  done.  This  is  sometimes  called  the  causative  mood  of  the  verb  following 
faire.  In  it  faire  is  a  true  auxiliary.  Faire  in  such  sentences  is  generally  trans- 
lated in  English  by  to  have  or  to  get  {done). 

„  .  ,  .      ,  ,      ,    .         f  /  have  made  to  repair  the  chair. 

J'ai  fait  reparer  la  chaise.   \   ^  ^         ,     ,  ^      7    •  •     , 

\I  have  had  the  chair  repaired. 

,       ,  .  ,  ,        ,  1^  He  has  made  to  cut  down  the  lar^e  trees. 

II  a  fait  abattre  les  grands  arbres.  \   ^r-   ■,       1     1 .1     1         .  .  j 

\  He  has  had  the  large  trees  cut  down. 

.  .     [I  make  to  make  my  gloves  here. 
Je  fais  faire  mes  gants  ici.   \   r  i        /          ,x  7  77 

[  /  have  (or  get)  my  gloves  made  here. 

Note  that  no  preposition  is  used  after  faire  before  the  infinitive. 

Conjugate  the  verb  faire  negatively,  according  to  the  method  shown  in  the 
negative  conjugation  of  avoir  and  etre. 


34.    CASES  WHERE    TO    MAKE    IN   ENGLISH   CANNOT   BE   RENDERED 

IN   FRENCH   BY   FAIRE 

Where  we  use  to  ?nake  before  an  adjective,  as  /  will  make  you  happy,  the 
French  do  not  use  faire;  they  use  the  verb  rendre,  because  the  meaning  is  really 
not  to  make,  but  to  render  you  happy. 

Je  vous  rendrai  heureux.     I  will  render  {make)  you  happy. 

II  a  rendu  cet  enfant  irritable.     He  has  made  that  child  irritable. 

Cela  m'a  rendu  malade.     That  has  made  me  sick. 

Conjugate  faire  interrogatively,  then  negatively  and  interrogatively,  following 
the  corresponding  conjugations  of  avoir  and  etre. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


29 


35.    FAIRE  IMPERSONAL 

In  cases  where  we  use  the  impersonal  construction  with  //  in  describing  the 
condition  of  the  weather  and  the  temperature,  the  French  use  the  verb  faire 
impersonally  with  il  as  subject. 

//  is  fine  weather.  It  is  dad  weather. 

II  fait  beau  temps.  II  fait  mauvais  temps. 

//  is  cold  weather.  It  is  warm  {weather). 

II  fait  froid.  II  fait  chaud. 

But  when  the  construction  has  a  personal  subject,  the  verb  etre  must  be  used 
in  French,  as  in  English. 

The  weather  is  fine.  The  water  is  cold,  ivarm. 

Le  temps  est  beau.  L'eau  est  froide,  chaude. 

See  Verb  Dictionary  for  additional  uses  of  faire. 


36.    ALLER 

The  verb  aller  corresponds  to  the  English  verb  to  ^<?,  but  has  the  difference 
that  it  is  conjugated  with  etre,  to  be,  instead  of  avoir,  to  have. 

This  may  be  explained  by  the  fact  that  aller  is  one  of  a  group  called  verbs 
of  motion  {going,  coming,  etc.),  which  are  generally  conjugated  with  etre  because 
of  the  fact  that  they  indicate  a  change  of  state.  In  English  we  say  he  has  gone, 
but  we  may  also  say  he  is  gone  ;  he  had  gone,  or  he  was  gone. 

In  French  §tre  alone  is  used  as  auxiliary. 

T\\^  past  participle  of  all  French  verbs  conjugated  with  etre  (except  reflexive 
verbs,  which  are  discussed  later)  agrees  in  gender  and  number  with  the  subject 
of  the  verb.  The  agreement  is  shown  by  adding  e  to  the  past  participle  to  indi- 
cate the  feminine  gender,  and  by  adding  s  to  the  masculine  or  feminine  singular 
in  order  to  indicate  the  plural.  Hence,  she  has  gone  is  elle  est  all^e.  We  had 
gone  is  nous  ^tions  alles  (;«.),  allees  (/.). 

Vous  etes  alle  (alles),  (allee),  (allies), jj/^//  have  gone,  varies  with  the  sense; 
i.e.  the  participle  is  pluralized  if  the  statement  appHes  to  more  persons  than  one, 
otherwise  it  is  singular. 

37.    CONJUGATION    OF   ALLER  =  TO   GO 

Infinitif  Present       •  lufinilif  Passe 

I      Aller  to  go  Etre  all6  to  have  gone 


28  THE  FRENCH    VERB 

In  this  sense  it  is  also  much  used  in  repHes  to  questions  made  with  other  verbs. 

Avez-vous  parl^  a  cet  homme  ?      Je  I'ai  fait. 

Have  you  spoken  to  that  man  ?     I  have  done  it  =  /  did. 

Allez-vous  a  I'eglise  tous  les  dimanches  ? 

Do  you  go  to  church  (^all  the  Sundays)  every  Sunday? 
Je  le  fais.     /^<?  =  Hterally, ///^<5>. 

While  in  EngHsh  we  can  say  /  do,  I  did,  or  /  have  done  it,  etc.,  instead  of 
repeating  a  clause  or  sentence,  the  French  can  use  faire. 

33.  TO  CAUSE  TO  BE  DONE  =  TO  HAVE  DONE 

The  verb  faire  is  much  used  before  infinitives  in  the  sense  of  to  cause  a  thing 
to  be  done.  This  is  sometimes  called  the  causative  mood  of  the  verb  following 
faire.  In  it  faire  is  a  true  auxiliary.  Faire  in  such  sentences  is  generally  trans- 
lated in  English  by  to  have  or  to  get  {done). 

„  .  ^  .      ,  ,      ,    .         f  /  have  made  to  repair  the  chair. 

J'ai  fait  reparer  la  chaise.   \   ^  ^         77.,      ,    ■  -, 

\I  have  had  the  chair  repaired. 

,       ,  .  ,  ,        ,  (^  He  has  made  to  cut  down  the  lar^e  trees. 

II  a  fait  abattre  les  grands  arbres.  ■{    ^^   ,       7     7 .7     7         .  .  j 

\  He  has  had  the  large  trees  cut  down. 

.  .     [I  make  to  make  my  gloves  here. 
Je  fais  faire  mes  gants  ici.   \   r  i        ,  .x  7  77 

\^I  have  (or  get)  my  gloves  made  here. 

Note  that  no  preposition  is  used  after  faire  before  the  infinitive. 

Conjugate  the  verb  faire  negatively,  according  to  the  method  shown  in  the 
negative  conjugation  of  avoir  and  etre. 


34.    CASES  WHERE    TO    MAKE    IN   ENGLISH   CANNOT   BE   RENDERED 

IN   FRENCH   BY   FAIRE 

Where  we  use  to  make  before  an  adjective,  as  /  will  make  you  happy,  the 
French  do  not  use  faire;  they  use  the  verb  rendre,  because  the  meaning  is  really 
not  to  make,  but  to  render  you  happy. 

Je  vous  rendrai  heureux.     I  will  render  {make)  you  happy. 

II  a  rendu  cet  enfant  irritable.     He  has  made  that  child  irritable. 

Cela  m'a  rendu  malade.     That  has  made  me  sick. 

Conjugate  faire  interrogatively,  then  negatively  and  interrogatively,  following 
the  corresponding  conjugations  of  avoir  and  etre. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


29 


35.    FAIRE  IMPERSONAL 

In  cases  where  we  use  the  impersonal  construction  with  //  in  describing  the 
condition  of  the  weather  and  the  temperature,  the  French  use  the  verb  faire 
impersonally  with  il  as  subject. 

//  is  fine  weather.  It  is  bad  weather. 

II  fait  beau  temps.  II  fait  mauvais  temps. 

//  is  cold  weather.  It  is  warm  {weather) . 

II  fait  froid.  II  fait  chaud. 

But  when  the  construction  has  a  personal  subject,  the  verb  etre  must  be  used 
in  French,  as  in  English. 

The  weather  is  fine.  The  water  is  cold,  warm. 

Le  temps  est  beau.  L'eau  est  froide,  chaude. 

See  Verb  Dictionary  for  additional  uses  of  faire. 


36.    ALLER 

The  verb  aller  corresponds  to  the  English  verb  to  go,\>M\.  has  the  difference 
that  it  is  conjugated  with  etre,  to  be,  instead  of  avoir,  to  have. 

This  may  be  explained  by  the  fact  that  aller  is  one  of  a  group  called  verbs 
of  motion  {going,  coming,  etc.),  which  are  generally  conjugated  with  etre  because 
of  the  fact  that  they  indicate  a  change  of  state.  In  English  we  say  he  has  gone, 
but  we  may  also  say  he  is  gone  ;  he  had  gone,  or  he  was  gone. 

In  French  etre  alone  is  used  as  auxiliary. 

T\\^  past  participle  of  all  French  verbs  conjugated  with  etre  (except  reflexive 
verbs,  which  are  discussed  later)  agrees  in  gender  and  number  with  the  subject 
of  the  verb.  The  agreement  is  shown  by  adding  e  to  the  past  participle  to  indi- 
cate the  feminine  gender,  and  by  adding  s  to  the  masculine  or  feminine  singular 
in  order  to  indicate  tlie  plural.  Hence,  she  has  gone  is  elle  est  all^e.  We  had 
gone  is  nous  etions  alles  (w.),  allies  (/.). 

Vous  etes  alle  (alles),  (allle),  (allies),  you  have  gone,  varies  with  the  sense  ; 
i.e.  the  participle  is  pluralized  if  the  statement  appHes  to  more  persons  than  one, 
otherwise  it  is  singular. 

37.    CONJUGATION    OF   ALLER  =  TO    GO 

Infiniiif  Present       •  Infinilif  Passe 

I      Aller  to  go  Etre  a.116  to  have  gone 


30 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


Participe  Passe  Compose 
Etant  all6  having  gone 


Participe  Present 
o  -AJJ^t  going 

'  Participe  Passe 

-^     A116  (m.s.),  all^s  {mpl.),  all^e  {f.s.),  allies  (///),  gone 


C 


L'INDICATIF 

TEMPS  SIMPLES 

TEMPS 

COMPOSES 

Present 

Passt 

'  Indefini 

.J3ym^ 

\go  or\  am  going 

Je  suisall^ 

I  have  gone 

^Mvas 

thou  goest  or  thou  art  going 

Tu  es  all6 

thou  hast  gone 

11  va 

he  goes  or  he  is  going 

11  est  all6 

he  has  gone 

On  va 

one  goes  or  one  is  going 

On  est  a'll^ 

one  has  gone 

Nous  aliens 

we  go  or  we  are  going 

Nous  sommes  all6s 

we  have  gone 

Vous  allez 

you  go  or  you  are  going 

Vous  etes  all§s 

you  have  gone 

lis  vont 

they  go  or  they  are  going 

lis  sont  all^s 

they  have  gone 

Imparfait 

Plus-que-parfait 

J'allais 

I  was  going 

J'^tais  all6 

I  had  gone 

Tu  allais 

thou  wast  going 

Tu  etais  alle 

thou  hadst  gone 

11  allait 

he  was  going 

11  6tait  ^11^ 

he  had  gone 

Onallait. 

one  was  going 

On  est  all6 

one  had  gone 

Nous  allions 

we  were  going 

Nous  6tions  all6s 

we  had  gone 

Vous  alliez 

you  were  going 

Vous  6tiez  all6s 

you  had  gone 

lis  allaient 

they  were  going 

lis  6taient  all6s 

they  had  gone 

/• 

Passe  Defini 

Passe  Anterieur 

'T'u  alias 

I  went 

Je  f  us  all6 

I  had  gone 

thou  wentest 

TU  fus  all6 

thou  hadst  gone 

11  alia 

he  went 

n  f  ut  all6 

he  had  gone 

On  alia 

one  went 

On  f  ut  all6 

one  had  gone 

Nous  allUmes 

we  went 

Nous  fiimes  all6s 

we  had  gone 

Vous  aliates. 

you  went 

Vous  ffites  all6s 

you  had  gone 

lis  alldrent 

they  went 

lis  furent  all6s 

they  had  gone 

Futur 

Futur  Anterieur 

yirai 

I  shall  go 

Je  serai  all6 

I  shall  have  gone 

Tu  iras 

thou  wilt  go 

Tu  seras  all6 

thou  wilt  have  gone 

11  ira 

he  will  go 

11  sera  all§ 

he  will  have  gone 

On  ira 

one  will  go 

On  sera  all^ 

one  will  have  gone 

Nous  irons 

we  shall  go 

Nous  serons  all6s 

we  shall  have  gone 

Vous  irez 

you  will  go 

Vous  serez  all6s» 

you  will  have  gon*i 

lis  /ro/;f 

they  will  go 

lis  seront  allds 

they  will  have  gone 

THE  FRENCH  VERB 


31 


LE  CONDITIONNEL 


Present 


Passe 


yirais 

I  should  go 

I  St  Form 

2d  Form 

Tu  irais 

thou  wouldst  go 

11  irait 

he  would  go 

Je  serais  all6 

Je  f  usse  all6 

On  irait 

one  would  go 

I  should  have  gone 

Nous  irions 

we  should  go 

Tu  serais  all§ 

Tu  fusses  all6 

Vous  iriei 

you  would  go 

thou  wouldst  have  gone 

lis  iraient 

they  would  go 

11  serait  all6 

11  fat  all6 

he  would  have  gone 

L'IMPERATIF 

On  serait  all6 

On  fat  all6 

Va 

go  (thou) 

one  would  have  gone 

Allez 

go  (you)    • 

Nous  serious  all6s 

Nous  fussions  all6s 

AUons 

let  us  (me)  go 

we  should  have  gone 
Vous  seriez  all§s        Vous  fussiez  all6s 

you  would  have  gone 

Qu'il  aille 

let  him  go 

Qu'on  aille 

let  one  (people)  go 

lis  seraient  all6s 

lis  fussent  all6s 

Qu'ils  aillent 

let  them  go 

they  would  have  gone 

LE  SUBJONCTIF 

Present 

Passe 

Que  Y aille 

that  I  may  go 

Que  je  sois  all§ 

that  I  may  have  gone 

Que  tu  allies 

that  thou  mayest  go 

Que  tu  sois  all§ 

that  thou  mayest  have 
gone 

Qu'il  aille 

that  he  may  go 

Qu'il  soit  all6 

that  he  may  have  gone 

Qu'on  aille 

that  one  may  go 

Qu'on  soit  all6 

that  one  may  have  gone 

Que  nous  alliens 

that  we  may  go 

Que    nous  soyons 
all6s 

that  we  may  have  gone 

Que  vous  alliez 

that  you  may  go 

Que    vous     soyez 
all6s 

that  you  may  have  gone 

Qu'ils  aillent 

that  they  may  go 

Qu'ils  soient  all^s 

that  they  may  have  gone 

Imparfait 

Plus-que-parfait 

Que  j'allasse 

that  I  might  go 

Que  iif  fusse  all6 

that  I  might  have  gone 

Que  tu  allasses 

that  thou  mightest  go 

Que  tu  fusses  all6 

that  thou  mightest  have 
gone 

Qu'il  aliat 

that  he  might  go 

Qu'il  fat  all6 

that  he  might  have  gone 

Qu'on  aliat 

that  one  might  go 

Qu'on  fat  all6 

that  one  might  have 
gone 

Que  nous  allassions 

that  we  might  go 

Que  nous  fussions 

that    we     might    have 

all^s 

gone 

Que  vous  allassiez 

that  you  might  go 

Que    vous    fussiez 

that    you    might    have 

all^s 

gone 

Qu'ils  allassent 

that  they  might  go 

Qu'ils  fussent  all^s 

that    they  might   have 

gone 


AUer  requires  neither  H  nor  de  before  an  infinitive  depending  upon  it. 

Je  vais  parler.     /  am  going  to  speak. 
J'allais  ^tudier.     /  was  going  to  study. 


32  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

Note  in  the  two  preceding  examples  the  use  of  aller  as  auxiliary,  just  as  we 
use  to  go  in  English. 

Conjugate  the  verb  aller  in  the  negative,  interrogative,  and  the  negative- 
interrogative  forms,  following  the  corresponding  conjugations  of  avoir  and 
etre. 

See  Verb  Dictionary  for  idiomatic  uses  of  aller. 


38.    CLASSIFICATION   OF   THE   FRENCH   VERBS 

As  to  Conjugations 

French  verbs  are  arranged  with  respect  to  the  endings  or  signs  of  their 
present  infinitives  into  four  classes  or  conjugations.  Those  ending  in  -er  form 
the  ist  conjugation;  those  in  -ir  form  the  2d  conjugation ;  those  in  -oir  form  the 
3d  conjugation ;  and  those  in  -re  the  4th  conjugation. 

The  conjugation  of  each  class  is  illustrated  by  a  verb  called  the  model  verb 
of  that  conjugation.  In  this  work  parler,  to  speak,  has  been  chosen  as  the  model 
verb  of  the  ist  conjugation,  finir  as  that  of  the  2d,  recevoir  as  that  of  the  3d,  and 
rendre  as  that  of  the  4th.  French  verbs  are  further  classified  according  to  their 
form  into  regular,  irregular,  and  defective  verbs. 

A  regular  verb  is  one  which  always  follows,  throughout,  the  conjugation  of  the 
model  verb  of  the  same  ending. 

An  irregular  verb  is  one  which,  having  the  same  ending  as  the  verbs  of  one 
of  the  four  conjugations,  deviates  to  a  greater  or  lesser  degree  from  the  conjuga- 
tion of  the  model  verb  with  the  same  ending. 

A  defective  verb  is  one  which  is  lacking  in  some  of  the  tenses  or  persons. 


39.    COMPOSITION   OF   THE    FRENCH   VERB 

The  French  verb  is  composed  of  a  stem,  or  root,  which  remains  unchanged 
throughout  the  conjugation  of  the  regular  verb,  and  of  a  termination  or  end- 
ing which  is  changed  to  correspond  to  the  tense,  person,  and  number  of  the 
conjugation. 

To  find  the  stem  of  a  verb,  remove  the  ending  of  the  present  infinitive;  the' 
unchanging  root  will  remain.  In  parler,  to  speak,  the  stem  is  pari-,  and  this 
remains  unchanged  throughout ;  -er  is  the  ending  of  the  present  infinitive. 

The  endings  for  all  the  moods  and  tenses  of  the  four  conjugations  are  arranged 
in  the  following  table. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


35 


Je  parla/s 
Tu  parla/s 

II  parla/Y 
On  parla/Y 
Nous  parl/o/7s 
Vous  parl/ez 

lis  parla/e/7f 


Je  parla/ 
Tu  parlas 
II  parla 
On  parla 
Nous  parla/77es 
Vous  parlafes 
lis  parle/'e/7f 


Je  parlera/ 
Tu  parleras 

II  parlera 
On  parlera 


Imparfait 
I  was  speaking,  used  to  speak 
thou  wast  speaking,  usedst  to 

speak 
he  was  speaking,  used  to  speak 
one  was  speaking,  used  to  speak 
we  were  speaking,  used  to  speak 
you    were    speaking,    used   to 

speak 
they  were   speaking,   used  to 

speak 

Passe  Defini 
I  spoke 
thou  spokest 
he  spoke 
one  spoke 
we  spoke 
you  spoke 
they  spoke 

Futur 
I  shall  or  will  speak 
thou  shall  or  wilt  speak 

he  shall  or  will  speak 
one  shall  or  will  speak 


Nous  pa,rlero/;s  we  shall  or  will  speak 
Vous  parlerez  you  shall  or  will  speak 
lis  parlero/7f       they  shall  or  will  speak 


Plus-que-parfa  it 
J'avais  parle  I  had  spoken 

Tu  avals  parle       thou  hadst  spoken 

II  avait  parle  he  had  spoken 

On  avait  parle        one  had  spoken 
Nous  avions  parle  we  had  spoken 
Vous  aviez  parle    you  had  spoken 

lis  avaient  parle   they  had  spoken 


Passe  Anterieur 


J'eus  parle 
Tu  eus  parle 
II  eut  parle 
On  eut  parle 
Nous  eumes  parle 
Vous  eutes  parle 
lis  eurent  parle 


I  had  spoken 
thou  hadst  spoken 
he  had  spoken 
one  had  spoken 
we  had  spoken 
you  had  spoken 
they  had  spoken 


Futur  Anterieur 


J'aurai  parle 
Tu  auras  parle 

II  aura  parle 
On  aura  parle 


I  shall  or  will  have  spoken 
thou   shalt    or    wilt  have 

spoken 
he  shall  (?rwill  have  spoken 


one    shall    or    will    have 

spoken 
Nous  aurons  parle  we    shall    or 

spoken 
Vous  aurez  parle    you   shall    or 

spoken 
lis  auront  parl^     they   shall  or 

spoken 


will    have 


will    have 


will   have 


LE  CONDITIONNEL 


Je  parlera/s 
Tu  parlera/s 
II  -pailerait 
On  T^anlerait 
Nous  ■parler/ons 
Vous  parler/ez 
lis  T^SLXleraient 


Present 
I  should  or  would  speak 
thou  shouldst  or  wouldst  speak 
he  should  or  would  speak 
one  should  or  would  speak 
we  should  or  would  speak 
you  should  or  would  speak 
they  should  or  would  speak 


Passe 
I  St  Form  2d  Form 

J'aurais  parle  J'eusse  parl6 

I  should  or  would  have  spoken 
Tu  aurais  parle  Tu  eusses  parl6 

thou  shouldst  or  wouldst  have  spoken 
II  aurait  parle  II  eiit  parl^ 

he  should  or  would  have  spoken 
On  aurait  parle  On  eflt  parl6 

one  should  or  would  have  spoken 
Nous  aurions  parle       Nous  eussions  parl6 

we  should  or  would  have  spoker 
Vous  auriez  parle  Vous  eussiez  parl6 

you  should  or  would  have  spoken 
lis  auraient  parle         lis  eussent  parU 
they  should  or  would  have  spoken 


36 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


Parle 

Parlez 

Parlons 


L'IMPERATIF 

speak  (thou)  Qu'il  parle 

speak  (you)  Qu'on  parle 

let  us  or  me  speak  Qu'ils  parlent 


let  him  speak 

let  one  or  people  speak 

let  them  speak 


LE  SUBJONCTIF 


Present 


Que  je  parle  that  I  may  speak  Que  j'aie  parle 

Que  tu  paries  that  thou  mayest  speak      Que  tu  aies  parle 


Qu'il  parle  that  he  may  speak 

Qu'on  parle  that  one  may  speak 

Que  nous  parl/ows  that  we  may  speak 

Que  vous  parl/ez  that  you  may  speak 

Qu'ils  parlewf  that  they  may  speak 


Qu'il  ait  parle 
Qu'on  ait  parle 
Que    nous    ayons 

parle 
Que     vous     ayez 

parle 
Qu'ils  aient  parle 


Passe 

that  I  may  have  spoken 
that    thou     mayest    have 

spoken 
that  he  may  have  spoken 
that  one  may  have  spoken 
that  we  may  have  spoken 

that  you  may  have  spoken 

that  they  may  have  spoken 


Jmparfait  Plus-que-parfait 

Que  je  parlasse        that  I  might  speak  Que  j'eusse  parle       that  I  might  have  spoken 

Que  tu  parlasses       that  thou  mightest  speak  Que     tu     eusses      that   thou  mightest   have 

parle  spoken 

Qu'il  parlaf  that  he  might  speak  Qu'il  eiit  parle  that  he  might  have  spoken 

Qu'on  parlaf  that  one  might  speak  Qu'on  eiit  parle  that     one     might     have 

spoken 
Que  nous  parlas-    that  we  might  speak  Que  nous  eussions     that  we  might  have  spoken 

s'lons  parle 

Que  vous  parlas-     that  you  might  speak         Que  vous  eussiez      that     you     might     have 

siez  parle  spoken 

Qu'ils  parlassenf      that  they  might  speak       Qu'ils  eussent  parle   that    they    might     have 

spoken 

The  verb  parler  used  intransitively  means  to  speak,  to  talk. 

Je  parlais  a  men  f rlre.     /  was  speaking  to  my  brother. 
Nous  parlions  de  men  p^re.      We  were  talking  of  my  father. 

Before  an  infinitive,  parler  requires  de. 

lis  parlent  de  quitter  le  pays.      They  are  talking  of  leaving  the  country. 

Note.  —  If  the   meaning  is  in  order  to,  or  for  the  purpose  of,  pour  is  used 
before  the  infinitive. 

II  parle  beaucoup  pour  gagner  du  temps.     He  is  talking  a  great  deal  to  {in 
order  to)  gain  time. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


37 


Parler  is  used  transitively,  as  in  English,  before  names  of  languages. 

EUe  parle  fran9ais.     She  speaks  French. 

See  Verb  Dictionary  for  further  information. 

Like  parler  conjugate  the  following  verbs: 
Admirer,  to  admire.     Used  as  in  English. 

Ferrner,  to  dose.    As  in  English.     Fermer  quelque  chose  a  clef,  to  lock  anything  up. 
Marcher,  to  walk;  to  march.      (Intransitive.) 
Chanter,  to  sing.     Used  as  in  English. 
Dejeuner,  to  breakfast.     (Intransitive.)     The  French  do  not  say  /  have  eaten  breakfast,  but 

J'ai  d^jeun^,  etc.,  I  have  breakfasted,  etc. 
Dessiner,  to  draw.     As  in  English ;   but  to  drazu  in  the  sense  of  to  pull  is  tirer. 
TiiQX,  to  draw,  to  pull.     Used  as  in  English. 

For  special  or  idiomatic  use  of  verbs,  see  the  Verb  Dictionary  in  back  of  book. 


43.    CONJUGATION    OF   PARLER  =  TO   SPEAK 
Negatively 

Infinitif  Passe 
N'avoir  pas  parld    not  to  have  spoken 

Participe  Passe  Compose 
N'ayant  pas  parl6     not  having  spoken 

Participe  Passe 


Infin  itif  Present 
Ne  pas  parler       not  to  speak 

Participe  Present 
Ne  parlant  pas    not  speaking 


Ne . . .  pas  parl6 


not  spoken 


L'INDICATIF 


TEMPS  SIMPLES 
Present 


Je  ne  parle  pas  I  do  not  speak,  am 

not  speaking 
Tu  ne  paries  pas         thou  dost  not  speak, 

art  not  speaking 
II  ne  parle  pas  he  does  not  speak,  is 

not  speaking 
On  ne  parle  pas  one  does  not  speak, 

is  not  speaking 
Nous  ne  parlons  pas   we  do  not  speak,  are 

not  speaking 
Vous  ne  parlez  pas      you   do   not    speak, 

are  not  speaking 
71s  ne  parlent  pas        they  do  not  speak, 

are  not  speaking 


TEMPS  COMPOSES 
Passe  Indefini 
Je  n'ai  pas  parl^  I  have  not  spoken 

Tu  n'as  pas  parl6  thou  hast  not  spoken 

II  n'a  pas  parl6  he  has  not  spoken 

On  n'a  pas  parl4  one  has  not  spoken 

Nous     n'avons     pas     we  have  not  spoken 

parl^ 
Vous  n'avez  pas  parld  you  have  not  spoken 

lis  n'ont  pas  parld         they  have  not  spoken 


38 


THE  FRENCH    VERB 


Iinparfait 
Je  ne  parlais  pas     I  was  not  speaking 


Tu  ne  parlais  pas 
II  ne  parlait  pas 
On  ne  parlait  pas 
Nous  ne  parlious 
,  pas 
Vous  ne  parliez 

pas 
lis  ne  parlaient 

pas 

Passe  Defini 


thou  wast  not  speaking 
he  was  not  speaking 
one  was  not  speaking 
we  were  not  speaking 


you  were  not  speaking 
they  were  not  speaking 


Je  ne  parlai  pas 
Tu  ne  parlas  pas 
II  ne  parla  pas 
On  ne  parla  pas 
Nous  ne  pariames 

pas 
Vous  ne  parlites  pas  you  did  not  speak 


I  did  not  speak 
thou  didst  not  speak 
he  did  not  speak 
one  did  not  speak 
we  did  not  speak 


Plus-qtte-paj'fait 

Je  n'avais  pas  parl6  I  had  not  spoken 

Tu  n' avals  pas  parl6  thou  hadst  not  spoken 

II  n'avait  pas  parl6  he  had  not  spoken 

On  n'avait  pas  parl^,  one  had  not  spoken 

Nous    n'avions    pas  we  had  not  spoken 

parl6 

Vous     n'aviez    pas  you  had  not  spoken 

parl6 

lis     n'avaient     pas  they  had  not  spoken 

parl€ 

Passe  Anterieur 

Je  n'eus  pas  parld  I  had  not  spoken 

Tu  n'eus  pas  parld  thou  hadst  not  spoken 


lis  ne  parl§rent  pas   they  did  not  speak 

Futur 
Je  ne  parlerai  pas       I  shall  not  speak 
Tu  ne  parleras  pas     thou  wilt  not  speak 
II  ne  parlera  pas         he  will  not  speak 
On  ne  parlera  pas       one  will  not  speak 
Nous   ne    parlerons  we  shall  not  speak 

pas 
Vous  ne  parlerez  pas  you  will  not  speak 

lis  ne  parleront  pas    they  will  not  speak 


II  n'eut  pas  parl6 
On  n'eut  pas  parl6 
Nous  n'eumes  pas 

parl6 
Vous  n' elites  pas 

parl6 
Ilsn'eurentpasparl6   they  had  not  spoken 

Futur  Anterieur 
Je  n'aurai  pas  parl6     I  shall  not  have  spoken 


he  had  not  spoken 
one  had  not  spoken 
we  had  not  spoken 

you  had  not  spoken 


Tu  n' auras  pas  parl6 
II  n'aura  pas  parld 
On  n'aura  pas  parl6 
Nous  n'aurons  pas 

parl^ 
Vous  n'aurez   pas 

parl6 
lis  n'auront  pas  parl6  they  will  not  have  spoken 


thou  wilt  not  have  spoken 
he  will  not  have  spoken 
one  will  not  have  spoken 
we  shall  not  have  spoken 

you  will  not  have  spoken 


LE  CONDITIONNEL 

Present  Passe 

jst  Form  2d  Form 

I  should  not  speak     Je  n'aurais  pas  parl6        Je  n'eusse  pas  parl6 

1  should  not  have  spoken 
thou    wouldst    not   Tu  n'aurais  pas  parl6      Tu  n'eusses  pas  parle 

speak  thou  wouldst  not  have  spoken 

he  would  not  speak   II  n'aurait  pas  parl§         II  n'eut  pas  parl6 

he  would  not  have  spoken 
one  would  not  speak   On  n'aurait  pas  parl6       On  n'eiit  pas  parl6 

one  would  not  have  spoken 
Nous  ne  parlerions  pas  we  should  not  speak   Nous     n'aurions      pas    Nous  n'eussions  pas 

parl6  parl6 

we  should  not  have  spoken 
Vous  ne  parleriez  pas   you  would  not  speak   Vous      n'auriez       pas    Vous    n'eussiez    pas 

parl6  pari! 

you  would  not  have  spoken        [parl6 
lis  ne  parleraient  pas  they  would  not  speak   lis  n'auraient  pas  parl6    lis     n'eussent     pas 

they  would  not  have  spoken 


Je  ne  parlerais  pas 
Tu  ne  parlerais  pas 
II  ne  parlerait  pas 
On  ne  parlerait  pas 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


L'IMPERATIF 


39 


Ne  parle  pas                   do  not  speak  (thou)  Qu'il  ne  parle  pas           let  him  not  speak 

Ne  parlez  pas                 do  not  speak  (you)  Qu'on  ne  parle  pas          let    one    (people) 

Ne  parlons  pas                let    us    or   me    not  not  speak 

speak  Qu'ils  ne  parlent  pas       let  them  not  speak 

LE  SUBJONCTIF 

Present  Passe 

Que  je  ne  parle  pas     that  I  may  not  speak  Que  je  n'aie  pas  parl6  that    I    may    not    have 

spoken 

Que  tu  ne  paries  pas    that  thou  mayest  not  Que     tu     n'aies     pas  that  thou  mayest  not  have 

speak  parl6                                  spoken 

Qu'il  ne  parle  pas       that     he    may    not  Qu'il  n'ait  pas  parl6      that  he    may  not    have 

speak  spoken 

Qu'on  ne  parle  pas     that    one    may    not  Qu'on  n'ait  pas  parl6    that  one  may  not  have 

speak                   ■  spoken 

Que  nous  ne  parlions  that    we    may    not  Que  nous  n'ayons  pas  that   we  may  not    have 

pas                                  speak  parl6                                  spoken 

Que  vous  ne  parliez    that    you    may    not  Que  vous  n'ayez  pas  that  you  may  not  have 

pas                                  speak  parl§                                  spoken 

Qu'ils    ne    parlent    that    they   may    not  Qu'ils      n'aient      pas  that  they  may  not  have 

pas                                speak  parl6                                  spoken 

Imparfait  Plus-que-parfait 

Que  je  ne  parlasse     that    I    might    not  Que    je    n'eusse     pas  that   I    might   not   have 

pas                                speak  parl6                                 spoken 

Que  tu  ne  parlasses    that    thou    mightest  Que  tu   n'eusses   pas  that  thou    mightest   not 

pas                                  not  speak  parle                                  have  spoken 

Qu'il  ne  pariat  pas     that    he  might    not  Qu'il  n'eut  pas  parl6     that  he  might  not  have 

speak  spoken 

Qu'on  nepariat  pas     that   one  might  not  Qu'on  n'eut  pas  parl6  that  one  might  not  have 

speak  spoken 

Que  nous  ne  parlas-     that   we   might  not  Que    nous    n'eussions  that  we  might  not  have 

sions  pas                       speak  pas  parl§                          spoken 

Que  vous  ne  parlas-     that  you  might  not  Que  vous  n'eussiez  pas  that  you  might  not  have 

siez  pas                         speak  parl6                                  spoken 

Qu'ils  neparlassent    that  they  might  not  Qu'ils    n'eussent   pas  that  they  might  not  have 

pas                                  speak  parl6                                  spoken 

Conjugate  negatively  (like  parler)  the  following  verbs : 

Accuser,  to  accuse.     Requires  de  before  infinitive  and  also  where  of  is  required  in  the  similar 
English  construction. 

On  a  accus§  le  g6n6ral  d'avoir  abandonni  I'armfie. 

Aider,  to  aid.     Requires  a  before  infinitive. 

n  m'a  aid6  4  vendre  ma  maison. 


40 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


Briiler,  to  burn. 
Cacher,  to  hide. 
Danser,  to  dance. 
Conter,  to  relate. 


Used  as  in  English. 
Used  as  in  English. 

Used  as  in  English. 

Used  as  in  English. 


See  Verb  Dictionary  in  back  of  book  for  special  or  idiomatic  uses  of  verbs. 


44.    CONJUGATION    OF   PARLER  =  TO   SPEAK 
Interrogatively 


L'INDICATIF 


TEMPS   SIMPLES 


Parl^-je  ? 
Parles-tu  ? 
Parle-t-il? 
Parle-t-on  ? 
Parlons-nous  ? 
Parle  z-vous  ? 
Parlent-ils  ? 


Parlais-je? 
Parlais-tu  ? 
Parlait-il? 
Parlait-on? 
Parlions-nous  ? 
Parliez-vous  ? 
Parlaient-ils  ? 


Present 

do  I  speak  ? 
dost  thou  speak  ? 
does  he  speak  ? 
does  one  speak  ? 
do  we  speak  ? 
do  you  speak  ? 
do  they  speak  ? 

Imparfait 

was  I  speaking  ? 
wast  thou  speaking  ? 
was  he  speaking  ? 
was  one  speaking  ? 
were  we  speaking  ? 
were  you  speaking  ? 
were  they  speaking  ? 


Passe  Dejini 


Parlai-je  ? 
Parlas-tu  ? 
Parla-t-il? 
Parla-t-on? 
Parl^mes-nous  ? 
Parlates-vous? 
Parlerent-ils  ? 


Parlerai-je? 
Parleras-tu  ? 
Parlera-t-il  ? 
Parlera-t-on  ? 
Parlerons-nous  ? 
Parlerez-vous  ? 
Parleront-ils  ? 


did  I  speak  ? 
didst  thou  speak  ? 
did  he  speak  ? 
did  one  speak  ?, 
did  we  speak  ? 
did  you  speak  ? 
did  they  speak  ? 

Ftitiir 

shall  I  speak  ? 
wilt  thou  speak  ? 
will  he  speak  ? 
will  one  speak  ? 
shall  we  speak  ? 
will  you  speak  ? 
will  they  speak  ? 


TEMPS  COMPOSES 


Passe  Indtjini 


Ai-je  parl^  ? 
As-tu  parl6  ? 
A-t-ilparl6? 
A-t-on  parl6  ? 
Avons-nous  parl6  ? 
Avez-vous  parl^? 
Ont-ilsparl6? 


have  I  spoken  ? 
hast  thou  spoken  ? 
has  he  spoken  ? 
has  one  spoken  ? 
have  we  spoken  ? 
have  you  spoken  ? 
have  they  spoken  ? 


Plus- que-pai- fait 

Avais-je  parl6?  had  I  spoken  ? 

Avais-tu  parl^  ?  hadst  thou  spoken  ? 

Avait-il  parl^  ?  had  he  spoken  ? 

Avait-on  parle  ?  had  one  spoken  ? 

Avions-nous  parl^  ?  had  we  spoken  ? 

Aviez-vous  parl6  ?  had  you  spoken  ? 

Avaient-ils  parl^  ?  had  they  spoken  ? 

Passe  Anterieur 

had  I  spoken  ? 
hadst  thou  spoken  ? 
had  he  spoken  ? 
had  one  spoken  ? 
had  we  spoken  ? 
had  you  spoken  ? 
had  they  spoken  ? 


Eus-je  parl^  ? 
Eus-tu  parl6  ? 
Eut-il  parl^  ? 
Eut-on  parl^  ? 
Eumes-nous  parl6  ? 
Eiites-vous  parl^  ? 
Eurent-ils  parl6  ? 


Futur  Anterieur 

Aurai-je  parl^?  shall  I  have  spoken  ? 

Auras-tu  parl6?  wilt  thou  have  spoken  ? 

Aura-t-il  parl^?  will  he  have  spoken  ? 

Aura-t-on  parld?  will  one  have  spoken  ? 

Aurons-nous  parld?  shall  we  have  spoken  ? 

Aurez-vous  parl6?  will  you  have  spoken  ? 

Auront-ils  parl^  ?  will  they  have  spoken  ? 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


41 


LE  CONDITIONNEL 


Parlerais-je? 
Parlerais-tu  ? 
Parlerait-il  ? 
Parlerait-on  ? 
Parlerions-nous  ? 
Parleriez-vous  ? 
Parleraient-ils  ? 


Present 


should  I  speak  ? 
wouldst  thou  speak  ? 
would  he  speak  ? 
would  one  speak  ? 
should  we  speak  ? 
would  you  speak  ? 
would  they  speak  ? 


Aurais-je  parl6? 
Aurais-tu  parl6  ? 
Aurait-il  parl6  ? 
Aurait-on  parl6  ? 
Aurions-nous  parl€  ? 
Auriez-vous  parl6? 
Auraient-ils  parl6  ? 


Passe 

should  I  have  spoken  ? 
wouldst  thou  have  spoken  ? 
would  he  have  spoken  ? 
would  one  have  spoken  ? 
should  we  have  spoken  ? 
would  you  have  spoken  ? 
would  they  have  spoken  ? 


45.    CONJUGATION   OF   PARLER  =  TO   SPEAK 
Interrogatively  and  Negatively 


L'INDICATIF 


TEMPS  SIMPLES 
Present 


Ne  parl^-je  pas  ? 
Ne  parles-tu  pas  ? 
Ne  parle-t-il  pas  ? 
Ne  parle-t-on  pas  ? 
Ne     parlons-nous 

pas? 
Ne       parlez-vous 

pas? 
Ne  parlent-ils  pas  ?  do  they  not  speak  ? 

Imparfait 
Ne  parlais-je  pas?     was  I  not  speaking  ? 


do  I  not  speak  ? 
dost  thou  not  speak  ? 
does  he  not  speak  ? 
does  one  not  speak  ? 
do  we  not  speak  ? 

do  you  not  speak  ? 


wast  thou  not  speaking  ? 
was  he  not  speaking  ? 
was  one  not  speaking  ? 
were  we  not  speaking  ? 


Ne  parlais-tu  pas? 
Ne  parlait-il  pas  ? 
Ne  parlait-on  pas  ? 
Ne     parlions-nous 

pas? 
Ne        parliez-vous  were  you  not  speaking  ? 

pas? 
Ne        parlaient-ils  were  they  not  speaking  ? 

pas? 


Passe  Defini 


Ne  parlai-je  pas? 
Ne  parlas-tu  pas  ? 
Ne  parla-t-il  pas  ? 
Ne  parla-t-on  pas  ? 
Ne   parlUmes-nous 

pas? 
Ne     pariates-vous 

pas? 
Ne       parldrent-ils 

pas? 


did  I  not  speak  ? 
didst  thou  not  speak  ? 
did  he  not  speak  ? 
did  one  not  speak  ? 
did  we  not  speak  ? 

did  you  not  speak  ? 

did  they  not  speak  ? 


TEMPS  COMPOSES 

Passe  Indejini 


N'ai-je  pas  parl6  ? 
N'as-tu  pas  parl^  ? 
N'a-t-il  pas  parl6  ? 
N'a-t-on  pas  parl6  ? 
N'avons-nous     pas 

parl^? 
N'avez-vous       pas 

parl6? 
N'ont-ils  pas  parl6  ? 


have  I  not  spoken  ? 
hast  thou  not  spoken  ? 
has  he  not  spoken  ? 
has  one  not  spoken  ? 
have  we  not  spoken  ? 


have  you  not  spoken  ? 

have  they  not  spoken  ? 

Plus- que- par  fait 
N'avais-je  pas  parl^?  had  I  not  spoken  ? 
N'avais-tu  pas  parl6?  hadst  thou  not  spoken? 
N'avait-il  pas  parle?    had  he  not  spoken  ? 
N'avait-on  pas  parl^?  had  one  not  spoken  ? 
N'avions-nous      pas    had  we  not  spoken  ? 

parl6? 
N'aviez-vous         pas     had  you  not  spoken  ? 

parl6? 
N'avaient-ils       pas     had  they  not  spoken  ? 

parl6  ? 

Passe  Anterieur 

had  I  not  spoken  ? 
hadst, thou  not  spoken  ?. 
had  he  not  spoken  ? 
had  one  not  spoken? 
had  we  not  spoken  ? 


N'eus-je  pas  parld? 
N'eus-tu  pas  parl6? 
N'eut-il  pas  parl6? 
N'eut-onpas  parl^? 
N'eflmes-nous      pas 

parl6  ? 
N'efltes-vous       pas 

parl6? 
N'eurent-ils         pas 

parl6? 


had  you  not  spoken  ? 
had  they  not  spoken  ? 


42 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


Futur 

Ne  parlerai-je  pas  ?    shall  I  not  speak  ? 
Ne       parleras-tu      wilt  thou  not  speak  ? 

pas? 
Ne  parlera-t-il  pas  ?  will  he  not  speak  ? 
Ne      parlera-t-on      will  one  not  speak  ? 

pas? 
Ne  parlerons-nous 

pas? 
Ne  parlerez-vous 

pas? 
Ne    parleront-ils 

pas? 


Futur  Anterieur 


shall  we  not  speak  ? 
will  you  not  speak  ? 
will  they  not  speak  ? 


N'aurai-je  pas  parl^  ? 
N'auras-tu        pas 

parl6  ? 
N'aura-t-il  pasparl6? 
N'aura-t-on      pas 

parl6  ? 
N^aurons-nous  pas 

parl6  ? 
N'aurez-vous    pas 

parl6  ? 
N'auront-ils      pas 

parl6? 


shall  I  not  have  spoken? 

wilt    thou    not    have 

spoken  ? 
will  he  not  have  spoken  ? 
will      one      not      have 

spojcen? 
shall      we      not     have 

spoken  ? 
will     you      not      have 

spoken  ? 
will      they     not     have 

spoken  ? 


LE  CONDITIONNEL 

Present 

Ne      parlerais-je      should  I  not  speak  ? 

pas? 
Ne      parlerais-tu      wouldst  thou  not  speak  ?    N'aurais-tu 

pas? 
Ne       parlerait-il      would  he  not  speak  ? 

pas? 
Ne      parlerait-on      would  one  not  speak  ? 

pas? 
Ne  parlerions-nous    should  we  not  speak  ? 

pas? 
Ne    parleriez-vous    would  you  not  speak  ? 

pas? 
Ne    parleraient-ils   would  they  not  speak? 

pas? 


Pass'e 

N'aurais-je 

pas 

should      I 

not 

have 

parl6? 

spoken  ? 

N'aurais-tu 

pas 

wouldst   thou  not 

have 

parl6? 

spoken  ? 

N'aurait-il 

pas 

would     he 

not 

have 

parl6? 

spoken  ? 

N'aurait-on 

pas 

would    one 

not 

have 

parl6? 

spoken  ? 

N'aurions-nous 

pas 

should    we 

not 

have 

parl6? 

spoken  ? 

N'auriez-vous 

pas 

would     you 

not 

have 

parl6? 

spoken  ? 

N'auraient-ils     pas      would    they    not    have 
parl^?  spoken? 


Note.  —  The  2d  form  of  the  conditional  will  be  written  by  the  student. 


46.    THE    SECOND    CONJUGATION 

Finir  is  the  model  verb  of  the  2d  conjugation.  All  regular  verbs  ending  in 
-ir  are  conjugated  like  finir. 

Note  that  in  the  regular  verbs  of  this  conjugation  the  present  participle,  like 
finissant  (in  the  model  verb),  has  -iss  inserted  before  the  ending  -ant. 

Note  that  this  -iss  is  retained  in  regular  verbs  in  -ir  in  the  cases  where  we 
change  the  ending  -ant  of  the  present  participle  into  the  proper  terminations  to 
secure  other  forms  of  the  verb ;  as  in  the  imperfect  indicative  (fin-issais,  issais, 
issait,  issions,  issiez,  issent)  and  the  present  subjunctive  (fin-isse,  isses,  isse^ 
issions,  issiez,  issent). 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


43 


REGULAR   VERBS   {Continued) 
47.    SECOND    CONJUGATION   ENDING   IN    -IR 

MODEL   VERB   FINIR  =  TO    FINISH 


In/in  itif  Present 
Fiw'r  to  finish 

Participe  Present 
Finissanf  finishing 


/«/?«  itif  Passe 
Avoir  fin/  to  have  finished 

Participe  Passe  Compose 
Ayant  fin/  having  finished 


Participe  Passe 
Fini  (»?.j.),  finie  (/j.)»  finis  {m.pL),  finies  (///.),  finished 


S. 


L'INDICATIF 

TEMPS  SIMPLES 

TEMPS  COMPOSES 

Present 

/'fljj^'  Indefini 

Je  fin/s 

I  finish  ^r  I  am  finishing 

r  J'ai  fin/ 

I  have  finished 

Tu  fin/s 

thou  finishest    or  thou  art 
finishing 

Tu  as  fin/ 

thou  hast  finished 

U  fin/f 

he  finishes  or  he  is  finishing 

U  a  fin/ 

he  has  finished 

Elle  fin/f 

she  finishes  or  she  is  finishing 

Elle  a  fin/ 

she  has  finished 

On  fin/f 

one  finishes  or  one  is  finish- 

On  a  fin/ 

one  has  finished 

PL  I 


mg 

Nous  6.w'ssons  we  finish  or  we  are  finishing 

Vous  fin/ssez  you  finish  or  you  are  finish- 
ing 

lis  fin/sse/7f  they  finish  or  they  are  fin- 
ishing 

EUes  fin/sse/7f  they  finish  or  they  are  fin. 
ishing 


Nous  avons  fin/  vi^e  have  finished 
Vous  avez  fin/     you  have  finished 

lis  ont  fin/  they  have  finished 

.EUes  ont  fin/       they  have  finished 


Imp  ar fait 

Je  13.nissa/s  I  veas  finishing  <?;'  I  used       J'avais  fin/ 

to  finish 
Tu  fin/ssa/s  thou  vi^ast  finishing  or  thou 

usedst  to  finish 
II  fin/ssa/f  he  was  finishing  or  he  used 

to  finish 
On  fin/ssa/f  one  was    finishing   or   one 

used  to  finish 
Nous  fin/ss/o/7S        we   were    finishing   or   we 

used  to  finish 
Vous  fin/ss/ez  you  were   finishing  or  you 

used  to  finish 
lis  fin/ssa/e/7f  they  were  finishing  or  they 

used  to  finish 


Plus-que-parfait 


Tu  avals  fin/ 
U  avait  fin/ 
On  avait  fin/ 


I  had  finished 
thou  hadst  finished 
he  had  finished 
one  had  finished 


Nous  avions  fin/  we  had  finished 
Vous  aviez  fin/  you  had  finished 
lis  avaient  fin/   they  had  finished 


44 


THE  FRENCH    VERB 


Je  fin/s 
Tu  fin/s 
II  fin/Y 
On  fin/f 
Nous  fin/mes 
Vous  fin/^es 
lis  ^nirent 


Je  l^niraf 
Tu  fin/ras 
II  fin/>a 
On  fin/>a 
Nous  fin/rons 
Vous  fin/>ez 
lis  tniront 


Je  fin/>a/s 
Tu  fin/>a/s 
II  ^m'rait 
On  ^n/'rait 
Nous  fiViirions 
Vous  tniriez 
lis  ^niraient 


Finis 

Finissez 

Finissons 


Que  je  fin/sse 
Que  tu  fin/sses 

Qu'il  fin/sse 
Qu'on  fin/sse 


/(jz^j^  Defini 
I  finished 
thou  finishedst 
he  finished 
one  finished 
we  finiished 
you  finished 
they  finished 

FuHir 
I  shall  or  will  finish 
thou  shalt  £>;'  wilt  finish 
he  shall  <?r  will  finish 
one. shall  or  will  finish 

•  we  shall  or  will  finish 
you  shall  or  will  finish 
they  shall  or  will  finish 


Passe  Anterieur 


J'eus  fin/ 
Tu  eus  fin/ 
II  eut  fin/ 
On  eut  fin/ 
Nous  efimes  fin/ 
Vous  efltes  fin/ 
lis  eurent  fin/ 


I  had  finished 
thou  hadst  finished 
he  had  finished 
one  had  finished 
we  had  finished 
you  had  finished 
they  had  finished 


J'aurai  fin/ 
Tu  auras  fin/ 
II  aura  fin/ 
On  aura  fin/ 
Nous  aurons  fin/ 
Vous  aurez  fin/ 
lis  auront  fin/ 


Futur  Anterieur 

I  shall  or  will  have  finished 
thou  shalt  £»r  wilt  have  finished 
he  shall  or  will  have  finished 
one  shall  or  will  have  finished 
we  shall  <7rwill  have  finished 
you  shall  or  will  have  finished 
they  shall  or  will  have  finished 


LE   CONDITIOXNEL 


Present 

I  should  or  would  finish 

thou  shouldst  or  wouldst 
finish 

he  should  or  would  fin- 
ish 

one  should  or  would 
finish 

we  should  or  would 
finish 

you  should  or  would  fin- 
ish 

they  should  or  would 
finish 


Passe 
1st  Form  2d  Form 

J'aurais  fin/  J'eusse  fini 

I  should  or  wQuld  have  finished 
Tu  aurais  fin/  Tu  eusses  fini 

thou  shouldst  or  wouldst  have  finished 
II  aurait  fin/  II  eut  fini 

he  should  or  would  have  finished 
On  aurait  fin/  On  eut  fini 

one  should  or  would  have  finished 
Nous  aurions  fin/  Nous  eussions  fini 

we  should  or  would  have  finished 
Vous  auriez  fin/  Vous  eussiez  fini 

you  should  or  would  have  finished 
lis  auraient  fin/  lis  eussent  fini 

they  should  or  would  have  finished 


L'IMPERATIF 

finish  (thou)  Qu'il  finisse 

finish  (you)  Qu'on  finisse 

let  us  finish,  let  me  finish   Qu'il  finissent 


let  him  finish 

let  one  {or  people)  finish 

let  them  finish 


LE   SUBJONCTIF 
Present 
that  I  may  finish  Que  j'aie  fin/ 

that  thou  mayest  finish 


that  he  may  finish 
that  one  may  finish 
Que  nous  fin/ss/o/7S  that  we  may  finish 
Que  vous  fin/ss/ez     that  you  may  finish 
Qu'ils  fin/sse/7f  that  they  may  finish 


Passe 

that  I  may  have  finished. 
Que  tu  aies  fin/         that  thou  mayest  have  fin- 
ished 
Qu'il  ait  fin/  that  he  may  have  finished 

Qu'on  ait  fin/  that  one  may  have  finished 

Que  nous  ayons  fin/  that  we  may  have  finished 
Que  vous  ayez  fin/    that  you  may  have  finished 
Qu'ils  aient  fin/        that  they  may  have  finished 


THE  FRENCH    VERB 


45 


Que  je  fin/sse 
Que  tu  fin/sses 
Qu'il  fin/7 
Qu'on  fin/f 


Plus-que-pa  rfa  it 
Que  j'eusse  fin/  that  I  might  have  Hn- 


that  thou  mightest  finish    Que  tu  eusses  fin/ 
that  he  might  finish  Qu'il  eiit  fin/ 


that  one  might  finish 
Que  nous  fin/ss/o/7S  that  we  might  finish 
Que  vous  fin/ss/ez  that  you  might  finish 
Qu'ils  fin/ssenf  that  they  might  finish 


Qu'on  eiit  fin/ 


Imparfait 

that  I  might  finish 

ished 
that  thou  mightest  have 

finished 
that    he    might    have 

finished 
that    one    might   have 
finished 
Que  nous  eussions  fin/   that  we    might    have 

finished 
Que  vous  eussiez  fin/     that    you  might  have 

finished 
Qu'ils  eussent  fin/  that  they  might  have 

finished 

Finir  is  used,  like  the  verb  to  fijiish  in  English,  as  a  transitive  verb. 

Le  charpentier  a  fini  cette  maison.      The  carpenter  has  firiished  that  house. 
Je  finis  ma  legon.     /  am  finishing  my  lesson. 

It  is  also  used,  like  to  finish  in  English,  as  an  intransitive  verb. 
II  finira  bientot.     He  will  finish  soon. 
Avez-vous  fini?     Have  you  finished?     {Are  you  through?) 
Finir  requires  de  before  an  infinitive. 

A-t-il  finide  parler?     Has  he  finished  speaking?  {nnth  speaking?) 
Conjugate  finir  negatively,  interrogatively  and  negatively,  and  interrogatively, 
following  the  corresponding  conjugations  of  parler. 

Like  finer,  conjugate  the  following  verbs : 
Abolir,  to  abolish.     As  in  English.     lis  ont  aboli  cette  coutume.      They  have  abolished  that 

custom. 
Adoucir,  to  soften.     As  in  English.     Cela  adoucit  la  vie.      That  softens  life. 
Batir,  en,  to  build  (of  or  with).     As  in  English.     Les  oiseaux  bMissent  un  nid.     The  birds 

are  building  a  nest.     Une  maison  bUtie  en  pierre.     A  house  built  of  stone. 
Choisir,  to  choose.     As  in  English.     Nous  choisissons  cette  fleur.      We  choose  this  flower. 
Fournir,  de  (with),  to  furnish.     As  in  English.     lis  ont  fourni  du  ble  a  I'arm^e.     They  hare 
furnished  {some)  hay  to  the  army.     II  est  fourni  de  tabac  par  son  oncle.     He  is  fur- 
nished {supplied  with)  tobacco  by  his  uncle. 


48.    THE    THIRD    CONJUGATION 

The  verbs  of  the  3d  conjugation  end  in  oir.     The  model  verb  is  recevoir. 

Note  that  from  the  ist  person  singular  of  the  past  definite  the  remaining 
forms  of  the  past  definite  may  be  obtained  by  changing  the  final  letter  s  into 
s,  t,  mes,  tes,  rent :  Je  re9U5,  tu  x^ms,  11  re9uf ,  nous  re9u/7ie5,  vous  re9ufes,  lis 
re9u/'e/if. 

Note  that  when  the  c  comes  before  0  or  u,  a  cedilla  is  placed  under  it ;  thus 


46 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


9  in  order  to  preserve  the  soft  sound  of  the  c  which  it  has  in  the  present  infini- 
tive. Otherwise  the  c,  according  to  the  rules  of  pronunciation,  would  take  the 
hard  sound  (like  k)  before  the  o  and  u. 


Injin  itif  Present 
Rece^oir  to  receive 


Participe  Present 
tieceyant  receiving 


MODEL  VERB   RECEVOIR  =  TO   RECEIVE 

Infinitif  Passe 
Avoir  reQW  to  have  received 

Participe  Passe  Compose 
Ayant  re^w  having  received 

Particite  Passe 


3     Re?''  {m.s.),  reque  (f.s.),  lequs  {_m.pL'),  Ye(}ues  (f.pL),  received 
L'INDICATIF 


TEMPS  SIMPLES 
Present 


I   receive  or  I  am  re-     S.    J'ai  reQw 

ceiving 

thou  receivest  or  thou 
art  receiving 

he  receives  or  he  is  re- 
ceiving 

.she   receives  or  she   is 


receiving 
one  receives  or  one  is 

receiving 
PL  Nous  receKows      we  receive  or  we  are     PL  Nous  avons  re^w 

receiving 
Vous  receyez         you  receive  or  you  are  Vous  avez  reQw 

receiving 
lis  rego/Vez/f  they  receive  or  they  are  lis  ont  le^u 

receiving 
Elles  rego/Vewf     they  receive  or  they  are  EUes  ont  regu 

receiving 

Imparfait 
Je  xtzevais  I  was  receiving,  I  used 

to  receive 
Tu  receKfl/s  thouwast  receiving,  thou  Te  eus  regt/ 

used  to  receive 
II  xecevait  he    was    receiving,    he  II  eut  regw 

used  to  receive 
On  XQcevait  one  was  receiving,  one  On  eut  regw 

used  to  receive 
Nous  lecey ions     we  were   receiving,  we 

used  to  receive 
Vous  XQCeviez        you  wer.e  receiving,  you 

used  to  receive 
lis  xeceyaient        they     were     receiving,  lis  eurent  regw 

they  used  to  receive 


TEMPS  COMPOSES 
Passe  Lndejini 

I  have  received 

Tu  as  regw  thou  hast  received 

II  a  regw  he  has  received 

Elle  a  regw  she  has  received 

On  a  reQW  one  has  received 

we  have  received 

you  have  received 

they  have  received 

they  have  received 

Passe  Anterieur 
J' eus  regw  I  had  received 

thou  hadst  received 

he  had  received 

one  had  received 

Nous  eiimes  regw       we  had  received 

Vous  elites  reg^/         you  had  received 


they  had  received 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


47 


/ 


f 

Passe  Dcfini 

Plus. 

■que-parfait 

Te  recus 

I  received 

J' avals  re^w 

I  had  received 

Tu  re^tfs 

thou  receivedst 

Tu  avals  regw 

thou  hadst  received 

11  re^tff 

he  received 

11  avait  repw 

he  had  received 

On  regwf 

one  received 

On  avait  re^i/ 

one  had  received 

Nous  reg/?/wes 

we  received 

Nous  avions  repw 

we  had  received 

Vous  ie(iutes 

you  received 

Vous  aviez  re^w 

you  had  received 

lis  lei^urent 

they  received 

lis  avaient  regt/ 

they  had  received 

FtUur 

Futur  Anterieur 

Je  lecevrat 

I  shall  or  w^ill  receive 

J'aurai  reg^/ 

I  shall  or  will  have 
received 

Tu  receKras 

thou   shalt   or  wilt   re- 

Tu auras  regw 

thou  shalt  or  wilt  have 

ceive 

received 

11  recei^ra 

he  shall  or  will  receive 

11  aura  re^w 

he  shall  or  will  have 
received 

On  rece^ra 

one  shall  or  will  receive 

On  aura  re^w 

one  shall  or  will  have 
received 

Nous  reccKrows 

we  shall  or  will  receive 

Nous  aurons  regt/ 

we  shall  or  will  have 
received 

Vous  leceyrez 

you  shall  or  will  receive 

Vous  aurez  regw 

you  shall  or  will  have 
received 

lis  lecevront 

they  shall  or  will  receive 

lis  auront  re^w 

they  shall  or  will  have 
received 

LE  CONDI JIONNEL 

Pass's 

Present 

Je  recevrais 
Tu  lecevrais 
II  lecevratt 
On  recevrait 
Nous  xecevr/ons 
Vous  recemez 
lis  receyraient 


.'ould 


I  should  or 
ceive 

thou  shouldst  or  wouldst 
receive 

he  should  or  would  re- 
ceive 

one  should  or  would  re- 
ceive 

we  should  or  would  re- 
ceive 

you  should  or  would  re- 
ceive 

they   should    or    would 
receive 


isf  Form  2d  Form 

J'aurais  re?^/  J'eusse  re^t/ 

I  should  or  would  have  received 
Tu  aurais  repw  Tu  eusses  re^t/ 

thou  shouldst  or  wouldst  have  received 
II  aurait  regw  II  eut  regw 

he  should  or  would  have  received 
On  aurait  reQt/  On  eiit  regw 

one  should  or  would  have  received 
Nous  aurions  regv         Nous  eussions  re?// 

we  should  or  would  have  received 
Vous  auriez  regy  Vous  eussiez  re^w 

you  should  or  would  have  received 
lis  auraient  regw  lis  eussent  re?// 

they  should  or  would  have  received 


L'IMPERATIF 
He^is  receive  (thou) 

Receyez  receive  (yoiQ 

Receyons  let  us  or  me  receive 


Qu'il  Te(;oive 
Qu'on  re^o/Ve 
Qu'ils  leqot'yent 


let  him  receive 

let  one  (people)  receive 

let  them  receive 


48 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


Que  je  rego/Ve 
Que  tu  re9o/Ves 
Qu'il  refo/Ve 
Qu'on  rego/Ve 


LE  SUBJONCTIF 
Present 

that  I  may  receive  Que  j'aie  re?^/ 

that        thou       mayest   Que  tu  aies  re^f/ 

receive 
that  he  may  receive  Qu'il  ait  re?!/ 


Passe 


that  one  may  receive 


Que  nous  leceyions     that  we  may  receive 
Que  VOUS  reccK/'ez       that  you  may  receive 
Qu'ils  lefioii^ent  that  they  may  receive 

Imparfait 
Que  je  re^t/sse  that  I  might  receive 


Qu'on  ait  re^w 
Que  nous  ayons  xt^u 
Que  VOUS  ayez  regw 
Qu'ils  aient  reQw 


that  I  may  have  re- 
ceived 

that  thou  mayest  have 
received 

that  he  may  have  re- 
ceived 

that  one  may  have  re- 
ceived 

that  we  may  have  re- 
ceived 

that  you  may  have  re- 
ceived 

that  they  may  have  re- 
ceived 


Que  tu  regt/sses 
Qu'il  xt^Qt 
Qu'on  xt^t 


that      thou       mightest  Que  tu  eusses  regw 

receive 

that  he  might  receive  Qu'il  efit  re^t/ 

that  one  might  receive  Qu'on  eiit  regt/ 


Plus-que-pa  rfa  it 

Que  j'eusse  regw  that  I  might  have  re- 

ceived 
that      thou      mightest 

have    received 
that  he  might  have  re- 
ceived 
that    one   might  have 
received 
Que  nous  xe(}ussions  that  we  might  receive      Que  nous  eussions  xequ  that    we    might   have 

received 
Que  VOUS  xe^ussiez     that  ybn  might  receive     Que  vous  eussiez  xe^u     that   you  might   have 

received 
Qu'ils  le^ussenf  that  they  might  receive    Qu'ils  eussent  lequ         that  they  might  have 

received 

There  are  but  seven  regular  verbs  of  this  conjugation.     They  are  given  below. 
Note  with  respect  to  these  seven  regular  verbs  that  it  is  the  ending  evoir  which  changes ; 
leceiroir,  xecemnt,  je  rego/s/  devoir,  demnt,  je  do/s. 
Like  recevoir,  conjugate : 

Apercevoir,  to  perceive,  to  notice.    J'aperpois  votre  ami  dans  le  lointain.    I  perceive  your 

friend  in  the  distance. 
Concevoir,  to  conceive.     Qui  a  congu  ce  projet?     Who  conceived  this  plan  ? 
Dicevoir,  to  deceive.     Cette  lettre  vous  a  d^gu.      That  letter  deceived  you. 
Recevoir  (model  verb) .   Avez-vous  regu  les  fleurs  ?   Did  you  receive  the  flowers  ?  Madame  JB. 

ne  regoit  pas  ce  soir.     Mrs.  B.  is  not  receiving  this  evening. 
Percevoir,  to  collect  {rents,  taxes,  et:.').     II  a  pergu  les  impdts.     He  has  collected  the  taxes. 
Perce  voir  is  also  used  in  figurative  sense  of  to  receive  or  to  catch;  as  a  sound.     II  a  pergu  le 

son  des  canons.     He  caught  the  sound  of  the  cannon. 
Devoir,  to  oive.     Je  dois  cent  francs  h.  cet  homme.      /  owe  that  man  one  hundred  francs. 

In  sense  of  to  owe,  devoir  requires  de  before  the  infinitive : 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  49 

On  doit  I.  ses  parents  d'§tre  honorable.     One  owes  it  to  his  parents  to  be  honorable. 
Rede  voir,  to  owe  again. 

Note.  —  A  circumflex  accent  is  used  in  the  masculine  singular  of  the  past  participle  of 
devoir  and  redevoir :  dfl,  redu.  In  the  feminine  and  in  the  plural  of  the  past  participle  no 
accent  is  used:  due  (/),  redue  (/),  dus  {m.pl.),  redus  {m.pL). 

49.  I.  Devoir  is  a  very  important  French  verb.  In  its  true  sense  of  to  owe  it 
is  used  as  in  English,  as  shown  above. 

It  has  also  a  use,  without  de,  before  the  infinitive,  like  an  auxiliary. 

In  this  respect  it  corresponds  to  the  English  use  of  ought  before  an  infinitive ; 
or  of  should  used  in  the  sense  of  ought. 

It  must  be  remembered  that  ought  (which  is  equivalent  to  to  owe)  in  English 
is  defective,  while  in  French  devoir  is  complete. 

In  this  meaning,  devoir  is  used  principally  in  the  conditional,  present  or  past : 
Vous  devriez  lui  dire  toute  la  verite.      You  ought  to  tell  him  the  whole  truth. 
Vous  auriez  dii  lui  dire  toute  la  v6rite.      You  ought  to  have  told  him  the  whole 

truth. 
Vous  devriez  commencer  plus  tot.      You  should  {ought  to)  begin  earlier. 
Nous  aurions  dii  commencer  plus  tard.      We  should  {ought  to)  have  begun  later. 

Notice  the  circumflex  accent  over  the  past  participle  of  devoir  to  distinguish 
it  from  the  du,  of  the^  or  some. 

When  ought  is  used  in  the  sense  of  to  be  one^s  duty,  devoir  is  used  in  French 
in  other  tenses  of  the  indicative  : 
Les  enfants  doivent  respecter  leurs  parents.      Children  ought  {it  is  their  duty)  to 

respect  their  parents. 
Je  ne  savais  pas  ce  que  je  devais  f aire.     /  did  not  know  what  I  ought  {it  was  my 
duty)  to  do. 

2.   Devoir  is  also  used  before  the  infinitive  in  the  sense  of  to  be  to  : 
Je  dois  partir  demain.     /  am  to  start  to-morrow. 
II  devait  me  rencontrer  a  six  heures.     He  was  to  meet  me  at  six  o'clock. 

This  use  is  confined  to  the  present  d^Xid.  imperfect  of  the  indicative.  It  involves 
probable  futurity  with  more  or  less  idea  of  obligation,  an^ishades  off  into  the 
meanings  of:  9/^ 

To  be  obliged  to,  to  have  to,  to  intend  to. 
Je  dois  aller  a  la  poste.     /  ha7>e  to  go  to  the  post-office. 
Devez-vous  y  aller  maintenant  ?     Have  you  to  go  there  now  ? 
Dois-je  aller  a  la  banque  ce  matin  ?     Am  I  {do  I  have)  to  go  to  the  bank  this 

morning? 
Dois-je  vous  accompagner  ?     Shall  I  go  with  you  ?     (Of  frequent  use.) 

martin's   FRENCH   VERB  —  4 


50 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


Notice  also  :  Je  ne  pouvais  vous  attendre ;  j'ai  dii  aller  a  la  banque.     I  could 
not  wait  for  you,  I  had  to  {was  obliged  to)  go  to  the  bank. 

3.   Devoir  is  used  in  the  sense  of  must  (but  in  this  use  should  be  carefully 
distinguished  from  falloir,  Par.  93). 

In  the  sense  of  must  the  impersonal  verb  falloir  expresses  necessity  ;  whereas 
devoir  expresses  an  inference  on  the  part  of  the  speaker ;    i.e.  a  consequence 
inferred  from  what  he  knows  to  be  true. 
Aprls  un  si  long  voyage  vous  devez  etre  fatigul.     After  so  long  a  trip  you  jnust 

be  tired. 
Elle  a  dii  etre  belle  dans  sa  jeunesse.     She  must  have  been  beautiful  in  her  youth. 
II  est  convert  de  poussiire,  il  a  dfi  tomber.     He  is  covered  ivith  dust;  he  must 
have  fallen. 

50.    THE    FOURTH    CONJUGATION 


MODEL  VERB   RENDRE  =  TO    RENDER,  TO   GIVE  BACK 

Infinitif  Passe 
Avoir  rendw  to  have  rendered 

Participe  Passe  Compose 
Ayant  rend(/  having  rendered 

Participe  Passe 
Rendw  {m.s.),  rendwe  {f.s.),  rendws  {iti.pl.),  rendwes  {fpL),  rendered 


Infn  itif  Present 

Rendre 

to  render 

Participe  Present 

Rendawf 

rendering 

L'INDICATIF 


TEMPS   SIMPLES 
Present 


TEMPS  COMPOSES 
Passe  Indefini 

I  have  rendered 


S.    Je  rends  I  render  or  I  am  ren-      S.    J'ai  rendw 

dering 
Tu  rends  thou  renderest  or  thou  Tu  as  rendw  thou  hast  rendered 

art  rendering 
II  rend  .  he  renders  or  he  is  ren-  II  a  rendw  he  has  rendered 

dering 
Elle  |end  she   renders   or   she    is  Elle  a  rendw  she  has  rendered 

rendering 
On  rend  one  renders  or  one  is  On  a  rendw  one  has  rendered 

rendering 
PI.  Nous  rendo/JS        we    render   or   we   are      PI.  Nous  avons  rendw       we  have  rendered 

rendering 
Vous  rendez  you  render  or  you  are  Vous  avez  rendw         you  have  rendered 

rendering 
lis  rende/7f  they  render  or  they  are  lis  ont  rendw  they  have  rendered 

rendering 
EUes  rendenf         they  render  or  they  are  Elles  ont  rendi/  they  have  rendered 

rendering 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


51 


Je  renda/s 

Tu  renda/s 
II  renda/Y 
On  renda/Y 
Nous  rend/0/; s 
Vous  rend/ez 
lis  renda/'e/7f 


Je  rend/s 
Tu  rend/s 
II  rend/Y 
On  rend/Y 
Nous  rend//wes 
Vous  rend/^es 
lis  lendirent 


Je  rendra/ 
Tu  rendras 
II  rendra 
On  rendra 
Nous  rendrons 
Vous  rendrez 
lis  rendront 


Imparfait 

I    was    rendering    or   I 

used  to  render 
thou  wast  rendering,  etc. 
he  was  rendering,  etc. 
one  was  rendering,  etc. 
we  were  rendering,  etc. 
you  were  rendering,  etc. 
they  were  rendering,  etc. 

Passe  Defini 

I  rendered 
thou  renderedst 
he  rendered 
one  rendered 
we  rendered 
you  rendered 
they  rendered 

Futur 

I  shall  or  will  render 

thou  shalt  or  wilt  render 

he  shall  or  will  render 

one  shall  or  will  render 

we  shall  or  will  render 

you  shall  or  will  render 

they  shall  or  will  render 


Passe  Anterieur 
J'eus  rendf/  I  had  rendered 


Tu  eus  rendw 
II  cut  rendw 
On  eut  rendt/ 
Nous  eiimes  rendw 
Vous  elites  rendw 
lis  eurent  rend^ 


thou  hadst  rendered 
he  had  rendered 
one  had  rendered 
we  had  rendered 
you  had  rendered 
they  had  rendered 


Plus-que-parfaii 


J'avais  rendw 
Tu  avals  rendw  • 
II  avait  rendw 
On  avait  rendw 
Nous  avions  rendw 
Vous  aviez  rendw 
lis  avaient  rendw 


I  had  rendered 
thou  hadst  rendered 
he  had  rendered 
one  had  rendered 
we  had  rendered 
you  had  rendered 
they  had  rendered 


J^aurai  rendw 
Tu  auras  rendw 
II  aura  rendw 
On  aura  rendw 
Nous  aurons  rendw 
Vous  aurez  rendt/ 
lis  auront  rend:/ 


Futur  Anterieur 

I    shall  or   will   have 

rendered 
thou  shalt  or  wilt  have 

rendered 
he  shall  or  will  have 

rendered 
one  shall  or  will  have 

rendered 
we  shall  or  will  have 

rendered 
you  shall  or  will  have 


rendered 
they  shall  or  will  have 
rendered 


LE  CONDITIONNEL 


Present 


Je  rendrais 

I  should  or  would  ren- 

der 

Tu  rendrais 

thou  shouldst  or  wouldst 

render 

II  rendra/f 

he  should  or  would  ren- 

der 

On  rendra/Y 

one    should    or    would 

render 

Nous  rendr/'ons 

we     should    or    would 

render 

Vous  rendr/ez 

you    should    or   would 

render 

lis  rendraient 

they   should   or  would 

render 

Passe 

J  St  Form  2d  Form 

J'aurais  rendw  J'eusse  rendw 

I  should  or  would  have  rendered 
Tu  aurais  rend//  Tu  eusses  rendw 

thou  shouldst  or  wouldst  have  rendered 
II  aurait  rendt/  II  eut  rendt/ 

he  should  or  would  have  rendered 
On  aurait  rendt/  On  efit  rendt/ 

one  should  or  would  have  rendered 
Nous  aurions  rendt/       Nous  eussions  rendt/ 

we  should  or  would  have  rendered 
Vous  auriez  rendt/         Vous  eussiez  rendt/ 

you  should  or  would  have  rendered 
lis  auraient  rendt/         lis  eussent  rendt/ 

they  should  or  would  have  rendered 


52 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


L'IMPERATIF 

Rends 

render  (thou) 

Rendez 

render  (you) 

Rendows 

let  us  or  me  render 

Qu'il  rende  let  him  render 

Qu'on  rende  let  one  (people)  render 

Qu'ils  rendewf         let  them  render 


Que  je  rende 
Que  tu  rendes 
Qu'il  rende 
Qu'on  rende 


LE   SUBJONCTIF 
Present 

that  I  may  render       ^     Que  j'aie  rendw 


Passe 


that  thou  mayest  ren-  Que  tu  aies  rendtf 

der 

that  he  may  render  Qu'il  ait  rendw 

that  one  may  render  Qu'on  ait  rendw 


that  I  may  have  ren- 
dered 
that  thou  mayest  have 

rendered 
that  he  may  have  ren- 
dered 
that    one    may    have 
rendered 
Que  nous  rend/ows       that  we  may  render         Que  nous  ayons  rendw      that     vi^e     may    have 

rendered 
Que  vous  rend/ez  that  you  may  render        Que  vous  ayez  rendw        that    you    may    have 

rendered 
Qu'ils  rendewf  that  they  may  render      Qu'ils  aient  rend</  that    they   may   have 

rendered 

Imparfait  Plus-que-parfait 

Que  je  rend/sse  that  I  might  render         Que  j'eusse  rendw  that  I  might  have  ren- 

dered 

Que  tu  rend/sses  that  thou  mightest  ren-    Que  tu  eusses  rendw         that     thou     mightest 

der  have  rendered 

Qu'il  rend/f*  that  he  might  render       Qu'il  eut  rendw  that    he    might    have 

rendered 

Qu'on  rend/f  that  one  might  render    Qu'on  eiit  rendw  that  one  might  have 

rendered 

Que  nous  rend/ss/o/7S  that  vv^e  might  render      Que  nous  eussions  rendw  that  we   might    have 

rendered 

Que  vous  rend/ss/ez    that  you  might  render    Que  vous  eussiez  rendw   that  you  might  have 

rendered 

Qu'ils  rend/sse/7f  that  they  might  render    Qu'ils  eussent  rendw        that  they  might  have 

rendered 


Rendre  means  to  render  or  to  give  back.     Hence  it  is  used  where  we  use  the 
verb  to  return  transitively  in  the  sense  of  to  give  back  : 

Did  you  return  {give  back)  the  book  ?     Avez-vous  rendu  le  livre? 
The  verb  retourner  {to  return)  in  French  should  not  be  used  in  this  sense. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  53 

As  has  been  stated  before,  the  verb  rendre  has  a  wide  appHcation  in  French 
to  correspond  to  the  Enghsh  io  make  followed  by  an  adjective  : 
Cela  les  rend  malheureux.     That  makes  ihem  unhappy. 
Le  commerce  rend  un  pays  prosp^re.      Commerce  makes  a  country  prosperous. 

But  it  must  be  noticed  that  the  French  have  a  large  number  of  verbs 
which  express  in  the  one  word  what  we  express  by  to  make  and  an  adjective. 
Examples  : 

Facher,   to  t?iake  angry.      Noircir,   to  make  black.      Enrouer,   to   make  hoarse. 
Impatienter,  to  make  impatient.     Alterer,  to  make  thirsty. 

When  the  French  have  such  a  verb,  they  do  not  use  rendre  and  the  adjective. 
For  example,  to  say,  Salt  fish  makes  me  thirsty,  a  Frenchman  says,  Le  poisson  sail 
m'altlre.     It  would  be  an  error  to  say,  Le  poisson  sale  me  rend  altlrl. 
So  That  makes  me  angry ^  is  Cela  me  fache. 

The  student  must  consult  the  dictionary  and  cultivate  observation  in  order  to 
learn  the  verbs  which  the  French  use  in  this  way. 

Like  rendre  conjugate  the  following  verbs : 
Vendre,  to  sell.    II  a  vendu  le  cheval  de  men  frdre.     He  has  sold  my  brother's  horse. 
Attendre,  to  tvait  for.     J'attends  ma  mere.      Pm  waiting  for  my  mother. 
Entendre,  to  hear;  also  to  understand.     J'entends  sa  voix.     /  hear  his  voice.     J'ai  entendu 

que  cela  est  vrai.     /  have  understood  that  that  is  true. 
DIfendre,  to  defend ;  to  forbid.     II  a  defendu  son  pays.     He  defended  his  country.     In  sense 
of  to  forbid  de  is  used  before  infinitive : 

Je  vous  defends  de  faire  cela.    I  forbid  you  to  do  that. 

Descendre,  to  come  down  or  to  go  down.    Auxiliary  etre  in  this  sense :  Nous  sommes  descendus 

au  jardin.      We  went  down  to  the  garden. 
Descendre  also  used  transitively  in  the  sense  of  to  take  or  bring  down.     The  auxiliary  is  then 

avoir.    II  a  descendu  la  malle.    He  brought  down  the  trunk. 

PRIMITIVE    TENSES 

51.  The  most  effective  way  of  learning  quickly  to  conjugate  French  verbs  is  by 
acquiring  the  habit  of  forming  the  tenses  from  the  five  principal  parts  or  primi- 
tive tenses.  This  method  will  be  found  applicable  not  only  to  the  regular  verbs, 
but  also  to  irregular  verbs ;  and  it  is  especially  with  reference  to  the  latter  that 
this  method  is  most  useful. 

The  five  primidve  tenses  are  :  the  infinitive^  the  present  participle^  the  past 
participle,  \}vi^  present  indicative,  \\\e  first  person  of  the  past  definite. 

The  remaining  tenses  are  formed  from  the  above  primitive  tenses  or  principal 
parts,  as  follows  (the  irregular  verb  partir  is  used  to  illustrate)  : 

I.   From  the  infinitive  are  derived  : 


54  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

a.  The  future  indicative^  by  adding  to  the  infinitive  the  terminations  ai,  as, 
a,  ons,  ez,  ont ;  partir,  je  partirai,  tu  partiras,  il  partira,  nous  partirons,  vous 
partirez,  ils  partiront. 

b.  TJie  present  co7iditlonal,  by  adding  to  the  infinitive  the  terminations  ais, 
ais,  ait,  ions,  iez,  aient :  partir,  je  partirais,  tu  partirais,  il  partirait,  nous  parti- 
rions,  vous  partiriez,  ils  partiraient. 


Partir,  to  depart.     Auxiliary,  etre 

Primitive        Derived  Tenses  je  tU  il,  elle,  on  nouS  VOUS  ils,  elles 

Tenses 

Partir  Future  partirai     partiras    partira      partirons    partirez    partiront 

Conditional       partirais  partirais  partirait  partirions  partiriez  partiraient 

2.  From  \h^  present  participle  are  derived  : 

a.  The  three  persons  plural  of  the  present  indicative,  by  changing  the  termi- 
nation ant  of  the  present  participle  to  ons,  ez,  ent :  partant,  nous  partons,  vous 
partez,  ils  partent. 

b.  The  imperfect  indicative,  by  changing  the  termination  ant  of  the  present 
participle  to  ais,  ais,  ait,  ions,  iez,  aient :  partant,  je  partais,  tu  partais,  il  partait, 
nous  partions,  vous  partiez,  ils  partaient. 

c.  The  present  subjunctive,  by  changing  the  termination  ant  of  the  p?'esent 
participle  to  e,  es,  e,  ions,  iez,  ent :  partant,  que  je  parte,  que  tu  parte,  qu'il  parte, 
que  nous  partions,  que  vous  partiez,  qu'ils  partent. 

Partawf     3d  Pers.  PI.  Pres.  Ind.  partons     partez     partent 

Imperfect  Indicative      partais      partais    partait    partions    partiez    partaient 
Present  Subjunctive        q.  parte    partes      parte       partions    partiez    partent 

3.  From  the  past  participle  are  derived  the  compound  tenses  by  prefixing 
the  proper  tenses  of  the  auxiliary,  which  is  etre  in  this  case  :  je  suis  parti,  etc. 

TEMPS  COMPOSES 

Passe  Indefini  LE   CONDITIONNEL 

Parti   Je  suis  parti,  etc.      I  have  set  out,  etc.  Passe 

Je  serais  parti,  etc.    I  should  have  set  out,  etc. 
Plus-  q  tie- pa  7' fa  1 1 

J'6tais  parti,  etc.  I  had  set  out,  etc.  •'    7 

Passe 

Passe  Anterietir  Que  je  sois  parti,     that  I  may  have  set  out, 

Je  fus  parti,  etc.                  I  had  set  out,  etc.  g^c.                             etc. 

Futur  Anterieur  Plus-que-parfait 

Je  serai  parti,  etc.                I    shall    have   set  Que  je  fusse  parti,    that  I  might  have  set  out, 

out,  etc.  etc.                               etc. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


55 


4.   From  the  present  indicative  are  derived  : 

a.  The  2d  person  singular  of  the  imperative  by  dropping  the  pronoun  je  of 
the  1st  person  singular :  je  pars,  pars. 

b.  The  1st  and  2d  persons  plural  of  the  imperative  by  dropping  the  pronouns 
nous  and  vous  in  the  corresponding  forms  of  the  present  indicative :  nous  partons, 
vous  partez,  partons,  partez. 

The  sd  persons  singular  and  plural  oi  the  impej'ative  are  identical  with  the 
J d persons  singular  and  plural  of  the  present  subjunctive. 


imttive  Tenses 

je 

tu 

il 

nous 

vous 

Us 

Je  pars 

Present  Indicative 

pars 

pars 

part 

partons 

partez 

partent 

Imperative 

pars 

partons 

partez 

5.    From  the  ist person  singular  of  t\).Q  past  definite  are  derived  : 

a.  The  remaining  forms  of  the  past  definite  by  changing,  in  the  2d,  3d,  and 
4th  conjugations,  the  termination  s  to  s,  t,  mes,  tes,  rent :  je  partis,  tu  partis, 
il  partit,  nous  partimes,  vous  partitas,  ils  partirent :  in  the  ist  conjugation,  by 
changing  the  termination  ai  to  as,  a,  ames,  ames,  ates,  ^rent. 

b.  The  imperfect  subjunctive  by  changing  the  final  letter  i  or  s  of  the  ist  per- 
son singular  past  definite  to  sse,  sses,  t,  ssions,  ssiez,  ssent :  je  partis,  que  je  par- 
tisse,  que  tu  partisses,  qu'il  partit,  que  nous  partissions,  que  vous  partissiez, 
qu'ils  partissent. 

In  the  3d  person  singular  of  the  imperfect  subjunctive  and  in  the  ist  and 
2d  persons  plural  of  the  past  definite  a  circumflex  accent  is  placed  over  the 
vowel  preceding  the  terminations  t,  mes,  tes  :  qu'il  partit,  nous  partimes,  vous 
partites. 

Je  partis    Past  definite   partis  partis         partit    partimes        partites       partirent 

Impf.  subj.     q.  partisse    partisses    partit    partissions    partissiez    partissent 


Remarks 

6.  It  is  seen  that  the  terminations  of  the  future  are  identical  with  the  corre- 
sponding persons  and  numbers  of  the  present  indicative  of  the  verb  avoir,  except- 
ing slight  variations  in  the  ist  and  2d  persons  plural^  and  the  meanings  are 
identical :  je  parlerai  means  literally  to  speak  I  have,  or  /  have  to  speak ;  this 
last  form  has  a  future  meaning  in  English. 

It  is  seen,  that  the  terminations  of  the  present  conditional  are  identical  with 
the  terminations  of  the  imperfect  indicative. 

7.  Table  showing  the  conjugation  of  a  verb  from  the  primitive  tenses. 
Unless  otherwise  directed  in  special  cases,  the  verb  will  always  be  written  on 

the  blackboard  according  to  the  following  model ; 


56 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


Primitive 
Tenses 

Partir 


Partir,  to  depart     Auxiliary,  6tre 


je 


ils,  eUes 


ttt        il,  elle,  on       nous  vous 

partiras    partira     partirons     partirez      partiront 
partirais  partirait  partirions    partirions  partiraient 


partait 
parte 

part 


partons 
partions 
partions 

partons 
partons 
partimes 


partez 
partiez 
partiez 

partez 
partez 
partites 


partent 

partaient 

partent 

partent 
partirent 


partissions  partissiez   partissent 


Derived 
Tenses 

Future  partirai 

Conditional    partirais 
Partanf      3d  pars.  pi. 
pres.  ind. 
Impf.  ind.      partais  partais 

Pres.  subj.      q.  parte        partes 

Parti.     Compound  tenses,  suis  parti,  etc. 
Je  pars      Pres.  ind.       pars  pars 

Imp.  pars 

Je  partis    Past  definite  partis  partis       partit 

Impf.  subj.     q.  partisses  partisses  partit 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  three  persons  plural  of  the  present  indicative  are 
written  twice ;  once  as  a  derivative  tense,  and  second,  as  a  primitive  tense  for 
the  imperative. 

TABLE  OF  ORTHOGRAPHIC  CHANGES 

52.  In  French  there  are  a  number  of  verbs  which  in  certain  tenses  require  a 
change  of  spelling  either  to  maintain  the  same  sound  throughout  for  the  stem 
vowel  (which  is  the  vowel  in  the  last  syllable  of  the  stem),  or  to  avoid  a  non- 
euphonious  combination  or  the  possibility  of  an  incorrect  pronunciation. 

Such  verbs  are  not  irregular,  but  are  classified  as  verbs  having  orthographical 
peculiarities. 

The  following  table  indicates  these  changes,  which  are  explained  and  illus- 
trated in  the  pages  immediately  following. 
Verbs  in  which  changes  are  made 


1.  Verbs  in  -cer  require   cedilla  under   the 

C,  before  a  or  0. 

2.  Verbs  in  -ger  require   e  inserted  after  g, 

before  a  or  0. 

3.  Verbs  in  -oyer  change  y  to  i  before  e  ] 

mute. 

4.  Verbs  in  -uyer  change  y  to  i  before  e 

mute. 

5.  Verbs  with  e  mute  as  stem  vowel   like 

mener,   lever,   etc.    (except   verbs   in 
-eler  and  -eter)  take  the  grave  accent  j 
over  the  stem  vowel  before  e  mute. 

6.  Most  verbs  in  -eler  double  the  1  before  e 

mute. 

7.  Most  verbs  in  -eter  double  the  t  before  e 

mute. 


Tenses  in  which  changes  occur 

Pres.  part. 

1st  pers.  pi.,  pres.  ind. 

All  pers.  sing.,  3d  pi.,  impf.  ind. 

Past  definite  throughout. 

1st  pers.  pi.,  imper. 

Impf.  subj.  throughout. 


All  pers.  sing,,  3d  pers.  pi.,  pres.  indie. 

Fut.  throughout. 

Pres.  cond.  throughout. 

2d  and  3d  pers.  sing.,  3d  pers.  pi.  of  imper. 

All  pers.  sing.,  3d  pi.  pres.  subj. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


57 


8.  Verbs  with  stem  vowel  e  acute  followed' 

by  consonant,  like  r6v6rer,  change 
acute  accent  to  grave  before  e,  es,  ent, 
except  in  ihe  fut.  and  the  cond.  I 

9.  Verbs  in  -ayer   preferably  retain  the  y 

throughout ;   but  may  change  y  into  i 

in 

(Poets  change  the  ye  to  i  in  fut.  and 
pres.  cond.). 
10.    Verbs  in  -eyer  are    like  those   in  -ayer 
(except  grasseyer,  always  unchanged).. 


II.  The  verb  arguer  takes  two  dots  over  e  or 
i  whenever  one  of  them  follows  the  u 
in  conjugation.  *    . 


12.  The  verbs  jouer  and  tuer  are  written  by 
some  grammarians  with  a  diaeresis  over 
the  i  in  the  terminations  of     ...     . 


All  pers.  sing.,  3d  pi.,  pres.  ind. 
2d  and  3d  sing.,  3d  pi.,  imper. 
All  sing.,  3d  pi.,  pres.  subj. 


(^Optional  change^ 
3d  sing,  and  3d  pi.,  pres. 
Fut.  throughout. 
Pres.  cond.  throughout. 


ind. 


All  sing.,  3d  pi.,  pres.  ind. 

1st  and  2d  pi.,  impf.  ind. 

Fut.  throughout. 

Pres.  cond.  throughout. 

2d  and  3d  sing.,  3d  pi.,  imperative. 

Pres.  subj.  throughout. 

1st  and  2d  pi.,  impf.  ind. 
1st  and  2d  pi.,  imper. 
1st  and  2d  pi.,  pres.  subj. 


VERBS   HAVING   ORTHOGRAPHICAL    PECULIARITIES 


53.    CONJUGATION    OF   VERBS   ENDING   IN   -CER 

In  the  French  language  the  consonant  c,  when  it  precedes  e  or  i,  is  pro- 
nounced soft  Hke  the  hissed  s  in  Enghsh  ;  but  when  the  c  precedes  a,  0,  or  u,  it  is 
pronounced  hard  like  k. 

In  the  conjugation  of  verbs  in  -cer  the  c  comes  before  an  a  or  an  0  in  certain 
tenses.  In  such  cases  in  order  to  maintain  the  soft  sound  of  the  c  a  cedilla  is 
placed  under  it. 

Hereafter,  in  order  to  save  space,  the  construction  with  on  in  the  conjugation  will  be 
omitted  except  in  the  present  indicative  and  in  the  imperative.  The  second  form  of  the  condi- 
tional will  also  be  omitted  ;  but  the  instructor  should  cause  the  student  in  all  cases  to  write  the 
verb  with  these  constructions  in  full. 

The  student  will  have  observed  that  the  second  form  of  the  conditional  is  the  same  as  the 
pluperfect  subjunctive  with  the  que  omitted. 


58 


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THE  FRENCH   VERB 


73 


Payer  is  used  as  an  active  verb,  and  then  generally  governs  the  thing  paid 
for  (as  we  say  in  English)  directly  and  the  person  or  cause  to  which  money  is 
paid  indirectly. 

J'ai  paye  les  fleurs  au  fleuriste.     I  paid  the  florist  for  the  flowers. 
II  a  paye  les  consommations.     He  has  paid  for  the  drinks. 

Also  payer  is  used  with  the  person  paid  as  direct  object ;  as, 
II  a  pay^  ses  crianciers  en  argent  comptant.     He  paid  his  creditors  in  cash. 
II  les  a  payls  comptant.     He  paid  them  cash. 
II  a  paye  son  crime  de  sa  vie.     He  has  paid  for  {expiated)  his  crime  with  his  life. 

Like  payer,  conjugate : 
Effrayer,  to  frighten  (as  in  English). 

Essayer,  to  try.    Requires  de  before  infin,    II  a  essay6  cela.    II  a  essay^  de  faire  cela. 


65.   JOUEB  AND   TUER 

The  verbs  jouer,  to  play,  and  tuer,  to  kill,  may  be  written  like  the  model  verb 
parler ;  but  some  grammarians  place  a  diaeresis  over  the  i  of  the  terminations  in 
which  it  might  otherwise  be  conceived  to  form  a  diphthong  with  the  preceding 
u.  These  tenses  are  :  the  imperfect  indicative,  the  imperative,  and  the  present 
subjunctive. 

Jouer 

Imp ar fait  Indicatif 

I  was  playing  Nous  jouions 

thou  wast  playing  Vous  jouiez 

he  was  playing  lis  jouaient 

U  Imperatif 

play  (thou)  Qu'il  joue 

play  (you)  Qu'on  joue 

let  us  (me)  play  Qu'ils  jouent 

Present  Subjonctif 

that  I  may  play  Que  nous  jouions  that  we  may  play 

that  thou  mayest  play  Que  vous  jouiez  that  you  may  play 

that  he  may  play  Qu'ils  jouent  that  they  may  play 

Jouer  is  used  both  as  a  transitive  and  as  a  neuter  verb.  The  following 
examples  will  show  the  principal  distinctions  between  its  use  and  that  of  the 
verb  to  play  in   English. 

Marie  is  playing  with  the  boys.     Marie  joue  avec  les  petits  gar^ons. 
We  sofnetimes  play  cards  in  the  evening.     Nous  jouons  aux  cartes  quelquefois  le 
soir. 


Jouant  Je  jouais 
Tu  jouais 
II  jouait 


Joue 

Jouez 

Jouons 


Jouant    Que  je  joue 
Que  tu  joues 
Qu'il  joue 


we  were  playing 
you  were  playing 
they  were  playing 


let  him  play 

let  one  (people)  play 

let  them  play 


74  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

She  plays  the  piano  very  well.     EUe  joue  (touche)  tris  Men  du  piano. 
He  trifles  with  life.     II  joue  avec  la  vie. 

He  played,  led  (at  cards,  chess,  etc.)  out  of  his  turn.     II  a  jou6  hors  de  son  tour. 
II  a  jou^  le  role  de  Hamlet.     He  played  the  role  of  Hamlet. 
II  a  jou^  le  savant.     He  played  {feigned  to  be)  the  scholar. 
II  a  joue  le  roi.     He  played  {led  at  cards)  the  king. 

II  joue  du  violon,  de  la  guitare,  d'un  instrument.     He  plays  the  violin^  etc.     In 
English  we  sometimes  hear  he  plays  well  on  the  piano ^  etc. 
Tuer,  to  killf  is  conjugated  like  jouer. 

66.    ARGUER 

To  preserve  the  separate  pronunciation  of  the  u  in  arguer,  a  diaeresis  is  placed 
over  the  letters  e  or  i  whenever  in  the  conjugation  one  of  them  follows  the  u. 

This  occurs  in  the  present,  the  imperfect,  and  the  future  of  the  indicative ; 
in  the  present  conditional ;  the  imperative ;  and  in  the  present  subjunctive  : 
j'argue,  /  argue  ;  j'arguerai,  /  shall  argue ,  etc. 

67.  In  passing  from  the  -class  of  verbs  with  orthographical  peculiarities,  it 
may  be  noted  that  in  verbs  like  prier,  to  pray ;  §tudier,  to  study,  the  conjugation 
sometimes  brings  two  i's  together ;  as  :  Nous  priions,  We  were  praying;  Nous 
6tudiions,  We  were  studying.     Both  i's  must  be  pronounced. 

In  the  verb  cr^er,  to  create,  we  find  three  e's  coming  together  in  the  past  par- 
ticiple feminine  ;  as  :  Cette  terre  a  et6  cre^e  marquisat  par  le  roi,  That  estate  has 
been  made  a  marquisate  by  the  king. 

Conjugate : 

Certifier,  to  certify.  Lier,  to  tie.  Oublier,  to  forget. 

Crier,  to  cry.  Manier,  to  handle,  Plier,  to  bend. 

Etudier,  to  study.  Nier,  to  de?iy.  Remercier,  to  thank. 

Prier  governs  its  object  directly. 
Je  prie  Dieu  chaque  nuit  de  vous  prot^er.     I  pray  God  each  night  to  protect  you. 

*■  Notice  the  de  before  the  infinitive  following  prier. 
Prier  is  much  used  in  a  social  way  in  the  sense  of  beg,  request. 
II  m'a  pri6  de  I'accompagner.     He  begged  (or  requested)  me  to  go  with  him. 

Note  the  much  used  idiomatic  expression  Je  vous  en  prie,  used  after  a  state- 
ment by  the  speaker  or  by  another  to  mean  pray,  pray  do,  I  pray  you,  I  beg  you, 
etc. 

Prier  is  followed  by  de  ordinarily  before  an  infinitive,  but  in  formal  invitations 
to  social  affairs  a  is  used.     To  invite  a  friend  casually  to  dine  with  you  if  h^ 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  75 

happens  to  be  with  you  at  the  dinner  hour,  you  would  use  the  form  Je  vous  prie 
de  diner,  etc.  But  to  invite  hi  in  for  an  affair  involving  preparation  you  would 
use  prier  a  diner. 

68.    The  following  verbs  have  sHght  peculiarities  which  should  be  learned. 

I.     Fleurir,  to  dioom,  to  blossom;  to  flourish,  prosper  (if  said  of  persons). 

Fleurir  has  two  present  participles  :  fleurissant  (if  used  in  a  hteral  sense),  to 
bloom  or  blosso7n ;  florissant  (if  said  of  persons  in  a  figurative  sense),  to  prosper, 
flourish. 

In  its  literal  sense  with  fleurissant  it  is  conjugated  exactly  like  finir.     In  the 

figurative  sense  with  florissant  the  only  variation  in  the  tenses  occurs  in  the 

imperfect  indicative. 

Florissant     Je  florissais      I  was  prosperous  Nous  florissions      we  were  prosperous 

Tu  florissais     thou  wast  prosperous         Vous  florissiez        you  were  prosperous 
II  florissait       he  was  prosperous  lis  florissaient        they  were  prosperous 

Refleurir,  to  bloom  again,  is  subject  to  the  same  rules  as  fleurir. 
2.     Benir,  to  bless,  to  consecrate 

B6nir  is  regular  and  conjugated  like  finir;  but  the  past  participle  has  two 
forms,  bini  and  benit.  The  second  form,  benit,  is  used  only  in  the  passive  voice, 
and  when  the  thing  is  consecrated  by  a  religious  ceremony  and  is  supposed 
thereby  to  have  been  changed  in  character. 

Examples : 

Des  armes  qui  ont  6te  b^nites  par  I'Iglise,  ne  sent  pas  toujours  b^nies  du  ciel 
sur  le  champ  de  bataille. 

Arms  (weapons)  which  have  been  consecrated  by  the  church  are  not  always 
blessed  by  heaven  on  the  field  of  battle. 

De  Teau  b^nite,  holy  {consecrated)  water. 

Benir  (passive)  is  followed  by  par  when  it  expresses  a  definite  action,  i.e.  refers 
to  an  event ;  otherwise  by  de.  See  first  example  above  for  use  of  both.  Actively, 
b^nir  uses  no  preposition  :  Le  pretre  a  b6ni  I'assistance. 

-x.     Hair,  to  hate 
To  indicate  its  separate  pronunciation  a  diaeresis  is  placed  over  the  i  of  the 
verb  hair  except  in  those  persons  in  italics  of  the  tenses  following. 
Indicatif  Present  Impcratif 

Je  ha'is  Nous  haissons  Hais 

Tu  hats  Vous  haissez  Haissons 

IXhait  Ilshaissent  Haissez 

Qu'il  (on)  haisse 
Qu'ils  haissent 


J6  THE  FRENCH    VERB 

In  the  first  and  second  persons  plural  of  the  past  definite  (nous  haimes  and 
vous  haites),  and  in  the  third  person  singular  of  the  imperfect  subjunctive  (qu'il 
halt)  hair  has  the  diaeresis  instead  of  the  circumflex  accent. 

No  preposition  is  used  after  hair  except  in  the  passive  :  II  est  hai  de  tout  le 
monde. 

4.     Battre,  to  beat 

Verbs  ending  in  -attre  lose  one  of  the  t's  of  the  radical  in  the  three  persons 
singular  of  the  present  indicative  and  the  second  person  singular  of  the  impera- 
tive.    In  all  other  tenses  and  persons,  conjugate  them  like  rendre,  Par.  50. 


Indicatif 

Present 

Imperatif 

Je  baU 

I  beat 

Bats                             beat  (thou) 

Tu  bats 

thou  beat  est 

Battons                       let  us  beat 

11  bat 

he  beats 

Battez                       beat  (you) 

On  bat 

one  beats 

Qu'il  batte                 let  him  beat 

Nous  battons 

we  beat 

Qu'on  batte               let  one  beat 

Vous  battez 

you  beat 

Qu'ils  battent           let  them  beat 

lis  battent 

they  beat 

In  the  same  manner  conjugate  : 

Abattre,  to  pull  down  Rabattre,  to  abate 

Combattre,  to  combat,  to  fight  Rebattre,  to  beat  again 

Debattre,  to  debate,  to  discuss. 

5.     Rompre,  to  break 

Verbs  ending  in  -ompre  take  t  after  the  p  in  the  third  person  singular  of  the 
present  iiidicative. 

Indicatif  Present 

Je  romps  Nous  rompons 

Tu  romps  Vous  rompez 

//  rompt  lis  rompent 

The  other  tenses  and  persons  are  conjugated  like  rendre,  Par.  50.     Note  rule 
for  present  indicative,  Pars.  113-114. 
Conjugate  like  rompre : 

Corrompre,  to  corrupt,  to  vitiate.  Interrompre,  to  interrupt. 

See  Verb  Dictionary  under  Casser. 

69.    AUXILIARIES 

For  classification  as  to  auxiliaries,  all  French  verbs  may  be  divided  into 
Reflexive  Verbs,  Transitive  Verbs,  Intransitive  Verbs  (including  Impersonal 
Verbs). 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


77 


1.  All  Reflexive  Verbs  are  conjugated  with  etre : 

Je  me  suis  flatte.     /  have  flattered  myself. 
Elles  se  sont  ecrit.      7^hey  wrote  to  each  other. 

2.  All  transitive  verbs  (except  reflexive  transitive  verbs)  are  conjugated  with 
avoir : 

J'ai  vendu  le  cheval.     /  have  sold  the  horse. 
Je  I'ai  vendu.     /  have  sold  it. 
Note.  —  A  transitive  verb  in  French,  as  in  English,  may  be  used  passively  ; 
in  which  case  §tre  becomes  the  auxiliary,  as  to  be  in  English  : 
Le  cheval  est  vendu.     The  horse  is  sold. 
II  avait  ete  vendu.     He  had  been  sold. 

3.  Most  intransitive  verbs  are  conjugated  with  avoir.     The  list  of  exceptions 
is  a  small  one. 

70.    EXCEPTIONS 

a.  Intransitive  verbs  expressing  motion ;  such  as  going  and  coming,  going  in, 
coming  out,  etc.     They  are  : 

List  i 
Arriver,  to  arrive.  Sortir,  to  go  out,  to  come  out. 

AUer,  to  go.  Tomber,  to  fall. 

Entrer,  to  come  {go)  in.  Retomber,  to  fall  again. 

Partir,  to  set  out,  start,  to  leave,  Retourner,  to  go  back. 

Rentrer,  to  come  in  again,  etc.  Venir,  to  come. 

Repartir,  to  start  again,  etc.  Revenir,  to  come  back. 

Note.  —  Some  of  these  verbs  are  also  used  transitively,  and  when  so  used 
require,  of  course,  the  auxiliary  avoir. 

Examples : 
Jean  a  sorti  le  cheval.    fohn  has  taken  out  the  horse. 

Qui  a  sorti  ce  livre  de  la  bibliothlque  ?      Who  took  this  book  out  of  the  bookcase  ? 
Entrez  ces  chaises.     Take  in  those  chairs. 
On  a  tombe  cet  auteur.     That  author  has  been  roasted.     (Fam.) 

b.  Intransitive  verbs  expressing  in  their  compound  tenses  result  of  an  action 
or  a  state  (unchanged). 

List  2 

D6c§der,  to  die,  to  expire.  Naitre,  to  be  born. 

Devenir,  to  become.  Parvenir,  to  attain. 

Disconvenir,  to  deny.  Provenir,  to  come  from. 

Echoir,  to  becojne  due  (as  a  note).  Redevenir,  to  become  again. 

Eclore,  to  blow  ;  to  be  hatched.  Survenir,  to  happen. 
Mourir,  to  die. 


78  THE  FRENCH    VERB 

Besides  the  above  limited  lists,  there  are  a  few  intransitive  verbs  which  require 
etre  if  they  express  a  state  or  a  result  of  an  action,  but  which  require  avoir  if  they 
express  an  action.     Here  is  a  list  of  them  : 

List  3 

Descendre,  to  go,  come  down.  Grandir,  to  grow  ;  to  groiv  up. 

Aborder,  to  land;  to  approach  {accost^.  Passer,  to  pass. 

Accourir,  to  run  up  ;  to  run  to.  '  Raster,  to  7-emain ;  to  stay. 

Apparaitre,  to  appear.  Convenir,  to  agree  ;  to  be  of  accord. 

Croitre,  to  grow,  Comparaitre,  to  appear,  as  before  a 
Deborder,  to  overflow.                              .  court  (legal). 

Dechoir,  to  decay.  Decroitre,  to  decrease,  to  grow  less. 

Demeurer,  to  stay,  remain  ;  to  dwell,  reside.  Perir,  to  perish. 

Disparaitre,  to  disappear.  Cesser,  to  cease. 

Echapper,  to  escape.  Monter,  to  go  up,  come  up. 

Fleurir,  to  blossom.  Remonter,  to  go  up,  come  up,  again. 

71.  A  knowledge  of  the  above  three  rules,  and  a  study  of  the  three  lists  of 
exceptions  under  Rule  3,  should  eliminate  for  the  student  any  difficulty  in  decid- 
ing what  auxiliary  to  use  for  a  verb  not  conjugated  in  full. 

He  will  see  that  in  the  large  majority  of  cases  avoir  is  the  auxiliary.  That 
etre  is  invariably  used  for  reflexive  verbs;  for  the  verbs  in  list  i,  expressing 
motion  and  not  transitive  ;  always  for  the  verbs  in  list  2  ;  and  for  the  verbs  in 
list  3  when  the  verb  expresses  a  state.     In  all  other  cases  avoir  is  the  auxiliary. 

72.  To  assist  in  determining  when  action  and  when  state  is  expressed  by  the 
verbs  of  list  3,  the  following  remarks  may  be  useful : 

I.   The  attending  circumstances  generally  indicate  whether  action  or  state  is 
to  be  expressed. 
Examples  : 

The  storm  ceased  yesterday.     L'orag^  a  cess^  hier. 
Avoir  is  used  because  the  action  of  ceasing  is  the  prominent  idea. 

The  storm  has  ceased;  is  over.     L'orage  est  cess6. 
Etre  is  used  because  the  idea  of  the  storm's  being  over  is  prominent. 

La  riviire  a  monte  rapidement.     The  river  rose  rapidly. 
II  est  monte  a  sa  chambre.     He  has  gone  up  to  his  room. 
La  procession  a  passe  par  ici.     The  procession  has  passed  here. 
La  procession  est  passee.     The  procession  has  (is)  passed. 
It  will  be  noted  that  wherever  avoir  is  used  in  the  foregoing  examples,  the 
action  is  emphasized,  and  generally  the  verb  is  modified  by  an  adverb. 


Y 


THE  FRENCH    VERB  yg 

2.    in    most   cases  when  state  is   to  be  expressed  the  verb  to   be   can    be 
substituted  in  English;    and  cannot  be  when  action   is   expressed.     Compare 
examples  under  remark  i.     Further  examples  follow. 
Nous  sommes  convenus  du  prix.      We  have  {are)  agreed  as  to  the  price. 
Cette  maison  vous  aurait  fort  bien  convenu.     That  house  would  have  suited  you 
very  well. 

Note  that  the  verb  convenir  has  a  different  meaning  when  used  transitively. 
It  means,  then,  to  suit.     When  used  intransitively  it  means  to  agree ^  to  be  of 
accord,  and  requires  de  before  a  following  noun  or  infinitive. 
Nous  sommes  descendus  lui  dire  adieu.      We  came  dow?i  to  bid  hi?n  good-by. 
Le  baromltre  a  descendu  rapidement  de  quatre  degres.     The  barometer  went  down 

( dropped  )  rapidly  four  degrees . 
Guillaume  a  descendu  vos  malles.      William  has  brought  your  trunk  down. 
Le  cerf  a  6chapp6  aux  chiens.     The  stag  escaped  the  dogs. 

Cette  chose  m'est   echappee   de   la   m^moire.      That  matter  has  slipped  from 
{escaped)  my  memory. 

See  Part  II  for  a  discussion  of  other  English  auxiharies. 


73.    THE  REFLEXIVE  VERB 

A  reflexive  verb  in  French,  like  a  reflexive  verb  in  English,  is  a  verb  one  of 
whose  objects  (direct  or  indirect)  is  the  same  person  or  thing  as  the  subject 
of  the  verb. 

Consequently  a  reflexive  verb  is  always  accompanied  by  an  objective  pronoun 
of  the  same  person  as  the  subject  of  the  verb. 

These  objective  pronouns  are  the  same  in  form  as  the  ordinary  objective  pro- 
nouns, except  in  the  third  person,  where  a  separate  reflexive  form  is  necessary  to 
avoid  ambiguity.  That  is,  the  reflexive  pronouns  me,  te,  nous,  and  vous  are  the 
same  as  the  ordinary  objective  pronouns  used  with  all  verbs ;  but  the  objective 
pronoun  for  the  third  person  is  se ;  whereas  in  verbs  not  reflexive  the  objective 
pronouns  (third  person)  are  le,  la,  les  (direct),  and  lui,  leur  (indirect). 

Therefore  in  conjugating  a  reflexive  verb,  write  it  always  as  in  the  case  of 
any  ordinary  verb ;  and  then  put  in  the  proper  objective  pronouns,  remembering 
that  the  position  of  these  (objective)  pronouns,  as  in  the  case  of  all  objective 
pronouns  with  a  verb,  is  before  the  verb  except  in  the  imperative  affirmative, 
where  it  is  after  the  verb. 

A  peculiarity  of  the  reflexive  verb  in  French  is  that  it  is  always  conjugated 
with  the  auxiliary  etre,  to  be;  whereas  in  English  we  use  to  have. 


8o 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


Therefore  in  translating  from  English  into  French,  we  must,  in  the  reflexive 
verb,  turn  the  English  auxiliary  to  have  into  the  corresponding  tense  of  etre,  to  be. 
And  conversely,  when  translating  a  French  reflexive  into  English  we  must  trans- 
late the  auxiliary  etre  by  the  corresponding  tense  of  to  have. 


74.    CONJUGATION    OF   THE    REFLEXIVE   VERB    SE    LAYER  = 
TO   WASH    ONE'S   SEI^F    (MODEL   VERB) 

Reflexive  verbs  are  conjugated  with  two  pronouns  of  the  same  person  ;  the 
pronouns  are  : 


Je  me,  ist  Pers.  Sing. 
Tu  te,  2d  Pers.  Sing. 
Use 
EUe  se 


I  3d  Pers.  Sing. 


Nous  nous,  1st  Pers.  PI. 
Vous  vous,  2d  Pers.  PI. 
lis  se 


Elles  se 


3d  Pers.  PI. 


SE   LAYER  =  TO   WASH   ONE'S   SELF 


Se  layer 


Infinitif  Present 

to  wash  one's  self 


S'etre  lay4 


Infinitif  Passe 

to  have  washed  one's  self 


Participe  Passe   Compose 
S'^tant  lav6  having  washed  one's  self 


Participe  Present 
Se  lavant  washing  one's  self 

Participe  Passe 
Lay§   {ni.s.),  lav§e   (/j.),  layds  {fn.pL),  laydes  {fipl.),  washed 


L'INDICATIF 


TEMPS   SIMPLES 
Present 


Je  me  lave 
Tu  te  laves 

II  se  lave 
On  se  lave 

Nous  nous  lavons 
Yous  vous  lavez 

lis  se  lavent 


I  wash  myself 

thou  washest  thyself 

he  washes  himself 
one  (people)  washes 
himself  (themselves) 
we  wash  ourselves 
you  wash  yourselves 


TEMPS  COMPOSES 


Passe  Indefini 


Je  me  suis  lay6 
Tu  t'es  lav6 

II  s'est  lay§ 

Nous  nous  sommes 

laves 
Vous  vous  etes  lav^s 


they  wash  themselves         lis  se  sont  lav6s 


I  have  washed  myself 

thou  hast  washed 
thyself 

he  has  washed  him- 
self 

we  have  washed  our- 
selves 

you  have  washed 
yourselves 

they  have  washed 
themselves 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


8l 


Imparfait  Plus-que-parfait 

Je  me  lavais  I  was  washing  myself       Je  m'6tais  lav6  I  had  washed  myself 


Tu  te  lavais 
II  se  lavait 


Tu  t'§tais  lav6  thou    hadst   washed 

thyself 

II  s'ltait  lav6  he  had  washed  him- 

self 

Nous  nous  6tions  lavls  we  had  washed  our- 
selves 

Vous  vous  §tiez  lav6s  you  had  washed  your- 
selves 

lis  s'^taient  lav6s  they     had     washed 

themselves 

Passe  Anterieur 
Je  me  fus  lav6  I  had  washed  myself 

Tu  te  fus  lav6  thou    hadst    washed 

thyself 
II  se  fut  lav6  he  had  washed  him- 

self 
Nous  nous  fdmes  lav6s     we  had  washed  our- 
selves 
Vous  vous  lavates       you     washed     your-        Vous  vous  futes  lav6s       you  had  washed  your- 


thou    wast    washing 

thyself 
he  was  washing  him- 
self 
Nous  nous  lavions      we  were  washing  our- 
selves 
Vous  vous  laviez         you     were     washing 

yourselves 
lis  se  lavaient  they    were    washing 

.  themselves 

P  Passe  Dejini 

Je  me  lavai  I  washed  myself 

Tu  te  lavas  thou  washedst  thyself 

II  se  lava  he  washed  himself 

Nous  nous  lavUmes    we  washed  ourselves 


lis  se  laverent 

Je  me  laverai 
Tu  te  laveras 
II  se  lavera 


selves 
they    washed    them- 
selves 

Futur 
I  shall  wash  myself 

thou  wilt  wash  thyself 

he  will  wash  himself 


Nous  nous  laverons  we  shall  wash  our- 
selves 

Vous  vous  laverez  you  will  wash  your- 
selves 

lis  se  laveront  they  will  wash  them- 

selves 


selves 
lis  se  furent  lav6s  they     had     washed 

themselves 

Futur  Anterieur 
Je  me  serai  lav6  I  shall  have  washed 

myself 
Tu  te  seras  lav6  thou  wilt  have  washed 

thyself 
II  se  sera  lav6  he  will  have  washed 

himself 
Nous  nous  serons  lav6s     we  shall  have  washed 

ourselves 
Vous  vous  serez  lav^s       you  will  have  washed 

yourselves 
lis  se  seront  lav^s  they  will  have  washed 

themselves 


Je  me  laverais 
Tu  te  laverais 
11  se  laverait 


LE  CONDITIONNEL 
Present  Passe 

ist  Form  2d  Form 

I  should  wash  myself       Je  me  serais  lav6  Je  me  fusse  lav6 

I  should  have  washed  myself 
Tu  te  serais  lav§  Tu  te  fusses  lav6 

thou  woulcist  have  washed  thyself 
II  se  serait  lav6  II  se  fut  lav§ 

he  would  have  washed  himself 

On  se  fut  lav6 
one  (people)  would  have  washed  one's 
self  (themselves) 

martin's    FRENCH    VERB  —  6 


thou  wouldst  wash 
thyself 

he  would  wash  him- 
self 


82 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


Present 


Passe 


Nous  nous  laverions 


Vous  vous  laveriez 


lis  se  laveraient 


we  should  wash  our- 
selves 

you  would  wash  your- 
selves 


ist  Form 
Nous  nous  serious  lav6s 


they      would 
themselves 


wash 


2d  Form 
Nous  nous  fussions 
lav6s 
we  should  have  washed  ourselves 
Vous  vous  seriez  laves      Vous   vous    fussiez 
lav§s 
you  would  have  washed  yourselves 
lis  se  seraient  lav^s  lis  se  fussent  laves 

they  would  have  washed  themselves 


Lave-toi 

Lavons-nous 

Lavez-vous 


L'IMPERATIF 

wash  thyself 

let  us  wash  ourselves 

wash  (y.ourself )  yourselves 


Qu'il  se  lave 
Qu'on  se  lave 
Qu'ils  se  lavent 


let  him  wash  himself 

let  one  (people)  wash  one's  self  (themselves) 

let  them  wash  themselves 


LE   SUBJONCTIF 


Present 

Que  je  me  lave  that  I  may  wash  my- 

self 

Que  tu  te  laves  that  thou  mayest  wash 

thyself 

Qu'il  se  lave  that    he    may   wash 

himself 

Que  nous  nous  lavions  that  we  may  wash  our- 
selves 

Que  vous  vous  laviez  that  you  may  wash 
yourselves 

Qu'ils  se  lavent  that  they  may  wash 

themselves 


Passe 


Que  je  me  sois  lav6 
Que  tu  te  sois  lav6 
Qu'il  se  soit  lav6 

Que  nous  nous  soyons 

lav^s 
Que  vous  vous  soyez 

lav§s 
Qu'ils  se  soient  lav6s 


Plus-que- 
Que  je  me  fusse  lav§ 


Imparfait 

Que  je  me  lavasse  that    I    might   wash 

myself 
Que  tu  te  lavasses  that    thou    mightest   Que  tu  te  fusses  lav6 

wash  thyself 


Qu'il  se  lavit 

Que  nous  nous  lavas- 

sions 
Que  vous  vous  lavas- 

siez 
Qu'ils  se  lavassent 


that   he  might  wash 

himself 
that  we  might  wash 

ourselves 
that  you  might  wash 

yourselves 
that  they  might  wash 

themselves 


Qu'il  se  fiit  lav6 

Que  nous  nous  fussions 

lav^s 
Que  vous  vous  fussiez 

lav6s 
Qu'ils  se  fussent  lav6s 


that     I     may     have 

washed  myself 
that  thou  mayest  have 

washed  thyself 
that    he    may    have 

washed  himself 
that    we    may    have 

washed  ourselves 
that  you    may  have 

washed  yourselves 
that  they  may  have 

washed  themselves 

parfait 

that  I  might  have 
washed  myself 

that  thou  mightest 
have  washed  thy- 
self 

that  he  might  have 
washed  himself 

that  we  might  have 
washed  ourselves 

that  you  might  have 
washed  yourselves 

that  they,  might  have 
washed  themselves 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  83 

Like  se  layer,  conjugate: 
Se  lever,  to  get  up. 

Note  that  the  French  say  /  raise  myself  at  six  d* clock,  Je  me  16ve  k  six  heures;  whereas 
we  say  /  rise  (or  I  get  up)  at  six. 
S'amuser,  to  enjoy  one^s  self  {to  amuse  one's  self). 

This  is  the  usual  verb  to  correspond  to  our  expression  to  have  a  good  time  {to  enjoy  one's 
self)  :  Vous  etes-vous  bien  amuse  hier  soir  au  theatre  (ou  chez  Mme.  B.)  ?  Did  you  have 
a  good  time  {enjoy  yourself)  last  night  at  the  theater  (or  at  Mrs.  B.^s)  F 

S'amuser  requires  a  before  the  infinitive :  Pendant  deux  heures  il  s'est  amus6  k  retoucher 
les  peintures.     During  two  hours  he  amused  himself  touching  up  the  paintings. 
Se  parler,  to  speak  to  each  other  {to  one  another,  to  one's  self).^ 
S'aimer,  to  love  each  other  {one  another,  one's  self). 

Note  that  Nous  nous  aimons.  We  love  ourselves,  may  mean  We  love  each  other  or  one  another. 

When  the  meaning  We  love  each  other,  or  one  another,  is  not  clearly  shown  by  the  context, 
the  pronouns  I'un  I'autre  or  les  uns  les  autres  are  used :  Nous  nous  aimons  I'un  I'autre. 
We  love  each  other.     lis  s'aiment  les  uns  les  autres.     They  love  one  another. 

When  the  objective  pronoun  is  indirect,  as  in  Elles  se  sont  4crit  (des  lettres),  there  is 
used  after  the  verb  (if  necessary  to  make  the  meaning  clear)  the  forms  Tun  (I'une)  k  I'autre 
or  les  uns  (les  unes)  aux  autres. 

75.  Note  in  the  negative  conjugation  of  the  reflexive  verb  that  nothing 
separates  the  objective  pronoun  from  the  verb  except  another  pronoun ;  there- 
fore the  ne  comes  before  the  objective  pronoun. 

Note  that  in  the  negative  the  objective  pronoun  remains  before  the  verb 
throughout  instead  of  coming  after  it  in  the  imperative  as  it  does  in  the  impera- 
tive affirmative. 


76.     SE   LAVER  =  TO   WASH   ONE'S  SELF 
Negatively 

Infinitif  Present  Infinitif  Passe 

Ne  pas  se  layer  not  to  wash  one's  self         Nes'§trepaslav6        not    to   have    washed 

one's  self 

Participe  Present  Participe  Passe  Compose 

Ne  se  lavant  pas         not  washing  one's  self        Ne  s'6tant  pas  lay§    not     having    washed 

one's  self 

Participe  Passe 
lav6  {m.s.),  Iay6e  {fs.),  Iay6s  {m.pL),  lavles  (///.),  washed 


84  THE  FRENCH  VERB 

L'INDICATIF 

TEMPS  SIMPLES  TEMPS  COMPOSES 

Present  Passe  Indefini 

Je  ne  me  lave  pas        I  do  not  wash  myself  Je   ne   me    suis    pas  I  have  not  washed  my- 

Tu  ne  te  laves  pas      thou    dost    not    wash  lav6  self 

thyself 

II  ne  se  lave  pas          he  does  not  wash  him-  Tu  ne  t'es  pas  lave  thou  hast  not  washed 

self  thyself 

On  ne  se  lave  pas         one    does    not    wash  II  ne  s'est  pas  lav6  he  has  not  washed  him- 

himself  self 

Nous   ne    nous   la-     we  do  not  wash  our-  Nous  ne  nous  sommes  we  have   not    washed 

vons  pas                         selves  pas  lav6s  ourselves 

Vous  ne  vous  lavez     you  do  not  wash  your-  Vous  ne  vous  etes  pas  you  have  not  washed 

pas                                  selves  laves  yourselves 

lis  ne  se  lavent  pas    they  do  not  wash  them-  lis    ne    se    sont   pas  they  have  not  washed 

selves  lav6s  themselves 

Imparfait  Plus- que-par fait 

Je  ne  me  lavais  pas     I  was  not  washing  my-  Je  ne  m'^tais  pas  lave  I  had  not  washed  my- 
self self 
Tu  ne  te  lavais  pas     thou  wast  not  washing  Tune  t'6tais  pas  lav6  thou  hadst  not  washed 

thyself  thyself 

II  ne  se  lavait  pas       he    was    not  washing  II  ne  s'^tait  pas  lave  he    had    not    washed 

himself  himself 

Nous    ne    nous   la-    we  were  not  washing  Nous  ne  nous  Itions  we    had    not    washed 

vions  pas                        ourselves  pas  lav§s  ourselves 

Vous  ne  vous  laviez     you  were  not  washing  Vous    ne    vous  6tiez  you    had   not   washed 

pas                                    yourselves  pas  lav6s  yourselves 

lis   ne   se   lavaient     they  were  not  washing  lis   ne   s'6taient  pas  they  had  not  washed 

pas                                    themselves  lav6s  themselves 

Passe  Dejini  Passe  Anterieur 

Je  ne  me  lavai  pas      I  did  not  wash  myself  Je  ne  me  f  us  pas  lav6  I  had  not  washed  my- 
self 

Tu  ne  te  lavas  pas      thou    didst    not   wash  Tu  ne  te  fus  pas  lav6  thou  hadst  not  washed 

thyself  thyself 
II  ne  se  lava  pas          he  did  not  wash  him-  H  ne  se  fut  pas  lav6  he  had  not  washed  him- 
self self 
Nous    ne    nous  la-     we  did  not  wash  our-  Nous  ne  nous  fflmes  we    had    not    washed 

v4mes  pas                    selves  pas  laves  ourselves 

Vous    ne    vous    la-    you  did  not  wash  your-  Vous   ne    vous   ffltes  you    had   not   washed 

vMes  pas                      selves  pas  lav6s  yourselves 

lis  ne   se    lavdrent     they     did     not     wash  lis   ne  se  furent  pas  they  had   not  washed 

pas                                    themselves  laves  themselves 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


85 


Je    ne 

pas 
Tu   ne 

pas 
II  ne  se  lavera  pas 


te    laveras 


Futur 
me   laverai     I  shall  not  wash  my- 
self lav6 

thou  wilt  not  wash  thy-  Tu  ne  te   seras  pas 

self  lav§ 

he  will  not  wash  him-  II  ne  se  sera  pas  lav6 
self 

we  shall  not  wash  our-  Nous  ne  nous  serons 

selves  pas  lav§s 

you  will  not  wash  your-  Vous   ne   vous    serez 

selves  pas  laves 

they    will     not    wash  lis  ne  se  seront  pas 

themselves  lav§s 


Nous    ne   nous  la- 

verons  pas 
Vous    ne  vous    la- 

verez  pas 
lis  ne  se  laveront 

pas 


Futur  Anterieur 
Je  ne  me   serai  pas     I  shall  not  have  washed 

myself 
thou     wilt     not    have 

washed  thyself 
he  will  not  have  washed 

himself 
we     shall     not     have 

washed  ourselves 
you     will     not     have 

wasl'.ed  yourselves 
they     will     not    have 

washed  themselves 


LE  CONDITIONNEL 


Present 


Passe 


Je   ne  me   laverais 

pas 
Tu  ne  te  laverais 

pas 
II  ne  se  laverait  pas 

Nous    ne   nous  la- 

verions  pas 
Vous  ne    vous    la- 

veriez  pas 
lis  ne  se  laveraient 

pas 


I  should  not  wash  my- 
self 

thou  wouldst  not  wash 
thyself 

he  would  not  wash 
himself 

we  should  not  wash 
ourselves 

you  would  not  wash 
yourselves 

they  would  not  wash 
themselves 


Je  ne  me  serais  pas 

lav6 
Tu  ne  te  serais  pas 

lav4 
II  ne    se  serait  pas 

lave 
Nous  ne  nous  serious 

pas  lav6s 
Vous  ne  vous  seriez 

pas lav6s 
lis  ne  se  seraient  pas 

lavls 


I     should     not     have 

washed  myself 
thou  wouldst  not  have 

washed  thyself 
he     would     not    have 

washed  himself 
we    should    not    have 

washed  ourselves 
you   would    not    have 

washed  yourselves 
they   would    not   have 

washed  themselves 


L'IMPERATIF 


Ne  te  lave  pas 

Ne  nous  lavons  pas 

Ne  vous  lavez  pas 


do  not  wash  thyself 

let  us  not  -wash  ourselves 

do  not  wash  (yourself)  yourselves 


Qu'il  ne  se  lave  pas 
Qu'on  ne  se  lave  pas 
Qu'ils  ne  se  lavent  pas 


let  him  not  wash  himself 
let  one  not  wash  one's  self 
let  them  not  wash  themselves 


I.E  SUBJONCTIF 
Present  Passe 

Que  je  ne  me  lave    that   I  may  not  wash   Que  je  ne  me  sois  pas    that 


pas 
Que  tu  ne  te  laves 

pas 
Qu'il  ne  se  lave  pas 

Que  nous  ne  nous 

lavions  pas 
Que  vous   ne  vous 

laviez  pas 
Qu'ils  ne  se  lavent 

pas 


myself 
that  thou  mayest   not 

wash  thyself 
that  he  may  not  wash 

himself 
that  we  may  not  wash 

ourselves 
that  you  may  not  wash 

yourselves 
that  they  may  not  wash 

themselves 


lav6 
Que  tu  ne  te  sois  pas 

lav6 
Qu'il  ne  se  soit  pas 

lav6 
Que  nous  ne  nous  soy- 

ons  pas  lav6s 
Que    vous    ne    vous 

soyez  pas  lav6s 
Qu'ils  ne  se  soient  pas 

lav6s 


I  may  not  have 

washed  myself 
that    thou   mayest  not 

have  washed  thyself 
that  he  may  not  have 

washed  himself 
that  we  may  not  have 

washed  ourselves 
that  you  may  not  have 

washed  yourselves 
that  they  may  not  have 

washed  themselves 


86 


THE  FRENCH    VERB 


Imparfait 


Plus-que-parfait 


Que  je  ne  me  la- 
vasse  pas 

Que  tu  ne  te  la- 
vasses  pas 

Qu'il  ne  se  lavtt 
pas 

Que  nous  ne  nous 
lavassions  pas 

Que  vous  ne  vous 
lavassiez  pas 

Qu'ils  ne  se  lavas- 
sent  pas 


that  I  might  not  wash 

myself 
that  thou  mightest  not 

wash  thyself 
that  he  might  not  wash 

himself 
that  we  might  not  wash 

ourselves 
that     you    might    not 

wash  yourselves 
that    they    might    not 

wash  themselves 


Que  je  ne  me  fusse 

pas  lav6 
Que  tu  ne  te  fusses 

pas  lav§ 
Qu'il  ne  se  ffit  pas 

lav6 
Que  nous  ne  nous  fus- 

sions  pas  laves 
Que  vous  ne  vous  fus- 

siez  pas  laves 
Qu'ils  ne  se  fussent 

pas lav6s 


that  I  might  not  have 

washed  myself 
that  thou  mightest  not 

have  washed  thyself 
that  he  might  not  have 

washed  himself 
that  we  might  not  have 

washed  ourselves 
that  you  might  not  have 

washed  yourselves 
that  they  might  not  have 

washed  themselves 


Conjugate  in  the  same  manner : 

Se  douter  (de),  to  suspect. 

Note  that  douter  (de)  means,  to  doubt,  or  to  have  doubt  of  or  about;  whereas  se  douter 
(de)  means,  to  suspect  {to  have  a  suspicion  of).  Je  doute  de  sa  parole.  /  doubt  {have  doubts 
about)  his  word.  Je  me  doutais  de  cela.  /  suspected  {had  suspicion  of)  that.  Je  m'en  dou- 
tais.     /  was  suspecting  it. 


Se  flatter,  to  flatter  one^s  self. 
Se  figurer,  to  fancy^  to  imagine, 
suffering. 


Figurez-vous  ce  que  je  soufErais.    Imagine  what  I  was 


77.    SE  LAYER  =  TO  WASH   ONE'S  SELF 


Me  lav§-je  ? 
Te  laves-tu  ? 

Se  lave-t-il? 

Se  lave-t-on  ? 

Nous  lavons-nous  ? 

Vous  lavez-vous  ? 

Se  lavent-ils  ? 


Interrogatively 

L'INDICATIF 

TEMPS  SIMPLES  TEMPS  COMPOSES 

Present  Passe  Indefini 

Me  suis-je  lav6  ?         have  I  washed  myself? 


hast  thou  washed  thyself? 
has  he  washed  himself? 


do  I  wash  myself? 

dost  thou  wash  thy-     T'es-tu  lav§  ? 

self? 
does  he  wash  him-      S'est-il  lav§  ? 

self? 
does  one  wash  one's- 

self? 
do    we    wash    our-     Nous  sommes-nous    have    we    washed     our 

selves?  Iav6s?  selves? 

do   you   wash    your-      Vous  etes-vous  la-     have  you  washed  your 

selves?  V§S?  selves? 

do  they  wash  them-      Se  sont-ils  lav6s?       have  they  washed  them 

selves?  selves? 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


^7 


Imparfait  Plus- que-par fait 

Melavais-je?             was  I  washing  myself?  M'6tais-je  lav6?  had  I  washed  myself? 

Telavais-tu?  wast  thou  washing  thy-  T'6tais-tu  lav6?  hadst  thou  washed  thy- 
self? self? 

Se  lavait-il?              was  he  washing  himself?  S'6tait-il  lav6?  had  he  washed  himself? 

Nouslavions-nous?  were  we  washing  our-  Nous  §tions-nous  had  we  washed  ourselves? 
selves?                                  Iav6s? 

Vous  laviez-vous  ?     were  you  washing  your-  Vous  6tiez-vous  la-  had    you    washed    your- 


selves? 

Se  lavaient-ils  ?         were  they  washing  them- 
selves ? 

Passe  Dejini 
Me  lavai-je?  did  I  wash  myself? 

Telavas-tu? 


v6s?  selves? 

S'6taient-ils     la-      had   they  washed  them- 
v6s?  selves? 


Passe  Anterieur 
Me  fus-je  lav6  ?         had  I  washed  myself? 
didst  thou  wash  thyself?     Te  fus-tu  lav6s  ?        hadst    thou  washed    thy- 
self? 
Se  lava-t-il?  did  he  wash  himself?  Se  fut-il  lave  ?  had  he  washed  himself? 

Nous     lavimes-        did  we  wash  ourselves?     Nous     fumes-nous    had  we  washed  ourselves? 

nous  ?  Iav6s  ? 

VouslavHtes-vous?  did  you  wash  yourselves?     Vous  ffltes-vous  la-    had    you    washed    your- 

V^S  ?  selves  ? 

Se  lav§rent-ils  ?         did    they    wash    them-    Se    furent-ils     la-    had  they  washed  them- 
selves? v6s?  selves? 

Futur  Futur  Anterieur 

Me  laverai-je  ?  shall  I  wash  myself?  Me  serai-je  lav6  ?     shall  I  have  washed  my- 

self? 
Te  laveras-tu?  wilt  thou  wash  thyself?     Te  seras-tu  lav6  ?     wilt   thou    have    washed 

thyself? 
Se  lavera-t-il?  will  he  wash   himself?     Se  sera-t-il  lav6  ?      will  he  have  washed  him- 

self? 
Nous      laverons-      shall  we  wash  ourselves  ?     Nous     serons-nous    shall    we    have    washed 

nous?  Iav6s?  ourselves? 

Vous  laverez-vous  ?  will    you    wash    your-     Vous  serez-vous  la-    will    you    have    washed 

selves?  V^S?  yourselves? 

Se  laveront-ils?         will    they    wash    them-     Se     seront-ils     la-    will    they    have    washed 
selves?  v6s?  themselves? 


LE  CONDITIONNEL 
Present 
Me  laverais-je  ?         should  I  wash  myself? 


Passe 


Me  serais-je  lav§?     should    I    have    washed 
myself? 
Te  laverais-tu  ?         wouldst  thou  wash  thy-    Te  serais-tu  lav6  ?     wouldst  thou  have  washed 

self?  thyself? 

Se  laverait-il  ?  would  he  wash  himself?     Se  serait-il  lav6  ?      would    he    have  washed 

himself? 
Nous    laverions-      should    we    wash    our-     Nous    serions-nous    should  we  have  washed 

nous?  selves?  Iav6s?  ourselves? 

Vous    laveriez-         would   you  wash   your-     Vous      seriez-vous    would  you  have  washed 

vous?  selves?  Iav6s?  yourselves? 

Se  laveraient-ils?      would  they  wash  them-     Se  seraient-ils  la-    would  they  have  washed 
selves?    '  v6s?  themselves? 


88 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


Conjugate  in  the  same  manner : 
S'appeler  (see  Par.  59),  to  be  one^s  name  ;  to  call  one's  self;  to  be  called.     Comment  s'appelle- 

t-il?      What  is  his  tiame?     Elle  s'appelait  Marie.     Her  name  was  Mary. 
Se  rappeler,  to  recall,  to  recollect,  to  remember.     Vous  rappelez-VOUS  son  nom  ?     Do  you 
recollect  (^remember')  his  name?     Je  me  le  rappelle  maintenant.     I  recall  {recollect)  it 
now. 

78.    SE   LAVER  =  TO   WASH   ONE'S   SELF 
Interrogatively  and  Negatively 

L'INDICATIF 
TEMPS  SIMPLES  TEMPS  COMPOS:feS 

Present  Passe  Indejini 

Ne  me  lav6-je  pas  ?     do  I  not  wash  myself  ?  Ne   me    suis-je    pas     have  I  not  washed  my- 

lav6? 

dost  thou  not  wash  thy-  Ne  t'es-tu  pas  lav6  ? 

self? 

does  he  not  wash  him-  Ne  s'est-il  pas  lav6  ? 

self? 

do  we  not  wash  our-  Ne  nous  sommes-nous 

selves  ?  pas  lavls  ? 

Ne   vous    lavez-vous    do  you  not  wash  your-  Ne  vous  etes-vous  pas    have   you  not  washed 

pas?                                    selves?  laves?                                  yourselves? 

Ne  se  lavent-ils  pas  ?  do  they  not  wash  them-  Ne    se     sont-ils     pas    have  they  not  washed 

selves?  lavis? 


Ne  te  laves-tu  pas? 

Ne  se  lave-t-il  pas  ? 

Ne  nous  lavons-nous 
pas? 


self? 

hast  thou  not  washed 
thyself  ? 

has  he  not  washed  him- 
self? 

have  we  not  washed 
ourselves  ? 


themselves  ? 


Imparfait 
Ne  me  lavais-je  pas  ?  was  I  not  washing  my- 
self? 
Ne  te  lavais-tu  pas?     wast  thou  not  washing 
thyself^ 


Plus- que-parf ait 
Ne       m'6tais-je      pas  had  I  not  washed  my- 

lav6?  self? 

Ne       t'6tais-tu       pas  hadst  thou  not  washed 

lav§?  thyself? 


Ne  se  lavait-il  pas  ?      was   he   not  washing   Ne  s'6tait-ilpaslav6?    had  he  not  washed  him- 


himself  ? 
were  we  not  washing 

ourselves  ? 
were  you  not  washing 

yourselves  ? 
lavaient-ils    were  they  not  washing 

themselves  ? 


Ne  nous  lavions-nous 

pas? 
Ne  vous  laviez-vous 

pas? 
Ne     se 

pas? 


Passe  Defini 
Ne  me  lavai-je  pas  ?    did  I  not  wash  myself  ? 


Ne  te  lavas-tu  pas  ? 
Ne  se  lava-t-il  pas  ? 


didst  thou  not  wash 
thyself  ? 

did  he  not  wash  him- 
self? 

did  we  not  wash  our- 
selves ? 


Ne     nous     lavimes- 

nous  pas  ? 

Ne  vous  lavMes-vous  did  you  not  wash  your- 

pas  ?  selves  ? 

Ne     se     lav6rent-ils  did    they    not    wash 

pas?  themselves? 


self? 
Ne    nous    §tions-nous  had  we  not  washed  our- 

pas  lavls?  selves  ? 

Ne     vous      6tiez-vous  had    you    not    washed 

pas  lav6s?  yourselves  ? 

Ne    s'§taient-ils     pas  had    they   not  washed 

lav6s  ?  themselves  ? 

Passe  Anterieur 
Ne  me  f  us-je  pas  lav6  ?  had  I  not  washed   my- 
self? 
Ne  te  fus-tu  pas  lav6  ?   hadst  thou  not  washed 

thyself  ? 
Ne  se  f  ut-il  pas  lav6  ?   had  he  not  washed  him- 
self? 
Ne   nous   fflmes-nous    had  we  not  washed  our- 

paslavls?  selves? 

Ne    vous     futes-vous    had   you    not   washed 

pas  lav^s  ?  yourselves  ? 

Ne   se   furent-ils  pas    had   they  not    washed 
lav6s  ?  themselves  ? 


THE  FRENCH   VEJiB 


89 


Futur 

Futur  Anterieur 

Ne     me 

laverai-je 

shall   I  not  wash  my- 

Ne me  serai-je  pas 

shall  I  not  have  washed 

pas? 

self? 

lav6? 

myself  ? 

Ne      te 

laveras-tu 

wilt    thou    not    wash 

Ne  te  seras-tu  pas 

wilt     thou     not     have 

pas? 

thyself? 

lav6? 

washed  thyself? 

Ne  se  lavera-t-il  pas? 

will  he  not  wash  him- 

Ne se  sera-t-il  pas 

will  he  not  have  washed 

self? 

lav6? 

himself? 

Ne     nous    laverons- 

shall  we  not  wash  our- 

Ne nous  serons-nous 

shall     we     not     have 

nous  pas  ? 

selves  ? 

pas  lav6s?_ 

washed  ourselves  ? 

Ne  vous 

laverez-vous 

will  you  not  wash  your- 

Ne vous  serez-vous 

will     you     not     have 

pas? 

selves  ? 

pas  laves? 

washed   yourselves  ? 

Ne     se 

laveront-ils 

will    they    not    wash 

Ne  se  seront-ils  pas 

will     they     not     have 

pas? 

themselves  ? 

lav6s? 

washed  themselves  ? 

LE  CONDITIONNEL 

Present 

Passe 

Ne    me 

laverais-je 

should  I  not  wash  my- 

Ne me  serais-je  pas 

should     I     not     have 

pas? 

self? 

lav6? 

washed  myself? 

Ne    te 

laverais-tu 

wouldst  thou  not  wash 

Ne  te  serais-tu  pas 

wouldst  thou  not  have 

pas? 

thyself? 

lav6? 

washed  thyself  ? 

Ne     se 

laverait-il 

would     he    not    wash 

Ne  serait-il  pas  lav6  ? 

would     he    not    have 

pas? 

himself  ? 

washed  himself? 

Ne   nous 

laverions- 

should    we    not    wash 

Ne  nous  serions-nous 

should    we    not    have 

nous  pas? 

ourselves  ? 

pas lav^s? 

washed  ourselves  ? 

Ne    vous    laveriez- 

would    you    not    wash 

Ne  vous  seriez-vous 

would    you    not    have 

vous  pas  ? 

yourselves  ? 

pas  lav6s  ? 

washed   yourselves  ? 

Ne  se  laveraient-ils 

would    they   not   wash 

Ne  se  seraient-ils  pas 

would   they   not  have 

pas? 

themselves  ? 

lav§s? 

washed  themselves  ? 

The  student  will  write  also  the  second  form  of  the  compound  conditional  by 
substituting  for  the  present  conditional  of  the  auxiliary  etre  the  imperfect  sub- 
junctive of  etre. 

79.  Hereafter  students  should  write  the  reflexive  verbs  on  the  blackboard  as 
indicated  in  the  following  model : 

Se  servir,  to  use.     Auxiliary,  etre 


I'rimitive 
Tenses 

Servir 
Servant 


jeme 


tute 


U.  eUe  ' 


on     ^ 
servirai    serviras    servira     servirons 
servirais  servirais  servirait  servirions 


Derived 
Tenses 
Future 
Conditional 
3d    Pers.  PI. 
Pres.  Ind. 
Impf.  Ind.        servais     servais 
Pres.  Subj.         serve         serves 
Servi     Compound  tenses,  suis  servi,  etc. 
Je  sers      Pr^s.  Ind.         sers  sers 

Imperative  sers-toi 

Je  servis  Past  Definite     servis        servis 

Impf.  subj.        servisse    servisses  servit 


se     nous  nous 


vous  vous 


lis.  \ 


se 


servait 

servions 

serve 

servions 

sert 

servons 

servons-nous 

servit 

servimes 

servit 

servissions 

eUes« 

servirez         serviront 
serviriez        serviraient 

servez  servent 

serviez  servaient 

serviez  servent 

servez  servent 

servez-vous 
servites         servirent 
servissiez      servissent 


go  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

Conjugate  interrogatively  and  negatively  the  following : 

Se  glisser  (dans),  to  creep  {into).    L'enfant  s'est  gliss6  dans  le  sac.     The  child  crept  into 

the  bag. 
Se  moquer  de,  to  laugh  aty  to  make  fun  of.    Elle  se  moquait  de  lui.     She  was  making  sport 

of  him. 

80.    CONJUGATION   OF  THE   REFLEXIVE   VERB   S'EN   ALLER 

The  reflexive  verb  s'en  aller  has  the  peculiarity  of  having  two  pronouns  before 
it.  The  pronoun  en  means  of  it,  of  them,  or  from  it,  from  them.  Hence  before 
the  verb  aller,  to  go,  it  gives  the  meaning  to  go  away. 

When  en  occurs, vi^ith  other  pronouns  before  a  verb  it  always  comes  after  all 
the  others. 

In  the  imperative  affirmative  it  still  remains  after  the  other  pronouns ;  so  we 
have  allez-vous-en,  go  away. 

81.    S'EN  ALLER  =  TO   GO   AWAY 

Infnitif  Present  Infinitif  Passe 

S'en  aller  to  go  away  S'en  etre  all6  to  have  gone  away 

Participe  Present  Participe  Passe  Compose 

S'en  allant  going  away  S'en  6tant  all6  having  gone  away 

Participe  Passe 
En  all§  {in.s),  en  all6e  (/^.),  en  all§s  {m.pl.),  en  all6es  {fpL),  gone  away 

L'INDICATIF 
TEMPS  SIMPLES  TEMPS  COMPOSES 

Present  Passe  Indefini 

Je  m'en  ko/s  I  go  away  or  I  am  go-     Je  m'en  suis  all6  I  have  gone  away 

ing  away 
Tu  t'en  vas  thou    goest    away   or     Tu  t'en  es  all6  thou  hast  gone  away 

thou  art  going  away 
II  s'en  va  he  goes  away  or  he  is      II  s'en  est  all6  he  has  gone  away 

going  away 
On  s'en  va  one  goes  away  or  one 

is  going  away 
Nous  nous  en  allons     we  go  away  or  we  are     Nous  nous  en  sommes  we  have  gone  away 

going  away  all6s 

Vous  vous  en  allez       you  go  away  or  you     Vous  vous  en  etes  all6s  you  have  gone  away 

are  going  away 
lis  s'en  vont  they  go  away  or  they      lis  s'en  sont  allls  they  have  gone  away 

are  going  away 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


91 


Imparfait  Plus-que-parfait 

Je  m'en  allais  I  was  going  away  Je  m'en  6tais  all6  1  had  gone  away 

Tu  t'en  allais  thou  wast  going  away     Tu  t'en  §tais  all6  thou  hadst  gone  away 

lis  s'en  allait  he  was  going  away         II  s'en  etait  all6  he  had  gone  away 

Nous  nous  en  allions    we  were  going  away       Nous    nous    en   6tions  we  had  gone  away 

alles 
Vous  vous  en  alliez      you  were  going  away     Vous    vous    en     §tiez  you  had  gone  away 

all§s 
lis  s'en  allaient  they  were  going  away     lis   s'en   6taient  all§s  they  had  gone  away 


Passe  Defini 

Je  m'en  allai  I  went  away 

Tu  t'en  alias  thou  wentest  away 

II  s'en  alia  he  went  away 

Nous  nous  en  all^mes  we  went  away 

Vous  vous  en  allHtes    you  went  away 

lis  s'en  allSrent  they  went  away 


Passe  Anterieur 

Je  m'en  fus  all6  I  had  gone  away 

Tu  t'en  fus  all§  thou  hadst  gone  away 

II  s'en  fut  all§  he  had  gone  away 

Nous   nous   en  fflmes  we  had  gone  away 

all4s 

Vous    vous    en    fiites  you  had  gone  away 

all6s 

lis  s'en  furent  all6s  they  had  gone  away 


Futur 


Je  m'en  irai 
Tu  t'en  iras 


I  shall  go  away 
thou  wilt  go  away 


II  s'en  ira  he  will  go  away 

Nous  nous  en  irons      we  shall  go  away 


Vous  vous  en  Irez 
lis  s'en  hont 


you  will  go  away 
they  will  go  away 


Futur  Anterieur 

Je  m'en  serai  all6  I  shall  have  gone  away 

Tu  t'en  seras  all6  thou  wilt    have   gone 

away 
II  s'en  sera  all§  he  will  have  gone  away 

Nous  nous   en  serous    we    shall    have    gone 

all6s  away 

Vous    vous    en    serez    you    will    have    gone 

alles  away 

lis  s'en  seront  all6s       they  will    have    gone 
away 


LE  CONDITIONNEL 
Present 

I  should  go  away 


Passe 


Je  m'en  irais  I  should  go  away  Je  m'en  serais  all6         I    should   have    gone 

away 
Tu  t'en  irais  thou  wouldst  go  away     Tu  t'en  serais  all6  thou  wouldst  have  gone 

away 
II  s'en  irait  he  would  go  away  II  s'en  serait  all6  he  would  have   gone 

away 
Nous  nous  en  irions     we  should  go  away         Nous  nous  en  serious    we  should  have  gone 

allis  away 

Vous  vous  en  iriez       you  would  go  away         Vous  vous    en   seriez    you  would  have  gone 

all6s  away 

lis  s'en  iraient  they  would  go  away       lis  s'en  seraient  all6s   they  would  have  gone 

away 

The  student  will  write  out  the  second  form  of  the  compound  conditional. 


92  THE  FRENCH   VERB 


L'TMPERATIF 

Va-t'en  go  away  (thou) 

Allez-vous-en  go  away  (you) 

AUons-nous-en  let  us  go  away 


Qu'il  s'en  aille  let  him  go  away 

Qu'on  s'en  aille  let  one  (people)  go  away 

Qu'ils  s'en  aillent        let  them  go  away 

LE  SUBJONCTIF 
Present  Passe 

Que  je  m'en  a'lUe  that  I  may  go  away        Que  je  m'en  sois  all6      that  I  may  have  gone 

away 
Que  tu  t'en  a/7/es         that   thou  mayest  go    Que  tu  t'en  sois  all§        that  thou  mayest  have 

away  gone  away 

Qu'il  s'en  aille  that  he  may  go  away      Qu'il  s'en  soit  all§  that  he  may  have  gone 

away 
Que   nous    nous    en    that  we  may  go  away     Que  nous  nous  en  soy-    that  we  may  have  gone 

allions  ons  all6s  away 

Que    vous    vous    en    that  you  may  go  away    Que  vous  vous  en  soyez  that     you    may    have 

alliez  all6s  gone  away 

Qu'ils  s'en  a/V/ewf        that  they  may  go  away   Qu'ils  s'en  soient  alles  that    they    may   have 

gone  away 

Imparfait  Plus-que-parfait 

Que  je  m'en  allasse     that  I  might  go  away  Que  je  m'en  fusse  all§    that  I  might  have  gt)ne 

away 

Que  tu  t'en  allasses     that  thou  mightest  go  Que  tu  t'en  fusses  all6  that  thou  mightest  have 

away  gone  away 

Qu'il  s'en  allit             that  he  might  go  away  Qu'il  s'en  fut  all6           that    he    might    have 

gone  away 

Que    nous    nous    en    that  we  might  go  away  Que  nous  nous  en  fus-  that    we    might    have 

allassions  sions  all§s                        gone  away 

Que    vous    vous    en    that    you    might    go  Que  vous  vous  en  fus-  that   you   might   have 

allassiez                        away  siez  allls                         gone  away 

Qu'ils  s'en  allassent    that    they    might    go  Qu'ils      s'en     fussent  that  they  might   have 

away  all^S                                    gone  away 

Note. — That  with   aller  a  destination  is  always  expressed;   whereas  with 
s'en  aller  it  may  or  may  not  be. 

Je  vais  a  Paris.     /  am  going  to  Paris. 

J'y  vais  aussi.     I a7n  going  {there)  too. 

Je  m'en  vais  maintenant.     I  am  going  away  now. 

Je  m'en  vais  a  Paris.     /  am  going  away  to  Paris. 

82.    S'EN   ALLER  =  TO   GO  AWAY 
Negatively 

Infinitif  Present  Infinitif  Passe 

Ne  pas  s'en  aller  not  to  go  away  Ne  s'en  etre  pas  all6    not  to  have  gone  away 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  93 

Participe  Present  Participe  Passe  Compose 

Ne  s'en  allant  pas  not  going  away  Nes'en6tantpasall6     not  having  gone  away 

Participe  Passe 
En  all6,  gone 

L'INDICATIF 
TEMPS  SIMPLES  TEMPS  COMPOSES 

Present  Passe  Indefini 

Je  ne  m'en  vais  pas         I  do  not  go  away  Je  ne  m'en  suis  pas     I  have  not  gone  away 

Tu  ne  t'en  vas  pas          thou    dost    not    go  alle 

away  Tu   ne  t'en  es  pas     thou    hast     not     gone 

II  ne  s'en  va  pas              he  does  not  go  away  alle                                 away 

On  ne  s'en  va  pas            one    does    not    go  line  s'en  est  pas  all§     he  has  not  gone  away 

away  Nous    ne    nous    en     we  have  not  gone  away 

Nous  ne   nous  en  al-    we  do  not  go  away  sommes  pas  all6s 

Ions  pas  Vous  ne  vous  en  etes     you  have  not  gone  away 

Vous  ne  vous  en  allez     you  do  not  go  away  pas  alles 

pas  lis  ne  s'en  sont  pas     they  have  not  gone  away 

lis  ne  s'en  vont  pas        they  do  not  go  away  all6s 

Imparfait  Plus-queparfait 

Je  ne  m'en  allais  pas,    I    was    not     going  Je  ne  m'en  6tais  pas    I  had  not  gone  away, 

etc.                                       away,  etc.  all§,  etc.                           etc. 

Passe  Defini  Passe  Anterieur 

Je  ne  m'en  allai  pas,     I  did  not  go  away,  Je  ne  m'en  fus  pas     I  had  not  gone  away, 

etc.                                     etc.  all6,  etc.                         etc. 

Futur  Futur  Anterieur 

Je  ne  m'en  irai  pas,     I  shall  not  go  away,  Je  ne  m'en  serai  pas    I  shall  not  have  gone 

etc.                                     etc.  all6,  etc.                         away,  etc. 

LE  CONDITIOrjNEL 
Present  Passe 

Je  ne  m'en  irais  pas,    I  should  not  go  away,   Je    ne    m'en   serais    I  should  not  have  gone 
etc.  etc.  pas  all6,  etc.  away,  etc. 

L'IMPERATIF 
Ne  t'en  va  pas  ^      do  not  go  away 

Ne  vous  en  allez  pas  do  not  gij  away 

Ne  nous  en  allons  pas  let  us  not  go  away 

Qu'il  ne  s'en  aille  pas  let  him  not  go  away 

Qu'on  ne  s'en  aille  pas  let  one  not  go  away 

Qu'ils  ne  s'en  aillent  pas  let  them  not  go  away 

LE  SUBJONCTIF 
Present  Passe 

Que  je  ne  m'en  aille    that  I  may  not  go    Que  je  ne  m'en  sois    that  I   may   not    have 
pas,  etc.                            away,  etc.  pas  all6,  etc.  gone  away,  etc. 

Imparfait  Plus- que-par fait 

Que  je  ne  m'en  allasse     that  I  might  not  go    Que  je  ne  m'en  fusse    that  I  might   not  have 
pas,  etc.  away,  etc.  pas  all6,  etc.  gone  away,  etc. 


94 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


83.  Interrogatively 


L'INDICATIF 

TEMPS  SIMPLES 

Present 

84.   Negatively  and  Interrogatively 


M'en  vais-je? 
T'en  vas-tu? 
Sen  va-t-il? 
S'en  va-t-on? 
Nous  en  allons-nous  ? 

Vous  en  allez-vous  ? 

S'en  vont-ils? 

M'en  allais-je?  etc. 


M'en  allai-je  ?  etc. 


M'en  irai-je?  etc. 


do  I  go  away? 
dost  thou  go  away? 
does  he  go  away? 
does  one  go  away? 
do  we  go  away? 

do  you  go  away  ? 

do  they  go  away  ? 


Ne  m'en  vais-je  pas  ? 

Ne  t'en  vas-tu  pas  ? 

Ne  s'en  va-t-il  pas  ? 

Ne  s'en  va-t-on  pas  ? 

Ne  nous  en  allons- 
nous  pas  ? 

Ne  vous  en  allez- 
vous  pas  ? 

Ne  s'en  vont-ils  pas  ? 


Im par  fait 

was  I  going  away?   Ne     m'en     allais-je 
etc.  pas?  etc. 

Passe  Defini 
did  I  go  away?  etc.    Ne     m'en      allai-je 
pas?  etc. 

Futur 

shall  I  go  away?  etc.   Ne  m'en  irai-je  pas ? 
etc. 


do  I  not  go  away? 
dost  thou  not  go  away? 
does  he  not  go  away? 
does  one  not  go  away? 
do  we  not  go  away? 

do  you  not  go  away? 

do  they  not  go  away? 


was  I  not  going  away? 
etc. 


did  I  not  go  away?  etc. 


shall  I  not  go  away?  etc. 


LE   CONDITIONNEL 

M'en  irais-je ?  etc.  should  I  go  away?    Ne  m'en irais-je pas?    should  I  not  go  away? 

etc.  etc.  etc. 


M'en  suis-je  all6  ? 
T'en  es-tu  all6  ? 
S'en  est-il  all6  ? 

Nous  en  sommes-nous 

all§s? 
Vous     en      etes-vous 

all6s? 
S'en  sont-ils  all§s  ? 


M'en    6tais-je    all6  ? 
etc. 


TEMPS  COMPOSES 

Passe  Indf'fini 

have  I  gone  away?     Ne  m'en  suis-je  pas  have  I  not  gone  away? 

alle? 

hast      thou      gone.  Ne    t'en    es-tu    pas  hast    thou     not     gone 

away  ?                            alle  ?  away  ? 

has  he  gone  away?      Ne    s'en    est-il    pas  has  he  not  gone  away? 

alle  ? 

have  we  gone  away?    Ne  nous  en  sommes-  have  we  not  gone  away? 

nous  pas  all6s  ? 

have  you  gone  away  ?    Ne  vous  en  etes-vOUS  have     you     not     gone 

pasall6s?  away? 

have       they      gone    Ne  s'en  sont-ils  pas  have    they    not     gone 

away?                           all6s?  away? 

Plus-que-parfait 
had   I   gone   away?    Ne  m'en  6tais-je  pas     had  I  not  gone  away? 
etc.  all6?  etc.  etc. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  95 

Passe  Anterieur 
M'en  fus-je  all€ ?  etc.     had   I   gone    away?    Ne  m'en  fus-je   pas     had  I  not  gone  away? 
etc.  all6?  etc.  etc. 

Futur  Anterieur 
M'en    serai-je    all6  ?    shall    I    have  gone    Ne  m'en  serai-je  pas    shall  I  not  have  gone 
etc.  away?  etc.  all6?  etc.  away?  etc. 

LE  CONDITIONNEL 

M'en  serais-je  all6  ?        should  I  have  gone   Ne    m'en    serais-je    should  I  not  have  gone 
etc.  away?  etc.  pasall6?etc.  away?  etc. 

The  verb  se  flatter  means  to  flatter  one's  self.  For  practice  insert  en  before  flatter  and 
conjugate  like  s'en  aller. 

S'en  flatter,  to  flatter  one''s  self  on  account  of  it. 

EUe  s'en  flatte.     She  flatters  herself  on  it  {on  account  of  it). 

85.  In  English  we  say  Be  slopped  the  carriage.  The  carriage  stopped.  We 
call  the  verb  in  the  last  sentence  intransitive. 

The  French  turn  a  transitive  into  a  reflexive  verb  in  such  cases,  with  the  idea 
that  the  transitive  verb  should  remain  transitive.  The  carriage  stopped  \%  there- 
fore in  French  La  voiture  s'est  arretle  {the  carriage  stopped  itself) . 

86.  Conjugate  the  following  reflexive  verbs  : 

S'arreter,  to  stop,  to  stay  Se  lever,  to  get  up,  rise 

Se  baisser  (a  w.  inf.),  to  stoop  Se  rejouir  (de  w.  inf.),  to  rejoice 

S'enhardir  (a  w.  inf.),  to  grow  bold 
Se  baisser  requires  a  before  the  infinitive  or  noun  following. 

EUe  s'est  baissee  a  vous  prier  de  ne  pas  y  aller.  She  stooped  to  beg  you  not  to 
go  the7'e. 

More  frequently  the  French  would  say  EUe  s'est  baissee  jusqu'au  point  de  vous  prier, 
etc. 

S'enhardir.    Je  me  suis  enhardi  a  vous  demander  la  permission  de  sortir.     / 

have  made  bold  to  ask  you  for  permission  to  go  out. 

Se  rejouir.  Je  me  suis  rejoui  d'apprendre  que  votre  frSre  se  ritablissait  de 
sa  maladie.     I  rejoiced  to  lea^-n  that  your  brother  was  recovering  from  his  illness. 

87.    THE  IMPERSONAL  VERB 

In  French  a  great  many  verbs  can  be  used  impersonally  by  placing  before 
the  third  person  singular  of  the  proper  tense  the  pronoun  il,  just  as  we  use  in 
English  the  introductory  subject  //  and  sometimes  there.  II  semble  — .  // 
seems  — . 


96 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


As  in  English,  there  are  also  verbs  in  French  used  always  impersonally,  with 
reference  to  the  phenomena  of  nature,  etc. ;   as  II  neige.     It  snows  {is  snowing). 

Besides  these  there  are  in  French  a  few  verbs  which  are  essentially  imper- 
sonal, and  which  cannot  have  a  personal  subject ;  such  as  falloir,  y  avoir,  s'agir, 
s'en  falloir. 

Tht  past  participle  of  an  impersonal  verb  is  invariable. 

Y  avoir  means  literally,  there  to  have^  but  its  English  equivalent  is  there 
to  be. 

As  we  have  noticed,  etre  is  often  translated  into  English  by  to  have ;  as  is 
the  case  in  reflexive  verbs  and  "verbs  of  motion."  In  the  case  of  y  avoir,  avoir 
is  translated  by  to  be ;  so,  II  y  a  un  livre  sur  la  table  (lit.,  //  there  has  a  book  on 
the  table)  is  translated  by  our  idiom   There  is  a  book  on  the  table. 

As  y  avoir  is  a  true  impersonal  verb  it  is  used  only  in  the  third  person 
singular.     Therefore : 

II  y  a  also  means  there  are.  II  y  a  trois  livres  sur  la  table.  There  are  three 
books  on  the  table. 


Y  avoir 


Y  ayant 


CONJUGATION    OF  Y   AVOIR  =  THERE   TO    BE 


Infinitif  Present 
there  to  be 

Participe  Present 
there  being 


Participe   Passe 
Eu  (invariable)  been 

Participe  Passe  Compose 
Y  ayant  eu  there  having  been 


II  y  a 


88.     Affirmatively 


L'INDICATIF 


Present 


89.     Negatively 


there  is  or  there  are  II  n'y  a  pas 


there  is  not  or  there  are 
not 
Imparfait 
II  y  avait  there  was  or  there  were  II  n'y  avait  pas  there  was  not    or   there 

were  nut 
Passe  Defini 

II  y  eut  there  was  or  there  were  II  n'y  eut  pas  there    was  not   or  there 

were  not 
Futur 

II  y  aura  there  will  be  II  n'y  aura  pas  there  will  not  be 

Passe  Indefini 
II  y  a  eu  there  has  been  c"/- there  have     II  n'y  a  pas  eu  there    has    not  been    or 

been  there  have  not  been 

Plus- que-par fait 
II  y  avait  eu         there  had  been  II  n'y  avait  pas  eu      there  had  not  been 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  97 

Passe  Anterieur 
II  y  eut  eu  there  had  been  II  n'y  eut  pas  eu         there  had  not  been 

Futur  Atitcrieur 
II  y  aura  eu         there  will  have  been  II  n'y  aura  pas  eu      there  will  not  have  been 

LE  CONDITIONNEL 

Present 

II  y  aurait  there  would  be  II  n'y  aurait  pas         there  would  not  be 

Passe 

II  y  aurait  eu      there  would  have  been  II  n'y  aurait  pas  eu     there     would    not    have 

been 

No  hnperatif 

LE  SUBJONCTIF 
Present 
Qu'il  y  ait  that  there  may  be  Qu'il  n'y  ait  pas         that  there  may  not  be 

Imparfait. 
Qu'il  y  eiit  that  there  might  be  Qu'il  n'y  eut  pas        that  there  might  not  be 

Passe 

Qu'il  y  ait  eu       that  there  may  have  been        Qu'il  n'y  ait  pas  eu    that  there  may  not  have 

been 
Plus-que-parfait 

Qu'il  y  eut  eu      that  there  might  have  been    Qu'il  n'y  efit  pas  eu    that  there  might  not  have 

been 
Example  of  use  of  y  avoir 

II  y  a  quelqu'un  a  la  porte.      There  is  some  one  at  the  door. 
II  y  aura  un  jeu  de  balle  cette  apres-midi.     There  will  be  a  game  of  ball  this 
aftertioon. 

L'INDICATIF 
90.     Interrogatively  91.    Negatively  and  Interrogatively 

Present 

Ya-t-il?  is  there?  are  there?  N'y  a-t-il  pas  ?  is  there  not?    are  there 

not? 
Imparfait 

Y  avait-il  ?  was  there  ?  were  there  ?  N'y  avait-il  pas  ?        was  there  not  ?  were  there 

not? 
Passe  Defini 

Y  eut-il  ?  was  there  ?  were  there  ?  N'y  eut-il  pas  ?  was  there  not  ?  were  there 

not? 
Futur 
Yaura-t-il?        will  there  be?  N'y  aura- t-il  pas ?      will  there  not  be? 

MARTIN'S    FRENCH   VERB  —  7 


98  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

Passe  Indejini 

Y  a-t-il  eu?  has  there  been?  have  there     N'y  a-t-il  pas  eu?       has  there  not  been?  have 

been?  there  not  been? 

Plus-que-parfait 

Y  avait-il  eu  ?     had  there  been?  N'y  eut-il  pas  eu?      had  there  not  been? 

Passe  Anterieur 

Y  eut-il  eu  ?         had  there  been?  N'y  avait-il  pas  eu  ?    had  there  not  been? 

Futur  Anterieur 

Y  aura-t-il  eu  ?    will  there  have  been?  N'y  aura-t-il  pas  eu ?  will  there  not  have  been ? 

LE  CONDITIONNEL 
Present 

Y  aurait-il  ?        would  there  be?  N'y  aurait-il  pas?      would  there  not  be  ? 

Passe 

Y  aurait-il  eu  ?   would  there  have  been?  N'y  aurait-il  pas  eu  ?  would    there    not    have 

been? 

Y  avait-il  des  pommes  dans  le  plat  ?     Were  there  any  apples  in  the  dish  ? 

Y  en  avait-il  ?      Were  there  any  {of  them)  ? 

II  y  en  avait  trois.     There  were  three  {of  them'). 

Y  aura-t-il  un  jeu  de  balle  aujourd'hui  ?      Will  there  be  a  ball  game  to-day  ? 
II  y  en  aura.      There  will  {be).      II  n'y  en  aura  pas.     There  will  not. 

Note  also  the  use  of  y  avoir  with  expressions  of  time  in  the  sense  of  time  ago. 
Ma  soeur  est  arriv6e,  il  y  a  trois  minutes  (heures).       My  sister  arrived  three  minutes 

{hours)   ago. 
Cette  semaine  il  y  a  eu  deux  jours  de  mauvais  temps.      This  week  there  have  been  two  days 

of  bad  weather. 
II  faisait  mauvais  temps  il  y  a  une  semaine.      //  {there)  was  bad  weather  a  week  ago. 

92.   THE  IMPERSONAL  VERB  FALLOtR 

Falloir  means  literally  to  be  necessary.     It  is  often  best  translated  by  must^ 
should^  or  ought  to,  or  to  need. 

It  is  used  with  the  person  or  thing  upon  which  the  necessity  rests,  as  indirect 
object  (generally  a  dative  pronoun)  followed  by  an  infinitive : 
II  me  faut  Icrire  une  lettre.     //  to  me  is  necessary  to  write  a  letter;  I  must  write 

a  letter. 
II  vous  faut  6tudier.  II  lui  faut  travailler. 

If  there  is  no  doubt  as  to  whom  the  necessity  applies,  the  indirect  object 
pronoun  is  generally  omitted  : 
II  fallait  m'^crire  (si  vous  n'aviez  plus  d'argent).      You  should  {ought  to)  have 

written  to  7ne  {if  yoit  had  no  more  money). 
II  fallait  venir  plus  tot.      You  should  have  come  sooner. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


99 


FALLOIR  =  MUST,  TO   BE   NECESSARY 
93.     Affirmatively  94.     Negatively 


Falloir 
Fallu 

II  f  aut 
II  fallait 
II  fallut 
II  faudra 
II  a  fallu 


Infimtif  Present 
to  be  necessary  Ne  pas  falloir 

Participe  Passe  Compose 
been  necessary 

No  Participe  Present 


not  to  be  necessary 


it  is  necessary 
it  was  necessary 
it  was  necessary 


L'INDICATIF 
Present 

II  ne  faut  pas  it  is  not  necessary 

Imparfait 

II  ne  fallait  pas  it  was  not  necessary 


Passe  Defini 

II  ne  fallut  pas  it  was  not  necessary 

Futur 

it  will  be  necessary  II  ne  faudra  pas  it  will  not  be  necessary 

Passe  Indefini 

it  has  been  necessary  II  n'a  pas  fallu  it  has  not  been  necessary 

Phis-q  ue-pa  rfa  it 

II  avait  fallu        it  had  been  necessary  II  n'avait  pas  fallu      it  had  not  been  necessary 

Passe  Anterieur 

II  eut  fallu  it  had  been  necessary  II  n'eut  pas  fallu         it  had  not  been  necessary 

Futur  Anterieur 

II  aura  fallu         it  will  have  been  necessary      II  n'aura  pas  fallu      it  will  not  have  been  nec- 
essary 

LE   CONDITIONNEL 

Present 

II  f audrait  it  would  be  necessary  II  ne  faudrait  pas       it  would  not  be  necessary 

Passe 

II  aurait  fallu      it  would  have  been  necessary    II  n'aurait  pas  fallu    it  would   not  have   been 

necessary 

No  hnperatif 

LE  SUBJONCriF 

Present 

Qu'il  faille  that  it  may  be  necessary  Quil  ne  faille  pas       that  it  may  not  be  neces- 

sary 


ICX)  THE  FRENCH    VERB 

Passe 

Qu'il  ait  fallu      thatit  may  have  been  neces-    Qu'il  n'ait  pas  fallu  that  it  may  not  have  been 
sary  necessary 

Imparfait 

Qu'il  fallfit  that  it  might  be  necessary        Qu'il  ne  fallflt  pas   that  it  might  not  be  nec- 

essary 
Plus-que-parfait 

Qu'il  eflt  fallu     that  it  might  have  been  nee-    Qu'il   n'eflt   pas  that   it   might  not    have 

essary  fallu  been  necessary 

Falloir  is  followed  by  an  infinitive  without  the  indirect  object  when  expressing 
general  obligation  : 

II  faut  faire  cela.     That  7nust  be  done. 

Que  faut-il  faire  pour  reussir?     What  must  one  do  to  succeed?     (Literally,  What 
is  it  necessary  to  do  in  order  to  succeed?) 

Falloir  is  very  often  followed  by  que  and  a  subjunctive  clause  and  must  be  so 
used  when  to  use  a  pronoun  with  an  infinitive  would  cause  ambiguity. 
II  faut  qu'il  parte  ;  11  faut  qu'elle  teste.     He  must  leave ;  she  must  remain. 

Note  that  no  preposition  is  used  after  falloir  before  an  infinidve,  or  before  a 
noun  used  as  direct  object. 

L'INDICATIF 
95.   Interrogatively  96.    Negatively  and  Interrogatively 

Present 
Faut-il?  is  it  necessary  ?  Ne  faut-il  pas?  is  it  not  necessary? 

Imparfait 
Fallait-il?  was  it  necessary  ?  Ne  fallait-il  pas?        was  it  not  necessary? 

Passe  Defini 
Fallut-il?  was  it  necessary  ?  Ne  fallut-il  pas?         was  it  not  necessary? 

Futur 
Faudra-t-il  ?        will  it  be  necessary  ?  Ne  f audra-t-il  pas  ?    will  it  not  be  necessary  ? 

Passe  Indejini 
A-t-il  fallu?         has  it  been  necessary  ?  N'a-t-il  pas  fallu?      has  it  not  been  necessary? 

Plus-que-parfait 

Avait-il  fallu  ?    had  it  been  necessary  ?  N'avait-il  pas  fallu?  had  it   not  been  neces- 

sary? 
Passe  Anterieur 

Eut-il  fallu?        had  it  been  necessary  ?  N'eut-il  pas  fallu?     had   it    not   been   neces- 

sary? 


THE  FRENCH    VERB  Id 

Futur  Antcrieur 
Aura-t-il  fallu?  will  it  have  been  necessary?       N'aura-t-il   pas         will  it  not  have  been  nec- 

fallu?  essary? 

LE  CONDITIONNEL 

Present 
Faudrait-il  ?        would  it  be  necessary  ?  Ne  f  audrait-il  pas  ?    would  it  not  be  necessary  ? 

Passe 

Aurait-il  fallu  ?  would  it  have  been  neces-     N'aurait-il    pas  would  it  not  have   been 

sary?  fallu?  necessary? 

Followed  by  a  noun,  falloir  expresses  need,  and  the  person  who  needs  is  the 
indirect  object : 

II  me  faut  de  I'argent.      There  to  me  is  necessary  some  money.     I  need  some  money. 
II  leur  f allait  des  livres.     They  needed  some  books.     II  faut  aux  enfants  des  sou- 
liers.     The  children  need  shoes. 

If  a  general  need  is  expressed,  the  indirect  object  is  omitted : 
II  faut  de  I'argent  (pour  faire  cela).     Money  is  needed,  is  necessary  {to  do  that). 

See  the  Verb  Dictionary  for  further  idiomatic  uses  of  falloir. 

97.    IMPERSONAL  VERB  S'EN  FALLOIR  =  TO  BE  WANTING;  TO  BE 
LACKING;   TO    BE   FAR   FROM 

S'en  falloir  means  literally  To  itself  of  it  (some)  is  necessary. 
Hence,  II  s'en  faut  que  leur  nombre  soit  complet  means  //  to  itself  some  is 
tacking  (necessary)  that  their  number  be  complete ;  or,  freely.  Their  number  is 
far  f?vm  being  complete. 

S'en  falloir  requires  that  the  verb  in  the  subordinate  clause  be  in  the  subjunc- 
tive, and  that  it  be  preceded  by  ne  when  there  is  doubt,  interrogation,  or  negation. 
Generally  de  peu  or  de  beaucoup  is  used  with  s'en  falloir.  S'en  falloir  may 
be  best  translated  by  To  be  nearly,  to  be  far  from  ;  or  by  lacks  but  little,  lacks  a 
great  deal  of  being.  The  student  will  notice  that  (as  illustrated  in  the  following 
examples)  in  order  to  get  a  free  translation  we  use  a  personal  subject  in  the  Eng- 
lish translation,  but  he  must  remember  that  s'en  falloir  is  a  true  impersonal  verb. 

Examples  of  use  of  s'en  falloir  : 
II  s'en  faut  de  peu  que  cette  bouteille  ne  soit  pleine.  Or  Peu  s'en  faut  que  cette 
bouteille  ne  soit  pleine.  That  bottle  is  nearly  full.  Or  That  bottle  lacks 
but  little  of  being  full. 
II  s'en  faut  de  beaucoup  qu'ils  aient  I'argent  n6cessaire.  They  are  far  from 
having  the  necessary  money.  Beaucoup  s'en  faut  qu'ils  aient  I'argent 
n^cessaire.     They  lack  a  great  deal  of  having  the  necessary  money. 


I02  THE  FRENCH   VERB 


98.    CONJUGATION   OF  S'EN   FALLOIR  =  TO   BE   WANTING ;   TO    BE 
LACKING;   TO   BE    FAR   FROM 

Infinitif  Present  Infinitif  Passe 

S'en  falloir  to  be  far  from,  etc.  S'en  etre  fallu         to  have  been  far  from,  etc. 

Participe  Passe  Compose  Participe  Passe 

S'en  6tant  fallu     having  been  far  from,  etc.  Fallu  been  far  from,  etc. 

TEMPS  SIMPLES  TEMPS  COMPOSES 

L'INDICATIF 

Present  Passe  Indefini 

II  s'en  faut  it  is  far  from,  etc.  II  s'en  est  fallu         it  has  been  far  from,  etc. 

Imparfait  Plus-que-parfaii 

II  s'en  fallait  it  was  far  from,  etc.  II  s'en  Itait  fallu      it  had  been  far  from,  etc. 

Passe  Dejini  Passe  Anterieur 

II  s'en  fallut  it  was  far  from,  etc.  II  s'en  fut  fallu  it  had  been  far  from,  etc. 

Futur  Fiitur  Anterieur 

II  s'en  faudra  it  will  be  far  from,  etc.  II  s'en  sera  fallu        it  will  have  been  far  from, 

etc. 

LE  CONDITIONNEL 

Present  Passe 

II  s'en  faudrait  it  would  be  far  from,   II  s'en  serait  fallu  it   would   have   been  far 

etc.  from,  etc 

LE   SUBJONCTIF 
Present  Passe 

Qu'il  s'en  faille  that  it  maybe  far  from,    Qu'il  s'en  soit  fallu  that  it  may  have  been  far 

etc.  from,  etc. 

Imparfait  Plus-que-parfait 

Qu'il  s'en  falllit  that   it   might  be  far    Qu'il  s'en  fiit  fallu   that   it   might  have  been 

from,  etc.  far  from,  etc. 

The  student  should  note  carefully  the  construction  with  s'en  falloir. 

Note  that  the  verb  is  incomplete  in  itself,  and  must  have  another  clause, 
expressed  or  understood,  to  complete  the  meaning. 
II  s'en  faut  de  beaucoup  qu'ils  puissent  faire  cela.     They  are  far  from  being  able 

to  do  thai. 
Oui,  il  s'en  faut  de  beaucoup.     Yes,  far  from  it. 

Conjugate  s'en  falloir  negatively,  interrogatively,  and  negatively  and  inter- 
rogatively. 

99.     THE   IMPERSONAL   VERB   ^'AGIR 
S'agir  is  another  verb  expressing  incomplete  action.     Its  meaning  is  gen- 
erally completed  by  de  followed  by  a  noun  or  an  infinitive. 


THE  FRENCH    VERB  103 

Agir  means  to  act,  to  operate;  hence,  II  s'agit  de  faire  cela  means  literally 
//  actSy  operates,  to  itself  of  doing  that.     We  can  best  translate  it  by  //  is  a  ques- 
tion, or  a  matter,  of  doing  that. 
II  s'agit  de  sa  vie.     It  is  a  question  of  his  life. 

II  s'agissait  d'agir  immldiatement.     It  was  a  question  of  acting  immediately. 
The  question  {point)  was  to  act  immediately. 

100.     S'AGIR=TO   BE   THE   MATTER,   TO   BE  THE   QUESTION 

Infinitif  Present 
S'agir  to  be  the  matter 

LTNDICATIF  LE   CONDITIONNEL 

TEMPS  SIMPLES  Present 

Present  jl  g'agirait  the  matter  would  be 

Passe 


II  s'agit  the  matter  is 


^    {  II  se  serait  agi  the  matter  would  have 

II  s'agissait  the  matter  was  ^^^^^ 

Passe  Defini 
II  s'agit  the  matter  was  LE  SUBJONCTIF 


Futur 


Present 


II  s'agira                       the  matter  will  be  ^^,  .^  ^,^^^^^^                 ^^^^  ^^^  ^^^^^^  ^^^  ^^ 

TEMPS  COMPOSI^S  Imparfait 

Passe  Indcfini  p^^,.j  g,^^.^                       ^^^^  ^^^  ^^^^^^  ^jgl^^ 

II  s'est  agi                     the  matter  has  been  j^g 

Plus-que-parfait 
II  s'6tait  agi  the  matter  had  been 

Passe  Anterieur  Qu'il  se  soit  agi             that    the   matter   may 

,,        ,  ,       .                    ,                  ,     ,  ,  have  been 
II  se  fut  agi                   the  matter  had  been 

Futur  Anterieur  Plus-que-parfait 

II  se  sera  agi                 the   matter   will   have  Qu'il  se  flit  agi              that  the  matter  might 

been  ^>ave  been 

loi.     ADVENIR    OR  AVENIR  =  TO   HAPPEN,  TO   OCCUR,  ETC. 

Infinitif  Present  Participe  Present 

Advenir                        to  happen  Advenant                     happening 

Participe  Passe  Compose 

Advenu  happened 

L'INDICATIF  LE  CONDITIONNEL 

Present  .  '                             Present 

II  advient                     it  happens  II  adviendrait                 it  would  happen 


I04 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


Imp  ar fait 
II  advenait  it  was  happening 

Passe  Dt'Jini 
II  advint  it  happened 

Futur 
II  adviendra  it  will  happen 

Passe  Indefini 
II  est  advenu  it  has  happened 

Plus- que-parf ait 
II  Itait  advenu  it  had  happened 

Passe  Anterieur 
II  fut  advenu  it  liad  happened 

Futur  Anterieur 
II  sera  advenu  it  will  have  happened 


II  serait  advenu 


Passe 

it    would     have    hap- 
pened 

No  Imperatif 


LE   SUBJONCTIF 
Present 
Qu'il  advienne  that  it  may  happen 

Imp  ar  fait 
Qu'il  advint  that  it  might  happen 

Passe 
Qu'il  soit  advenu  that  it  may  have  hap- 

pened 

Plus-que-parfait  ' 
Qu'il  fflt  advenu  that  it  might  have  hap- 

pened 


Note  the  auxiliary  etre.     Conjugate  negatively  and  interrogatively. 
Advenir  is  used  more  than  avenir. 
II  est  advenu  que  la  guerre  a  elate  le  meme  jour.     //  happened  that  the  war  broke 
out  the  same  day. 

The  student  should  compare  advenir  with  the  use  of  arriver  as  an  impersonal 
verb.  Advenir  is  used  of  happenings  which  are  perhaps  of  greater  importance 
than  those  with  reference  to  which  arriver  is  used. 

II  est  arrive  a  mon  frere  d'etre  absent  ce  jour-la.     My  brother  happened  to  be 
absent  that  day. 

Advenir  is  of  frequent  use  in  the  idioms  quoiqu'il  advienne,  whatever  may 
happen  ;  advienne  que  pourra,  happen  what  will,  may. 

Convenir,  to  suit ;  to  be  expedient  (used  impersonally)  is  conjugated  Hke  adve- 
nir, but  has  the  auxiliary  avoir.     Requires  de  before  infinitive. 

II  vous  convient  d'etre  poli.     //  is  expedient  for  you  to  be  polite. 
Vous  convient-il  d'y  aller  aujourd'hui  ?     Does  it  suit  you  to  go  to-day  ? 
Convenir  is  also  used  as  a  personal  verb.     It    is    discussed    under    the    verb 
venir,  and  in  the  Verb  Dictionary. 


102.   IMPERSONAL  VERBS  USED  IN  DESCRIBING  PHENOMENA  OF 

NATURE 

The  following  is  a  list  of  verbs  used  always  impersonally  with  reference  to  the 
phenomena  of  nature : 


THE  FRENCH    VERB  I05 

Geler,  to  freeze.  Pleuvoir,  to  rain.  Bruiner,  to  drizzle. 

Greler,  to  hail.  Regeler,  to  freeze  again.  Degeler,  to  thaw. 

Neiger,  to  snow.  Tonner,  to  thunder.  Faire  des  eclairs,  to  lighten. 

Faire  des  Eclairs,  to  make  some  {^flashes  of)  lightnings  corresponds  to  our  verb 
lighten.  The  verb  faire  has  already  been  conjugated.  It  is  used  frequently  by 
the  French  as  an  impersonal  verb.  Other  examples  of  its  use  can  be  found  in 
the  Verb  Dictionary. 

103.     CONJUGATION   OF  GELER  =  TO   FREEZE 

Infinitif  Present  .     Parti cipe  Present 

Geler  to  freeze  Gelant  freezing 

Participe  Passe  Compose 
Gel6  frozen 


L'INDICATIF 

LE 

;  CONDITIONNEL 

Present 

Present 

11  gdle 

it  freezes 

11  gglerait 

it  would  freeze 

11  gelait 

Imparfait 

it  was  freezing 

11  aurait  gel6 

Passe 

it  would  have  frozen 

11  gela 

Passe  Defini 
it  froze 

No  Imperatif 

11  gSlera 

Futur 

it  will  freeze 

LE   SUBJONCTIF 

Present 

11  a  gel6 

Passe  Indefini 

it  has  frozen 

Qu'il  gdle 

that  it  may  freeze 
Imparfait 

11  avait  gel6 
11  eut  gel6 

Plus-que-parfait 

it  had  frozen 

Passe  Anterieur 

it  had  frozen 

Qu'il  geUt 
Qu'il  eat  gel6 

that  it  might  freeze 
Plus-que-pa  rfa  it 

that     it     might    have 
frozen 

Futur  Anterieur  Passe 

II  aura  gel6  it  will  have  frozen  Qu'il  ait  gel6  that  it  may  have  frozt- n 

See  Par.  60.     Like  geler,  conjugate  d6geler  to  thaw,  and  regeler,  to  freeze 
again. 

104.     CONJUGATION   OF   PLEUVOIR  =  TO   RAIN 

Infinitif  Present  Participe  Present 

Pleuvoir  to  rain  Pleuvant  raining 

Participe  Passe 
Plu  {inv.)         rained    ' 


io6 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


LE  CONDITIONNEL 
Present 
II  pleuvrait  it  would  rain 

Passe 
II  aurait  plu  it  would  have  rained 

No  Imperatif 


L'INDICATIF 
Present 
II  pleut  it  rains 

Imp  ar fait 
II  pleuvait  it  was  raining 

Passe  Dcfini 
II  plut  it  rained 

Futur 
II  pleuvra  it  will  rain 

Passe  Indefini 
II  a  plu  it  has  rained 

Plus-que-parfait 
II  avait  plu  it  had  rained 

Passe  Anterieur 
II  eut  plu  it  had  rained 

Futur  Anterieur 
II  aura  plu  it  will  have  rained 

Conjugate  geler  and  pleuvoir  negatively ;  also  negatively  and  interrogatively. 


LE  SUBJONCTIF 
Present 
Qu'il  pleuve  that  it  may  rain 

Imparfait 
Qu'il  plfit  that  it  might  rain 

Passe 
Qu'il  ait  plu  that  it  may  have  rained 

Plus-que-parfait 
Qu'il  eflt  plu  that  it  might  have  rained 


Neiger 

II  neige 
II  neigeait 
II  neigea 
II  neigera    • 
II  a  neig§ 
II  avait  neig6 


105.   CONJUGATION    OF   NEIGER  =  TO   SNOW 

Infinitif  Present  Participe  Present 

to  snow  Neigeant  snowing 

Participe  Passe 
Neig6        snowed 

LE  CONDITIONNEL 
Present 
II  neigerait  it  would  snow 

Passe 
II  aurait  neig6  it  would  have  snowed 

No  Imperatif 


L'INDICATIF 

Present 

it  snows 
Imparfait 

it  was  snowing 
Passe  Defini 

it  snowed 
Futur 

it  will  snow 
Passe  Indefini 

it  has  snowed 


Plus-  que- pa  rfa  it 

it  had  snowed 

Passe  Anterieur 
II  eut  neigl  it  had  snowed 

Futur  Anterieur 
II  aura  neig6  it  will  have  snowed 

See  verbs  ending  in  ger,  Par.  55. 


LE   SUBJONCTIF 
Present 
Qu'il  neige  that  it  may  snow 

Imparfait 
Qu'il  neigeit  that  it  might  snow 

Passe 
Qu'il  ait  neig§  that  it  may  have  snowed 

Plus-que-parfait 
Qu'il  eflt  neig6  that     it      might      have 

snowed 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


107 


106.    CONJUGATI 

ON   C 

)F   GRELER  = 

=  T0    HAIL 

Infinitif  Present 

Participe  Present 

Gr^ler 

to  hail 

Grglant 

hailing 

Participe  Passe 

6rel6 

hailed 

L'INDICATIF 

LE 

CONDITIONNEL 

Present 

Present 

11  grele 

it  hails 
Imparfait 

11  grelerait 

it  would  hail 
Passe 

11  grelait 
11  grela 

it  was  hailing 
Passe  Dejini 

it  hailed 

11  aurait  grel6 

it  would  have  hailed 
No  Imperatif 

11  grelera 
11  a  grel§ 
11  avait  grel^ 

Putur 

it  will  hail 
Passe  Indefini 

it  has  hailed 
Plus-  que -pa  rfa  it 
\                  it  had  hailed 

LE  SUBJONCTIF 
Present 
Qu'il  grele                    that  it  may  hail 

Iniparfait 
Qu'il  greiat                  that  it  might  hail 

Passe  Anterieur 

Passe 

11  eut  grel6 

it  had  hailed 
Futur  Anterieur  \ 

Qu'il  ait  grel6 

that  it  may  have  hailed 
Plus-que-parfait 

11  aura  grel6 

it  will  have  hailed 

Qu'il  eat  grel6 

that  it  might  have  hailed 

Conjugate  the  following  impersonal  verbs : 
Bruiner,  to  drizzle.     Conster,  to  appear  (law  term). 
Importer,  to  be  of  importance.     Tonner,  to  thunder. 

Uses  of  importer : 
II  n'importe  pas.     //  matters  not ;  it  is  of  no  impprtance. 
II  n'importe  guire  (peu) .     It  is  of  little  importance  ;  it  matters  little. 

Importer  is  much  used  in  the  following  idiomatic  forms : 
Que  m'importe,  que  vous  importe  ?      What  does  it  signify  to  7ne,  to  you  ?     What 

is  it  to  me,  to  you  ?     What  does  it  matter  to  me,  to  you  ? 
N'importe  qui.      Whoever  you  like,  any  one  ;  no  matter  who  {tvhom). 
N'importe  quoi.     No  matter  what. 
N'importe.     It  doesn' t  matter ;  nevermind. 
N'importe  quand.     At  any  time,  etc. 

Importer  requires  de  before  an  infinitive.     II  importe  de  faire  cela  tout  de  suite. 

The  verb  conster  is  little  used,  and  only  in  legal  procedure.     The  ordinary 
verb  for  to  appear  is  paraitre.     Conster  requires  Itre  in  its  compound  tenses. 


I08  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

Cela  is  frequently  used  as  the  subject  of  impersonal  verbs. 
Cela  advient  souvent.     That  happens  often. 
Cela  me  convient.     That  suits  me. 
Cela  ne  m'importe.      That  doesrCt  matter  to  me. 

Importer  is  also  used  with  personal  subject:  Ces  personnes  ne  m'importent; 
ses  actions  ne  m'importent. 

107.   THE  PASSIVE  VERB 

1.  The  English  use  of  the  passive  verb  is  very  careless.  Properly  speaking, 
a  passive  verb  should  always  be  convertible  into  a  transitive  verb  having  as  direct 
object  the  subject  of  the  passive  form.  John  was  struck  by  James  is  a  true  passive 
form,  and  may  be  expressed  hy  James  struck  John. 

But  we  see  in  English  such  sentences  as  He  was  given  the  money.  Putting 
this  into  the  active  voice  we  must  write  Some  one  gave  {to)  him  the  money ;  the 
subject  of  the  passive  form  used  becoming  the  indirect  object. 

We  even  find  intransitive  verbs  used  passively  in  English. 

In  French  (with  only  two  exceptions)  a  passive  verb  is  always  from  a  transi- 
tive verb,  and  the  student  must  bear  this  in  mind  when  translating  English  into 
French. 

The  two  exceptions  mentioned  are  obeir  {to  give  obedience  to,  to  obey)  and 
desobeir  {to  disobey),  which  are  intransitive  verbs  and  require  a  in  the  active 
voice  before  an  object;  as  II  a  obei  a  sa  mire.  He  obeyed  {gave  obedience  to)  his 
mother. 

We  can  say  in  French  Elle  a  Itl  obeie  (a  passive  from  an  intransitive  French 
verb). 

2.  The  French  do  not  use  the  passive  so  much  as  the  English.  They  use  it 
only  when  the  construction  is  truly  a  passive  one,  as  shown  above. 

For  the  many  so-called  passive  constructions  in  English  the  French  have  two 
constructions  which  enable  them  to  avoid  the  passive. 

y      One  of  these  constructions  is  the  active  form  of  the  verb  with  on.     The  other 
is  the  reflexive  verb. 

In  English,  we  say  It  is  said  that  it  will  snow  to-morrow  ;  the  French  say  On 
dit  qu'il  neigera  demain.  In  English  we  say  Apples  are  sold  cheaper  this  year 
than  last;  the  French  say  Les  pommes  se  vendent  a  meilleur  marchi  cette  annee 
que  I'ann^e  passes. 

So,  Where  is  that  silk  soldi  is,  in  French,  Ou  cette  sole  se  vend-elle?  or  Oii 
vend-on  cette  sole  ? 

The  student  should  familiarize  himself  with  the  use  of  these  French 
constructions. 


THE  FRENCH    VERB 


[09 


3.  Note  that  the  use  of  tenses  in  the  passive  verb  corresponds  to  their  use 
in  the  active  voice. 

Cesar  prit  la  ville  de  Pompeii  (pass6  d^f.).     Caesar  captured  the  city  of  Pompeii. 
La  ville  de  Pompeii  fut  prise  par  C^sar  (pass^  d^f.).      The  city  of  Pompeii  was 

captured  by  Caesar. 
L'ennemi  a  pris  cette  ville  hier  (pass^  ind^f.).      The  enemy  captured  that  city 

yesterday. 
Cette   ville  a  ete  prise  hier  (pass6  ind^f.).     That  city  was  captured  yesterday    * 

{i.e.  the  action  of  capture  was  performed  yesterday). 
La  ville  etait  prise  hier  (imparfait  du  passif).     The  city  was  captured  {i.e.  in  a^ 
state  of  capture)  yesterday. 
Note  the  difference  in  the  last  two  sentences,  and  guard  against  using  the  -* 
imparfait  of  the  passive  when  the  passe  indef.  should  be  used. 

The  passive  form  of  a  verb  in  French,  as  in  English,  is  always  conjugated  with 
etre,  to  be. 

108.   AGREEMENT  OF  THE   PAST  PARTICIPLE 

1.  The  past  participle  of  all  verbs  conjugated  with  etre,  except  reflexive 
verbs,  agrees  in  gender  and  number  with  the  subject. 

Examples : 

Elles  sont  venues.      They  have  come. 

Ces  lettres  ont  ete  renvoyees.     Those  letters  have  been  sent  back. 

2.  The  past  participle  of  all  other  verbs,  including  reflexive  verbs,  agrees  in 
gender  and  number  with  the  direct  object  of  the  verb  when  the  direct  object 
precedes  the  past  participle. 

Examples : 

Avez-vous  pris  la  lettre?     Did  you  take  the  letter? 
Mon  frere  I'a  prise.     My  brother  took  it. 
Elles  se  sont  flatt6es.      They  (fem.)  flattered  themselves. 
But  ....  Elles  se  sont  ^crit  (des  lettres).     They  wrote  {to)  each  other, 

3.  The  past  participle  of  an  impersonal  verb  is  invariable. 

FORMATION  OF   TENSES 
109.   REMARKS   ON   THE   FORMATION   OF  TENSES 

Before  he  begins  to  study  the  conjugation  of  the  irregular  verbs,  the  student 
should  refresh  his  mind  as  to  the  remarks  which  have  been  given  from  time  to 
time  in  the  preceding  part  of  the  text  concerning  the  formation,  of  different 
tenses. 


I  lO  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

He  should  acquire  the  habit  of  constructing  the  tenses  from  the  principal 
parts  or  primitive  tenses ^  applying  the  rules  that  have  been  given  him. 

Having  acquired  this  habit  and  having  studied  the  different  classifications  of 
irregular  verbs,  he  will  find  Httle  difficulty  in  their  use. 

no.   A  recapitulation  of  the  rules  for  forming  the  different  tenses  is  here 
given,  with  tables  of  the  endings  of  the  tenses  of  the  four  conjugations. 
The  five  primitive  tenses  are  : 

The  Infinitive.  The  Past  Participle. 

The  Present  Participle.  The  Present  Indicative. 

The  First  Person  of  the  Past  Definite. 

The  remaining  tenses  of  the  verb  are  derived  from  the  above  primitive  tenses 
or  principal  parts  as  follows  : 

The  endings  of  the  present  infinitives  of  the  four  conjugations  are :  er,  ir,  oir,  and  re. 

1.  From  the  Infinitive  derive: 

a.  The  Future  Indicative  by  adding  to  the  I?ifinitive  the  endings  ai,  as, 
a,  ons,  ez,  ont. 

The  future  of  all  verbs  therefore  ends  in : 

Singular 
1st  Pers.       2d  Pers. 
rai  ras 

See  note  i,  below. 

b.  The  Present  Conditional  by  adding  to  the  Infinitive  the  endings  ais, 
ais,  ait,  ions,  iez,  aient. 

The  conditional  of  all  verbs  ends  in  : 

Singular  Plural 

1st  Pers.  2d  Pers.        3d  Pers.  1st  Pers.         2d  Pers.  3d  Pers. 

rais  rais  rait  ^  rions  riez  raient 

Note  i.  —  In  forming  the  Future  Indicative  and  the  Present  Conditional 
from  the  Infinitive  as  directed,  the  oi  of  the  ending  oir  is  dropped  in  the  third 
conjugation ;  and  the  e  of  the  ending  re  of  the  fourth  conjugation.  Thus  the 
future  of  recevoir  is  je  recevrai,  tu  recevras,  il  recevra,  nous  recevrons,  vous 
recevrez,  ils  recevront.  The  conditional  (pres.)  of  rendre  is  je  rendrais,  tu  rendrais, 
etc.     See  Par.  51,  6. 

The  present  participle  ends  in  ant  in  all  verbs.  t 

2.  From  the  Present  Participle  derive  : 

a.    The  Three  Persons  Plural  of  the  Present  Indicative  by  changing  the 
termination  ant  of  the  present  participle  to  ons^  ez,  ent. 


Plural 

Pers. 

1st  Pers. 

2d  Pers. 

3d  Pers. 

ra 

rons 

rez 

ront 

THE  FRENCH   VERB  m 

Note  2.  —  There  are  three  exceptions  to  the  rule  for  forming  the  Plural  ol 
the  Present  Indicative  from  the  Present  Participle.     The  exceptions  are  ; 
AUer  Dire  Faire 


]e  vais 

je  dis 

je  fais 

tu  vas 

tu  dis 

tu  fais 

ilva 

ildit 

il  fait 

nous  allons 

nous  disons 

nous  faisons 

vous  allez 

vous  dites 

vous  iaites 

lis  vont 

ils  disent 

ils  font 

b.  The  Imperfect  Indicative  in  all  verbs  by  changing  the  termination  ant 
of  the  present  participle  to 

Singular  Plural 

1st  Pers.        2d  Pers.        3d  Pers.  ist  Pers.         2d  Pers.  3d  Pers. 

ais  ais  ait  ions  iez  aient 

c.  The  Present  Subjunctive  in  all  vei'bs  by  changing  the  termination  ant 
of  the  present  participle  to  e,  es,  e,  ions,  iez,  ent. 

Note.  —  The  past  participle  ends  in  e,  i,  u,  t,  or  s. 

From  the  Past  Participle  derive  : 

All  the  Compound  Tenses  by  placing  before  it  the  proper  auxiliary,  which 
may  be  avoir  or  etre,  as  heretofore  explained. 

The  Present  Indicative. 

I.    The  First  Person  Singular  of  the  Present  Indicative  always  ends  in  e 
or  s. 

When  the  first  person  ends  in  e,  the  second  ends  in  es,  the  third  in  e. 
If  the  first  person  ends  in  s,  the  second  also  ends  in  s ;  the  third  in  t 
or  d ;  in  d,  if  d  is  found  in  the  stem. 

Singular 
1st  Pers.  2d  Pers.    , 

je  tu 

e  es 


Note  3.  —  The  following  verbs  are  exceptions 

Convaincre  Vaincre  Pouvoir  Vouloir 

je  convaincs  je  vaincs  ju  puis  je  veux 

tu  convaincs  tu  vaincs  tu  peux  tu  veux 

il  convainc  il  valnc  il  pent  il  veut 

nous  convainquons  nous  vainquons  nous  pouvons  nous  voulons  nous  valons  nous  allons 

vous  convainquez  vous  vainquez  vous  pouvez  vous  voulez     vous  valez     vous  allez 

ils  convainquent  ils  vainquent  ils  peuvent  ils  veulent      ils  valent      Us  vont 


3d  Pers. 

il  elle 

e 

t^rd 

Valoir 

AUer 

f            je  vaux 

je  vais 

X        '    tu  vaux 

tu  vas 

il  vaut 

ilKO 

112  THE  FRENCH    VERB 

From  the  Present  Indicative  derive  : 

a.  The  Second  Person  Singular  of  the  Imperative  by  dropping  the  pro- 
noun je  of  the  first  person  singular ;  as  je  pars,  pars. 

b.  The  First  and  Second  Persons  Plural  of  the  Imperative  by  dropping 
the  pronouns  nous  and  vous  in  the  corresponding  forms  of  the  present  indica- 
tive ;  as  nous  partons,  vous  partez,  parions,  partez. 

The  third  persons  singular  and  plural  of  the  imperative  are  identical  with 
the  third  persons  singular  and  plural  of  the  present  subjunctive. 
5.    The  Past  Definite. 
From  the  First  Person  Singular  of  the  Past  Definite  are  derived  : 

a.  The  remaining  forfns  of  the  Past  Definite  by  changing  the  termination 
s  to  s,  t,  mes,  tes,  rent ;  as  je  partis,  tu  partis,  il  partif,  nous  parti/wes,  vous 
parti^e^,  ils  partire/if . 

Endings  of  the  Past  Definite 

a  ames  &tes  ^rent  ist  conjugation 

it  imes  ites  irent  2d  conjugation 

ut  iimes  iites  urent  3d  conjugation 

it  imes  ites  irent  4th  conjugation 

Note.  —  The  first  person  of  the  past  definite  of  the  first  conjugation  does 

not  end  in  s,  but  in  i.     The  above  rule  for  deriving  the  remaining  forms  of 

the  past  definite  becomes,  for  the  first  conjugation  : 

Change  the  termination  i  to  s  for  the  2d  person,  drop  it  for  the  3d  person, 
and  change  it  to  mes,  tes,  and  rent  for  the  three  persons  plural. 

b.  The  Imperfect  Subjunctive  by  changing  the  termination  i  or  s  of  the 
First  Person  Singular  Past  Definite  to  sse,  sses,  t,  ssions,  ssiez,  ssent;  as 
je  partly,  que  je  parti^^e,  que  tu  parti55e5,  qu'il  partif,  que  nous  parti55/o/i5, 
que  vous  partiss/ez,  qu'ils  parti55e/?f . 

In  the  third  person  singular  of  the  imperfect  subjunctive,  and  in  the  first 
and  second  persons  plural  of  the  past  definite  a  circumflex  accent  is  placed 
over  the  vowel  preceding  the  terminations  t,  mes,  tes ;  as  qu'il  partif,  nous 
parti/we*,  vous  partife*. 

Endings  of  the  Imperfect  Subjunctive 

asse  asses  fit  assions  assiez  assent 

isse  isses  it  issions  issiez  issent 

usse  usses    '  fit  ussions  ussiez  ussent 

isse  isses  it  issions  issiez  issent 

III.    Hereafter,  unless  otherwise  directed,  the  verb  should  always  be  written 
on  the  blackboard  by  the  student  according  to  the  following  model : 


ai 

as 

is 

is 

us 

us 

is 

is 

THE  FRENCH   VERB 


113 


Partir,  to  depart.     Auxiliary,  etre 


frimitive 
Tenses 

Derived 
Tenses 

je 

tu 

U,  eUe,  on 

nous 

vous 

ils,  eUes 

Partir 

Future 

partirai 

partiras 

partira 

partirons 

partirez 

partiront 

Conditional 

partirais 

partirais  partirait  partirions 

partiriez 

partiraient 

Partawf 

3d  Pers.  PI. 

Pres.  Tnd. 

partons 

partez 

partent 

Impf.  Tnd. 

partais 

partais 

partait 

partions 

partiez 

partaient 

Pres.  Subj. 

q.  parte 

partes 

parte 

partions 

partiez 

partent 

Parti    Compound  tenses,  suis  parti,  etc. 

Jepars 

Pres.  Ind. 

pars  V 

pars 

part 

partons 

partez 

partent 

Imperative 

pars 

partons 

partez 

Je  partis 

Past  Definite 

partis 

partis 

partit 

partimes 

partites 

partirent 

Impf.  Subj. 

q.  partissc 

>  partissesLpartit 

partissions 

partissiez 

partissent 

Reflexive  verbs  will  be  written  as  follows  : 

Se  servir,  to  use.     Auxiliary,  etre 

Primitive 
Tenses 

Derived 
Tenses 

jeme 

tute 

Use 

nous  nous 

vous  vous 

ilsse 

Servir 

Future 

servirai 

serviras 

servira 

servirons 

servirez 

serviront 

servirait     servirais  servirait  servirions      serviriez       serviraient 


Servawf 


servais 
serve 


servais 
serves 


servait 
serve 

sert 


servez 
serviez 
serviez 


Conditional 

3d  Pers.  PI. 
Pres.  Ind. 

Impf.  Ind. 

Pres.  Subj. 
Servi    Compound  tenses,  suis  servi,  etc. 
Je  sers       Pres.  Ind.        sers    v         sers 

Imperative  \    sers-toi 

^  servis   Past  Definite  servis  servis       servit 

Impf.  Subj.      servisse      servisses  servit 

The  three  persons  plural  of  the  present  indicative  are  written  twice ;  once  as 
a  derivative  tense ;  and,  second,  as  a  primitive  tense  for  the  imperative. 


servons 
servions 
servions 

servons 


servent 

servaient 

servent 

servent 


servez 

servons-nous  servez- vous 
servimes        servites        servirent 
servissions     servissiez     servissent 


THE  IRREGULAR  VERBS 
CONJUGATION   OF   IRREGULAR   VERBS 
112.  THE  FIRST  CONJUGATION 
Besides  aller  (and  s'en  aller),  already  conjugated,  the  only  irregular  verbs  of 
the  first  conjugation  are  envoyer  and  renvoyer. 

Envoyer  and  renvoyer  change  y  into  i  before  an  e  mute  ;  see  table  of  verbs 
having  orthographical  peculiarities,  Par.  51.  They  are  irregular  in  the  future 
indicative  and  the  present  conditional. 

Note  the  variations  from  the  rules  for  deriving  tenses  from  the  Primitive 
Tenses. 

martin's    FRENCH   VERB  —  8 


114 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


1 


W 


o 

> 


5; 


r 

a 


■<, 


Vi     '^ 


T3     c 
3     ^ 


s  I  ^ 


^  ^ 


^   ^ 


^  b 


0?-^ 
^.^1 


P  ^ 


-■  ^   ^   >   u  ^ 


CO 


i<    'C   -tJ     3 
J       <U      1)      d) 


.«2  a 

S  ^  g 

5?    c: 


s:  5  ^ 


5 !:  g  3  s  ^ 

«)    S    *    O    O    00 

H->H  a  &  >  s 


N  d 

.2  ^^ 

o  o  o 

>-  >  >- 

a  a  a 

M  Pii)  P^ 


C    G    <u 


i 


1^  Tl 

-^  ^  g  s  ^ 


^      HH 


2    a; 


o  ^   t> 
>;  fl  fl 

C     d)     4> 


3    S    3 

O'O'O' 


^  ^   ^   pG   43   ^ 


.2o  2 

o  >  o 

>.  a  > 

o  <u  d 

0)   ^  a; 

3    S  S    3    3    ;3 
O'O'O'CVO'O' 


g 

N 

o 

a> 

•J-l 

•  rH 

>. 

>> 

4-> 

o 

o 

3 

> 

>. 

(U 

a 

3 

"o 

> 

<u 

d) 

GO 

en 

3 

3 

3 

<u 

O 

O 

tUC 


bfl 


be 

bX)  c  .S  -5  ^    G 

«     <U     W 


2    -» 


^      tf)      C      OJ      « 

^1^  §  ^ 


G     en 


lU 


!"    j-^ 


<u    i::. 


2  ^ 


^  ^-5 


I 


^ 
.^ 


»^   0^  9 

>*  >^ 

o  o 


! 


g  SI 

2  o  .2  o  3  3  o 

o  ^  2  ^  *  S  > 

<D    3  _^    3    O  O  M 


9     N    -M 

S  ^  5^  ►  >  >» 

g    3    "    O    S    « 

f-,H  a  s  >  a 


<U     M 

2        >>  >>  2 

J?    _    O    o  /<u 
g   ^   «    a.   S 

3    ""    O    g    <» 

,H  a  a  >  a 


I 


! 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


115 


I 


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126 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


119.    The  verb  asseoir  has  two  forms  for  its  conjugation;  the  first  is  generally 


used. 


The  Future  and  the  Conditional  have  a  third  form. 

The  forms  are  shown  below,  the  pronouns  being  written  but  once. 


ASSEOIR  =  TO   SEAT 

Injinitif  Present  Infinitif  Passe 

Asseoir  to  seat 

Participe  Present 
ist  Form  2d  Form 

Asseyant        Assoyant        seating  Ayant  assis        having  seated 

Participe  Passe 
Assis  {m.s.),  assise  {f.s.),  assis  {m.pl.),  assises  {f-pl.),  seated 


Avoir  assis  to  have  seated 

Participe  Passe  Compose 


L'INDICATIF 

TEMPS 

SIMPLES 

Primitive 

Present 

Primitive 

Tenses 

ist  Form 

2d  Form 

Tenses 

J'assieds 

J'assieds 

assois 

I  seat 

J'assois 

Tu  assieds 

assois 

thou  seatest 

11  assied 

assoit 

he  seats 

On  assied 

assoit 

one  seats 

Asseyant 

Nous  asseyons 

assoyons 

we  seat 

Assoyant 

Vous  asseyez 

assoyez 

you  seat 

lis  asseyent 

assoient 

they  seat 

Imparfait 

Asseyant 

J'asseyais 

assoyais 

I  was  seating 

Assoyant 

Tu  asseyais 

assoyais 

thou  wast  seating 

11  asseyait 

assoyait 

he  was  seating 

Nous  asseyions 

assoyions 

we  were  seating 

Vous  asseyiez 

assoy/ez 

you  were  seating 

lis  asseyaient 

assoyaienf 

Passe 

■  Dejini 

they  were  seating 

J'assis 

Jassis 

assis 

I  seated 

Tu  assis 

assis 

thou  seatedst 

11  assit 

assit 

he  seated 

Nous  assimes 

assfmes 

we  seated 

Vous  assites 

assites 

you  seated 

lis  assirent 

assirent 

they  seated 

Futur 

3d  Form 

Asseoir 

J'assi6rai 

assoirai 

asseyerai 

I  shall  seat 

Tu  assilras 

assoiras 

asseyeras 

thou  wilt  seat 

11  assi^ra 

asso/ra 

asseyera 

he  will  seat 

Nous  assi6rons 

assoirons 

asseyerons 

we  shall  seat 

Vous  assi§rez 

assoirez 

asseyerez 

you  will  seat 

lis  assidront 

assoiront 

asseyeront 

they  will  seat 

THE  FRENCH   VERB 


27 


LE  CONDITIONNEL 

Present 

Asseoif  J'assi^rais  assoirais      asseyerais  I  should  seat 

Tu  assi^rais         assoirais      asseyerais  thou  wouldst  seat 

II  assierait  assoirait      asseyerait  he  would  seat 

Nous  assi^rions  assoirions    asseyerions  we  should  seat 

Vous  assi^riez     assoiriez      asseyeriez  you  would  seat 

lis  assi6raient     assoiraient  asseyeraient  they  would  seat 


L'IMPERATIF 

J'asseids,  etc.    Assieds  assois  seat  (thou) 

Asseyez  assoyez  seat  (you) 

Asseyons  assoyons  let  us  seat 


J assois,  etc. 


Qu'il  asseye         qu'il  assoie  let  him  seat 

Qu'on  asseye        qu'on  assoie  let  one  seat 

Qu'ils  asseyent    qu'ils  assoient  let  them  seat 


Asseyant 


J'assis 


Assis 


ist  Form 
Que  j' asseye 
Que  tu  asseyes 
Qu'il  asseye 
Que  nous  asseyions 
Que  vous  asseyiez 
Qu'ils  asseyent 


Que  j'assisse 
Que  tu  assisses 
Qu'il  assit 
Que  nous  assissions 
Que  vous  assissiez 
Qu'ils  assissent 


LE   SUBJONCTIF 
Present 
2d  Form 
que  p  assoie 
que  tu  assoies 
qu''il  assoie 
que  nous  assoyions 
que  vous  assoyiez 
quits  assoient 

Imparfait 

que  j"'assisse 
que  tu  assisses 
qui'/  assit 
que  nous  assissions 
que  vous  assissiez 
qui' Is  assissent 

TEMPS  COMPOSES 


that  I  may  seat 
that  thou  mayest  spat 
that  he  may  seat 
that  we  may  seat 
that  you  may  seat 
that  they  may  seat 


that  I  might  seat 
that  thou  mightest  seat 
that  he  might  seat 
that  we  might  seat 
that  you  might  seat 
that  they  might  seat 


Assoyant 


Passe  Indcfini 
J'ai  assis,  etc.  I  have  seated,  etc. 

Plus-que-parfait 
J' avals  assis,  etc.  I  had  seated,  etc. 

Passe  Anterieur 
J'eus  assis,  etc.  I  had  seated,  etc. 

Futur  Anterieur 
J'aurai  assis,  etc.  I  shall  have  seated,  etc. 


128 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


Conditionnel  Passe 
Jaurais  assis,  etc.  I  should  have  seated,  etc. 

Siihjonctif  Passe 
Que  j'aie  assis,  etc.  that  I  may  have  seated,  etc. 

Subjonctif  Plus- que-par fait 
Que  j'eusse  assis,  etc.  that  I  might  have  seated,  etc. 

Asseyez  ces  dames  pres  de  la  scene.     Seat  these  ladies  near  the  stage. 

Conjugate  like  asseoir: 
Rasseoir,  to  reseat^  to  replace  again  ;  to  calm,  to  settle. 

Note  that  the  past  participle  of  rasseoir  is  much  used  as  an  adjective. 
Du  pain  rassis,  old  bread,  stale  bread  {jtot  fresJily  cooked~). 
Ce  monsieur  est  d'un  caractere  rassis.      This  gentleman  has  a  calm  {sedate)  disposition. 

120.     The  method  of  conjugating  a  verb  reflexively  has  been  given;. but 
s'asseoir  is  conjugated  because  it  is  of  such  frequent  use. 

S'ASSE0IR  =  TO   SIT   DOWN,    TO   SEAT   ONE'S   SELF 

Infinitif  Present  Infinitif  Passe 

S'asseoir  to  sit  down  S'etre  assis  to  have  sat  down 

Participe  Present  Participe  Passe   Compose 

ist  Form  2d  Fori7i  S'^tant  assis         having  sat  down 

S'asseyant        S''assoyant  sitting  down 

Participe  Passe 
Assis  (w.5.),  assise  (/^.),  assis  {m.pl.),  assises  {f.pl.),  sat  down 

* 
L'INDICATIF 

TEMPS  SIMPLES 


J3  m'assieds 


S'asseyant 


ist  Form 

Je  m'assieds 

Tu  t'assieds 

II  s'assied 

On  s'assied 

Nous  nous  asseyons 

Vous  vous  asseyez 

lis  s'asseyent 


Present 

2d  Form 

je  m^assois 
tu  fasso/s 
if  s'assoit 
on  s''assoit 


I  sit  down 
thou  sittest  down 
he  sits  down 
one  sits  down 


nous  nous  assoyons  we  sit  down 
yous  vous  assoyez  you  sit  down 
/7s  s^assoient  they  sit  down 


Je  m^assois 


Tnparfait 

Je  m'asseyais  je  m^assoyais  I  was  sitting  down 

Tu  t'asseyais  tu  fassoya/s  thou  wast  sitting  down 

II  s'asseyait  //  s^assoya/'t  he  was  sitting  down 

Nous  nous  asseyions  nous  nous  assoy/ons  we  were  sitting  down 

Vous  vous  asseyiez    vous  vous  assoyiez  you  were  sitting  down 

lis  s'asseyaient  /7s  s''assoyaient  they  were  sitting  down 


S'asseyant 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


129 


Je  m'assis 


S'asseoir 


Je  m'assis 

Tu  t'assis 

II  s'assit 

Nous  nous  assimes 

Vous  vous  assites 

lis  s'assirent 


Passe  Dejini 

je  m''assis 

tu  fassis 

il  s"*  ass  it 

nous  nous  assimes 

vous  vous  assites 

its  s''assirent 


I  sat  down 
thou  sattest  down 
he  sat  down 
we  sat  down 
you  sat  down 
they  sat  down 


Futur 

Je  m'assilrai  je  m''assoirai 

Tu  t'assilras  tu  fassoiras 

II  s'assi§ra  //  s^assoira 

Nous  nous  assierons  nous  nous  assoirons 
Vous  vous  assi^rez    vous  vous  assoirez 


Us  s'assi6ront 


i/s  s''assoiront 


I  shall  sit  down 
thou  M'ilt  sit  down 
he  will  sit  down 
we  shall  sit  down 
you  will  sit  down 
they  will  sit  down 


LE  CONDITIONNEL 

Present 


S'asseoir  Je  m'assi6rais  je  m^assoirais 

Tu  t'assi6rais  tu  fassoirais 

II  s'assi6rait  //  s^assoirait 

Nous  nous  assil-  nous  nous  assoi- 

rions  rions 

Vous  vous  assi6riez  vous  vous  assoiriez  you  would  sit  down 

lis  s'assi^raient  /7s  s^assoiraient        they  would  sit  down 


I  should  sit  down 
thou  wouldst  sit  down 
he  would  sit  down 
we  should  sit  down 


Je  m'asseids, 
etc. 


Assieds-toi 

Asseyez-vous 

Asseyons-nous 


L'IMPERATIF 
Present 

assois-toi  sit  down  (thou) 

assoyez-vous  sit  down  (you) 


assoyons-nous 


let  us  sit  down 


Je  m'assois, 
etc. 


Qu'il  s'asseye 
Qu'on  s'asseye 
Qu'ils  s'asseyent 


qu''il  s''assoie 
qu^on  s'assoie 
qu'ils  s'assoient 


let  him  sit  down 
let  one  sit  down 
let  them  sit  down 


S'asseyant 


Que  je  m'asseye 
Que  tu  t'asseyes 

Qu'il  s'asseye 
Que  nous  nous  as- 

seyions 
Que  vous  vous  as- 

seyiez 
Qu'ils  s'asseyent 

martin's   FRENCH   VERB- 


LE   SUBJONCTIF 
Present 

Que  je  m''assoie 
que  tu  fassoies 

qu''il  s''assoie 
que  nous  nous  as- 

soyons 
que  vous  vous  as- 

soyez 
qu''ils  s''assoient 


that  I  may  sit  down 
that  thou  mayest  sit 

down 
that  he  may  sit  down 
that  we  may  sit  down 

that  you  may  sit  down 

that  they  may  sit  down 


S'assoyant 


130 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


that  I  might  sit  down 
that  thou  mightest  sit  down 
that  he  might  sit  down 
that  we  might  sit  down 

that  you  might  sit  down 

that  they  might  sit  down 


Imparfait 

Je  m'assis        Que  je  m'assisse  Que  Je  m''assisse 

Que  tu  t'assisses  que  tu  Vassisses 

Qu'il  s'assit  qu'i/  s^assit 

Que  nous  nous  as-  que  nous  nous  as- 

sissions  sissions 

Que  vous  vous  as-  que  vous  vous  as- 

sissiez  s/'ssiez 

Qu'il  s'assissent  qu^i/s  s'ass/'ssent 

TEMPS  COMPOS]£S 

Passe  Indejini 

Assis  Je  me  suis  assis,  etc.  I  have  sat  down,  etc.  Assis 

Plus- que -par fait 
Je  m'ltais  assis,  etc.  I  had  sat  down,  etc. 

Passe  Anterieur 
Je  me  fus  assis,  etc.  I  had  sat  down,  etc. 

Futur 
Je  me  serai  assis,  etc.  I  shall  have  sat  down,  etc. 

Conditionnd  Passe 
Je  me  serais  assis,  etc.  I  should  have  sat  down,  etc. 

Subjonctif  Present 
Que  je  me  sois  assis,  etc.  that  I  may  have  sat  down,  etc. 

Subjonctif  Plus- que-par fait 
Que  je  me  fusse  assis,  etc.  that  I  might  have  sat  down,  etc. 

The  Future  and  Conditional  have  a  third  form  : 

Future :  Je  m'asseyerai,  tu  t'asseyeras,  il  s'asseyera,  neus  nous  asseyerons, 
vous  vous  asseyerez,  ils  s'asseyeront,  /  shall  sit  down,  etc.  ■ 

Conditional  \  Je  m'asseyerais,  tu  t'asseyerais,  il  s'asseyerait,  nous  nous  as- 
seyerions,  vous  vous  asseyeriez,  ils  s'asseyeraient,  /  should  sit  down,  etc. 

Note  that  while  asseoir  means  to  seat  (a  transitive  verb),  the  French  say 
faire  asseoir  quelqu'un,  to  cause  some  one  to  sit  down,  instead  of  faire  s'asseoir 
quelqu'un. 

Have  the  ladies  sit  down.     Faites  asseoir  les  dames. 
Have  them  sit  down,     Faites  les  asseoir. 

Note  the  difference  in  use  of  s'asseoir  and  asseoir  passive  : 
EUe  s'est  assise.     She  sat  down. 

Elle  6tait  assise.     She  was  sitting  doivn  {was  seated). 
Elle  est  assise  a  la  table.     She  is  sitting  (is  seated)  at  the  table. 
Elle  s'assied  a  la  table.     She  is  sitting  down  (i.e.  taking  a  seat)  at  the  table. 

Conjugate  in  the  same  manner  : 
Se  rasseoir,  to  sit  down  again,  to  calm  one's  self,  to  compose  one''s  self 


THE  FRENCH  VERB 


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140  THE  FREACH   VERB 

Venir,  being  a  "  verb  of  motion,"  is  conjugated  with  etre. 

In  the  sense  of  to  come,  it  is  used  before  an  infinitive  without  preposition. 
Je  viendrai  vous  voir  demain.     I  shall  come  to  see  you  to-morrow. 
II  est  venu  me  dire  cela.     He  came  and  told  me  that. 

Note.  —  II  est  venu  pour  me  dire  cela   means  He  came  to  {in  order  to)  tell 
w^  that.     (He  may  not  have  told  me.) 

Learn  the  twe  following  idiomatic  constructions  with  venir : 

1.  Venir  a  faire  quelque  chose.      To  happen  to  do  a  thing. 

Si  vous  venez  a  le  voir,  dites-le-lui.     If  you  happen  to  see  him,  tell  him  so. 

2.  Venir  de  faire  quelque  chose.     To  have  just  done  sofnething. 

Je  viens  de  le  voir.     I  have  just.seen  him.     (Lit.  I  come  from  seeing  him.) 
II  venait  de  le  faire.     He  had  just  done  it. 

Tenir,  to  hold,  to  keep,  is  conjugated  with  avoir,  and  used  both  transitively  and 
intransitively. 

Tenir,  transitive,  is  used  like  to  hold  in  English. 
£lle  tient  un  enfant  dans  ses  bras. 

II  tient  un  livre  a  la  main  (dans  la  main  would  mean  within,  covered  by,  the  hand). 
II  tient  une  boutique.     He  keeps  a  shop. 

Idiom.  —  Tenir  quelque  chose  a  honneur,  a  injure,  etc.,  to  hold,  consider  a 
thing  as  an  honor,  an  insult.     Je  tiens  vos  actions  a  injure. 

Tenir,  intransitive,  is  used  as  to  hold  out,  to  holdjirm,  etc. 
C'est  un  principe  qui  tient  dans  tous  les  cas.     //  is  a  principle  that  holds,  stands 
good,  i?t  every  case. 

Tenir  a,  to  hold  to,  stick  to  ;  to  be  fond  of,  attached  to,  etc. 
II  tient  a  son  opinion.     He  holds  to  his  opinion. 

Tenir  de,  to  resemble ;  to  proceed,  arise,  from. 
II  tient  de  son  p^re.     He  resemble  <;  his  father. 

Tenir  de  also  is  equivalent  to  to  partake  of,  to  participate  in,  the  nature  of: 
Le  mulet  tient  de  I'ane  et  du  cheval. 

Tenir  is  used  impersonally.     It  then  requires  a  before  persons  and  de  before 
an  infinitive  following. 
II  tient  a  vous  de  faire  cela.     //  rests  with  you,  depends  upon  you,  to  do  that. 

Note  the  much-used  exclamation  : 
Tiens  I   (tenez!)     Here  ;^^  it;  take  that ! 

Also  corresponds  sometimes  to  Americanism,  Hello  ! 
Tiens,  tiens.     Bless  me;  bless  my  soul!     Well,  I  declare  I 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


141 


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THE  FRENCH   VERB 


143 


Repartir,  to  set  out  again,  is  conjugated  like  partir.  Repartir,  to  reply,  is 
conjugated  like  partir,  but  its  auxiliary  is  avoir. 

Ripartir,  to  divide,  to  distribute,  is  regular,  like  finir.  Par.  46. 

Departir,  to  dispense,  to  distribute,  and  se  d^partir,  to  desist,  to  deviate,  are 
conjugated  like  the  verb  partir. 

Conjugate  in  the  same  manner  as  partir  the  following  verbs,  but  use  the  auxiliary  ayoil 
unless  etre  is  indicated  : 


Auxiliary 

A  uxiliary 

Sentir 

avoir 

to  feel 

Pressentir 

avoir 

to  foresee,  to  foreknmu 

Consentir 

avoir 

to  consent 

Ressentir 

avoir 

to  resent 

D^mentir 

avoir 

to  contradict 

Se  repentir 

etra 

to  repent  (de,  of) 

Mentir 

avoir 

to  lie 

Redormir 

avoir 

to  sleep  again 

Dormir 

avoir 

to  sleep 

Rendormir 

avoir 

to  lull  to  sleep  again ^  to 

Endormir 

avoir 

to  lull  to  sleep 

lay  asleep  again 

S'endormir 

etre 

to  fall  asleep 

Se  rendormir 

etre 

to  fall  asleep  again 

Servir 

avoir 

to  serve  ;  to  make  use  of 

Desservir 

avoir 

to  clear  the  table 

Note.  —  Asservir,  to  enslave,  to  subject,  is  regular ;  conjugated  like  finir, 
Par.  46. 

Sortir,  to  go  out ;  to  take  out. 

Ressortir,  to  go  out  again,  Sortir  and  ressortir  are  conjugated  with  avoir 
and  etre;  with  avoir  to  express  action,  with  etre  to  express  the  result  of  the 
action. 

Sortir  and  ressortir,  when  transitive,  take  avoir. 

Ressortir,  to  be  under  the  jurisdiction  of,  is  regular,  like  finir.  Par.  46. 

Examples  : 
Ou  est  votre  fr^re?     II  est  parti.      Where  is  your  brother?     He  has  gone,  left, 

started, 
A  quelle  heure  partez-vous  ?     At  what  time  {hour)  do  you  start,  set  out?     Nous 
partirons  demain  pour  Paris.      We  start  for  Paris  to-morrow. 

Partir  (verb  of  motion)  is  conjugated  with  §tre.     In  old  French  it  was  also 
used  transitively  (with  avoir)  ;  but  such  use  of  it  is  now  practically  obsolete. 
Sentir,  to  feel  (by  the  perception)  ;  to  smell 

J'ai   beaucoup   senti  le  froid   ce  matin.     /  have  felt  the  cold  very  much  this 

morning. 
II  sent  son  ignorance.     He  is  sensible  of  {feels)  his  ignorance. 
II  sent  I'insulte.     He  feels  the  insult. 
EUe  sentit  la  rose.     She  smelt  the  rose. 
Ces  fleurs  sentent  bon.     These  flowers  smell  good. 


144 


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194  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

The  verbs  ending  in  aindre,  eindre,  or  oindre  preserve  the  d  only  in  the  future 
and  conditional  present. 

Contraindre  requires  a : 
On  a  contraint  le  gar9on  a  tout  avouer. 
Plaindre.     Je  vous  plains.     I  pity  you. 
Se  plaindre  (de)  means  to  complain  {of). 
II  se  plaint  de  ses  malheurs.     II  se  plaint  de  trop  travailler. 

With  another  mood  than  the  infinitive  de  ce  que  is  used  after  se  plaindre : 
Elle  se  plaint  de  ce  que  vous  Tavez  grond^e.  ' 

If,  in  the  above  sentence,  the  de  ce  were  omitted,  the  meaning  would  be 
changed.     The  idea  would  then  be  that  she  complained  wrongfully  —  without 
grounds : 
Elle  a  tort  de  se  plaindre  que  vous  Taviez  grond6e. 

Joindre  means  to  put  together. 

One  cannot  say  Je  joindrai  mes  amis  au  concert,  but  Je  rejoindrai  mes  amis 
au  concert. 

In  this  sense  aller  trouver,  retrouver,  and  rencontrer  are  also  used. 

Examples  of  use  of  joindre  : 
II  a  joint  les  deux  tuyaux.     Joignez  les  bouts  de  ce  fil. 

Craindre  requires  de  before  a  following  infinitive  :      . 
Je  craignais  cet  homme  ;  je  craignais  de  le  voir. 

When  followed  by  que  introducing  a  subordinate  clause,  craindre  requires  ne 
before  the  following  verb  when  the  feeling  of  fear  or  apprehension  exists ;  as  is 
the  case  when  the  sentence  is  affirmative,  interrogative,  or  negative-interrogative. 
Je  crains  qu'il  ne  vienne.     I  fear  he  will  come. 
Craignez-vous  qu'il  ne  vienne  ?     Do  you  fear  he  will  come  ? 
Je  crains  qu'il  ne  vienne  pas.     I  fear  he  will  not  come. 
Je  ne  crains  pas  qu'il  vienne.     I  do  not  fear  that  he  will  come. 
Ne  craignez-vous  pas  qu'il  ne  vienne  ?     Do  you  not  fear  he  will  come  ? 
Ne  craignez-vous  pas  qu'il  ne  vienne  pas  ?    Are  you  not  afraid  that  he  won't  cotne  ? 

Astreindre  if  used  before  an  infinitive  requires  a  : 
Le  maitre  a  astreint  les  Aleves  ^  6crire  deux  pages  de  latin. 

See  assujetter,  obliger,  forcer,  exiger,  etc.,  more  common. 

Feindre  requires  de  before  a  following  infinitive  : 
Elle  feint  d'etre  indisposle. 

Enjoindre  requires  de : 
Le  ginlral  I'a  enjoint  d'agir  prudemment. 


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THE  FRENCH   VERB  209 


DEFECTIVE    VERBS 
Arranged  Alphabetically 

158.    ACCROIRE  =  TO    MAKE   ONE    BELIEVE    (What  is  not  true) 

Used  in  the  infinitive  present  with  faire  as  an  auxiliary, 

Infinitif  Present 

Faire  accroire 

Participe  Present  Participe  Passe 

Faisant  accroire  Fait  accroire 

L'INDTCATIF 

Present 

Je  fais  accroire  Nous  faisons  accroire 

Tu  fais  accroire  Vous  faites  accroire 

II  fait  accroire  lis  font  accroire 

Like  accroire  : 
En  faire  accroire,  to  impose  upon.    S'en  faire  accroire,  to  be  self-conceited. 
Ne  le  faites  pas  accroire  cela ;  vous  savez  bien  que  vous  le  trompez.     Don't  make 

him  believe  that;  you  know  very  well  that  you  are  deceiving  him. 
Ne  m'en  faites  pas  accroire.     Don't  impose  upon  7ne.     II  m'en  a  fait  accroire. 
Ne  vous  en  faites  pas  tant  accroire ;  vous  n'etes  pas  un  personnage  si  important. 
Don't  be  so  self-conceited ;  you  are  not  such  an  important  personage. 

AOUTER  =  TO    RIPEN    (Pronounce  A-OU-TER) 

Hardly  used  except  in  i)\Q  past  participle :  Aout^  (m.s.),  aoiitee  (/.s.). 

Aoiiter  is  derived  from  aofit,  the  word  for  August;  hence,  un  melon  aoiiti 
means  a  melon  ripened  by  the  August  sun ;  sun-ripened.  Miir  is  the  usual  word 
for  ripe. 

APPAROIR  =  TO   APPEAR,   TO    BE   APPARENT   (Legal  Term) 

Used  only  in  the  infinitive  present  and  in  the  third  person  singular  of  the 
present  indicative. 
II  appert.     //  appears. 

L'avocat  a  fait  apparoir  les  bons  droits  de  son  client.     The  lawyer  made  e^ndent 
{showed')  the  claims,  rights ^  of  his  client. 

ATTRAIRE  -  TO  ATTRACT,  TO  ALLURE 

Used  only  in  the  infinitive  present. 
Le  sel  est  bon  pour  attraire  les  pigeons.     Salt  is  good  for  attracting  pigeons. 

martin's    FRENCH    VERB — I4 


210 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


159.    BASTER  =  TO    SUFFICE    (Obsolete) 
Used  only  in  some  familiar  phrases. 

Baste  or  Baste  pour  cela.      Well !  let  it  be  so.     Enough. 

BRAIRE  =  TO    BRAY 
The  Academy  gives  the  following  tenses  and  persons  only  : 

L'INDICATIF 


Present 

Futur 

11  brait 

11  braira 

lis  braient 

LE  CONDITIONNEL 

Present 

lis  brairont 

11  brairait 

lis  brairaiei 

According  to  Littr^'s  Dictionary,  the  following  tenses  may  be  used 

L'INDICATIF 


Present 
Je  brais         Nous  brayons 
Tu  brais        Vous  brayez 
II  brait  lis  braient 

Impai'fait 

II  brayait 


Futur 
Je  brairai  Nous  brairons 

Tu  brairas        Vous  brairez 
II  braira  lis  brairont 


Je  brairais 


LE  CONDITIONNEL 
Present 
Tu  brairais 


II  brairait,  etc. 


TEMPS  COMPOSES 
Passe  Dejini  Plus-que-parfait 

II  a  brait  II  avait  brait,  etc. 

Braire  is  used  with  reference  to  the  donkey,  or  ass ;  and,  figuratively,  with 
respect  to  persons. 

BR0UIR  =  TO   BLIGHT,   TO   BLAST,   TO    DRY  UP 
Used  only  in  the  third  persons  of  each  tense. 


Participe  Present 
Brouissant 

Present 
II  brouit 
lis  brouissent 


L'INDICATIF 


Participe  Passe 
Broui  {m.s.),  brouie  (/j.) 

Imparfait 
II  brouissait 
lis  brouissaient 


Brouir  is  said  of  things  withered  by  the  sun ;  as  flowers,  grass,  etc. 
Le  soleil  a  broui  toutes  les  jeunes  pousses.     The  sun  has  blighted  all  the  young 
shoots. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


211 


BRUIRE  =  TO    RUSTLE,   TO   RATTLE 
The  Academy  gives  the  following  tenses  : 


Present 
11  bruit 

L'INDICATIF 

Imparfait 

11  bruissait 
lis  bruissaient 

Littr^'s  Dictionary  gives : 

Infin  itif  Present 
Bruire 

Participe  Present 
Bruyant 

L'INDICATIF 

Participe  Passe 
Bruit 

Present 

Je  bruis 

Tu  bruis 

11  bruit     No  plural 

Imparfait 

Je  bruyais 

Tu  bruyais,  etc. 

LE   CONDITIONNEL 

Present 

Futur 

Je  bruirai 
Tu  bruiras 
11  bruira,  etc. 

Je  bruirais 

Tu  bruirais 

11  bruirait,  etc. 

TEMPS  COMPOSES 
Passe  Indefini 
II  a  bruit,  etc. 

The  following  forms  have  been  used  by  good  writers  for  the  imperfect  of  the 
indicative  : 


Je  bruissais 
Tu  bruissais 
II  bruissait 


Nous  bruissions 
Vous  bruissiez 
lis  bruissaient 


Que  nous  bruissions 
Que  vous  bruissiez 
Qu'ils  bruissent 


Les  torrents  bruissaient.     Pas 


For  the  subjunctive  present : 

Que  je  bruisse 
Que  tu  bruisses 
Qu'il  bruisse 

The  present  participle  bruissant  is  also  used 
un  insecte  qui  bruisse. 

Les  feuilles  bruissent.     The  leaves  are  rustling. 
Fr^mir  is  also  said  of  leaves,  etc. : 

Sa  robe  de  sole  fait  frou-frou.     Her  silk  dress  rustles. 
See  faire  resonner. 


212 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


1 60.   CHAL0IR  =  TO   MATTER,   TO    BE    IMPORTANT 
Used  impersonally,  and  only  in  the  phrases  :  II  ne  m'en  chaut.     No  matter. 
II  me  chaut.     Peu  me  chaut. 


CHANCIR  =  TO   GET   MOLDY 

Conjugated  like  finir,  but  used  only  in  the  third  persons.     Is  growing  obsolete 

Injiti  itif  Present 


Chancir 


Participe  Present 
Chancissant 

L'INDICATIF 


Present 
II  chancit 
lis  chancissent 

See  moisir  and  se  moisir  for  senses  of  chancir. 


Participe  Passe 
Chanci  {m.s.),  chancie  {f.s.) 

Imparfait 
II  chancissait 
lis  chancissaient 


CHAUVIR  =  TO   PRICK  UP   (the  Ears) 

The  Academy  says  that  chauvir  is  used  only  in  the  phrase  Chauvir  des  oreilles, 
in  speaking  of  horses  and  mules,     Ce  cheval  chauvit  des  oreilles. 
Littr^'s  Dictionary  gives  chauvir  conjugated  as  follows  : 


L'INDICATIF 


Present 


Je  chauvis         Nous  chauvons 
Tu  chauvis        Vous  chauvez 
II  chauvit  lis  chauvent 

Imparfait 
Je  chauvais 
Tu  chauvais,  etc. 


Je  chauvirais 


LE  CONDITIONNEL 
Present 
Tu  chauvirais 


Passe  Dejini 

Je  chauvis 

Tu  chauvis,  etc. 


Futur 
Je  chauvirai 
Tu  chauviras 
II  chauvira,  etc. 


II  chauvirait,  etc. 


For  senses  of  chauvir  applied  to  persons,  see  dresser  I'oreille.     This  last  is 
also  applied  to  horses  and  dogs. 


CHOIR  =  TO   FALL,   TO  TUMBLE   (of  Kings,  Nations,  etc.) 

Used  only  in  the  present  infinitive  and  in  the  past  participle :  Chu  (m.s.), 
chue  {f.s.).     Its  auxiliary  is  etre. 

Choir  is  now  but  little  used  except  in  the  provinces  of  France ;  the  verb 
d^hoir  is  employed  instead.     See  d^choir. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  213 

CL0RE  =  TO   CLOSE,   TO   SHUT 

Used  in  the  following  tenses  : 

L'INDICATIF 
Present  Futur 

Je  clos  je  clorai 

Tu  clos  •  Tu  cloras,  etc. 

II  Cl6t     No  plural 

LE  CONDITIONNEL 
Present 
Je  clorais  Tu  clorais  II  clorait,  etc. 

The  compound  tenses  are  formed  mith  avoir. 

Passe  Indefini  Subjonctif  Present 

J'ai  clos  Que  je  close,  etc. 

Tu  as  clos,  etc. 

On  a  clos  le  pare  au  public.      The  park  has  been  closed  to  the  public. 

Clore,  when  used,  has  principally  the  idea  of  closing  something  (as  a  public 
garden  or  house)  against  the  public  or  people.  See  farmer.  Le  juge  a  clos  la 
session  de  la  cour  a  trois  heures. 

COMPAROIR  =  TO   APPEAR   (Law  Term) 
Used  only  in  ih^  present  infinitive. 

Etre  assign^  a  comparoir.     To  be  summoned  to  appear. 
It  is  obsolete.     Comparaitre  is  now  used. 

SE   CONDOULOIR  =  TO    CONDOLE 

Formerly  used  in  the  present  infinitive. 

Se  condouloir  avec  quelqu'un.      To  sympathize  with  some  one. 
No  longer  used. 
For  senses  of  to  condole  with,  see  Partager  la  douleur  de,  Vouloir  consoler. 

COURRE   (Old  Form  of  COURIR)  =  TO   RUN,   TO   PURSUE 

Courre  le  cerf,  le  li^vre. 

Courre  is  still  used  sometimes  in  expressions  on  hunting.  Je  vais  courre  le 
cerf  aux  montagnes. 

161.   DECH0IR  =  TO    FALL   OFF,  TO  DECLINE 
Conjugated  with  avoir  and  Stre ;  with  avoir  to  express  action,  with  Itre  to 
express  the  result  of  action.  '■ 


214 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


Depuis  ce  moment  il  a  dichu  de  jour  en  jour.     Ff-om  that  moment  he  degenerated 

from  day  to  day. 
II  y  a  longtemps  qu'ils  sont  dechus  de  ces  privileges.      They  have  long  since  lost 

(^fallen  away  from)  those  privileges. 


Infinitif  Present 
D6choir 


No  Participe  Present 

L'INDICATIF 
Present 


Je  d^chois 
Tu  d6chois 
II  d^choit 

Passe  Defini 
Je  dechus         Nous  d6chflnies 
Tu  d6chus        Vous  d6chfltes 
II  d^chut  lis  d^churent 


No  Imparfait 


Participe  Passe 
D6chu  {m.s.),  d6chue(/j.) 


Nous  dichoyons 
Vous  d^choyez 
lis  d^choient 


Futur 
Je  d^cherrai  Nous  dicherrons 


Tu  d^cherras 
II  d^cherra 


Vous  d^cherrez 
lis  d^cherront 


LE  CONDITIONNEL 

Present 


Je  d6cherrais 


Tu  d6cherrais,  etc. 


No  Jmperatif 


LE  SUBJONCTIF 
Present  Imparfait 

Que  je  d^choie        Que  nous  d^choyions  Que  je  d^chusse        Que  nous  d6chussions 

Que  tu  d^choies      Que  vous  dichoyiez  Que  tu  dechusses      Que  vous  d§chussiez 

Qu'il  d^choie  Qu'ils  d^choient  Qu'il  d^chut  Qu'ils  d6chussent 

Dichoir  must  not  be  confused  with  tomber.  Do  not  say  La  pomme  a  d6chu 
de  I'arbre.  One  can  say  La  nation  est  dichu.  The  nation  has  degene?'ated  {has 
declined) .  Le  general  est  d6chu  de  son  ancien  courage.  The  general  has  (^fallen 
off  in,  away  fro7n)  lost  his  former  courage. 

In  other  words,  dichoir  means  to  fall  off  in  sense  of  to  decline^  to  degenerate. 


DECL0RE  =  TO  UNCLOSE,   TO   OPEN   (Rarely   used) 


Infin  itif  Present 
D^clore 

No  Participe  Present 
L'INDICATIF 

Participe  Passe 
D^clos  {m.s.),  d§close  (/j.) 

Je  d6clos            Tu  d6clos 

Present 
11  d6cl6t 

No  Plural 

Je  d§clorai 

Futur 

Tu  d6cloras,  etc. 

THE  FRENCH    VERB 


215 


Je  dSclorais 


Que  je  d6close 
Que  tu  d6closes 
Qu'il  d^close 


LE   CONDITIONNEL 

Present 


LE  SUBJONCTIF 
Present 


Tu  d^clorais,  etc. 


Que  nous  d^closions 
Que  vous  d^closiez 
Qu'ils  d^closent 


D^clore  is  the  antonym  of  clore,  and  is  used  in  the  same  Hmited  way.  On  a 
d^clos  le  pare,  les  jardins  publics.  The  park,  the  public  gardens,  have  been 
unclosed.     Ouvrir  is  the  word  in  use. 

DECR0IRE  =  TO  DISBELIEVE 

Used  only  in  the  phrase  :  Je  ne  crois,  ni  ne  d^crois.  /  neither  believe  nor  dis- 
believe.    (Academy.) 


DEFAILLIR  =  TO    FAINT,   TO    FAIL,   TO    GROW   WEAK 


No  Singular 

Je  difaillais 

Je  difaillis 
Tu  d6faillis 
II  d^faillit 


Injin  itif  Present 
D^faillir 


L'INDICATIF 
Present 
Nous  difaillons        Vous  d^faillez 

Imp  ar fait 


Passe  Dejini 


Passe  Indefini 
Je  d^failli,  etc. 

No  Participe  Present 


The  following  have  also  been  used  sometimes : 

L'INDICATIF 
Present 
Je  d6faus 
Tu  d6faus 
II  d^faut 

LE  CONDITIONNEL 
Present 
Je  d^faudrais 


lis  d^faillent 
Tu  d6faillais,  etc. 


Nous  d^faillimes 
Vous  d§faillites 
lis  d6faillirent 


Participe  Passe 
D6failli  (^m.s.),  d6faillie  (/j.) 


Futur 
Je  d^faudrai 
Tu  d^faudras,  etc. 


Tu  d6faudrais,  etc. 


2l6  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

LE  SUBJONCTIF 
Present  Imparfaii 

Que  je  d6faille  Que  je  ddfaillisse 

Que  tu  d^failles,  etc.  Que  tu  d^faillisses,  etc. 

The  present  participle^  difaillant,  is  often  used  adjectively. 

Defaillir,  when  used,  has  the  idea  ol  failing  in;  as  D^faillir  a  son  devoir,  or 
to  falter  in  moral  courage,  to  grow  weak. 
Errez,  difaillez,  pichez  ;  mais  soyez  des  justes.     (Victor  Hugo.) 

See  faillir  and  manquer. 

DEMOUVOIR  =  TO  MAKE  ONE  DESIST   (Law  Term)  ;    DE  =  FROM 
Used  only  in  the  present  infinitive :   Rien  ne  I'a  pu  demouvoir. 

DEPOURVOIR  =  TO    UNPROVIDE,    TO    DEPRIVE 

Used  in  the  present  infinitive,  Depourvoir,  and  in  the  past  definite:  je 
d^pourvus,  tu  dipourvus,  il  depourvut ;  nous  d^pourviimes,  vous  depourviites, 
lis  depourvurent ;   and  in  the  compound  tenses. 

On  a  depourvu  cette  forteresse  de  munitions.     That  fortress  has  been  divested  of 
supplies. 

SE  D0UL0IR  =  TO   COMPLAIN,   TO   GRIEVE    (Obsolete) 
Used  only  in  the  present  infinitive.    On  I'entendit  se  douloir.     See  se  plaindre, 


162.    ECLORE  (Auxiliary  ETRE)  =  TO   BE    HATCHED,  TO   BLOW, 
TO   OPEN ;    (Fig.)  TO    MANIFEST   ITSELF 


Infinitif  Present 
Eclore 

No  Participe  Present 

Participe  Passe 
6clos  {m.s.),  ^close  (p.) 

L'INDICATIF 

Present 

J^clos 
Tu  Iclos 
11  6cl6t 

Nous  6closons 
Vous  ^closez 
lis  ^closent 

Tin  par  fait 
closais        Tu  6closais, 

etc. 

Futur 

No  Passe  Defini 

J'^clorai 
Tu  dcloras 
11  ^cl6ra 

Nous  6cl6rons 
Vous  6cl6rez 
lis  6cl6ront 

THE  FRENCH   VERB 


2iy 


J'6cl6rais 
Tu  dclorais 
II  6cl6rait 


Que  j'^close 
Que  tu  ^closes 
Qu'il  6close 


LE  CONDiriONNEL 
Present 


No  Imperatif 


LE 


Nous  6cl6rions 
Vous  6cl6riez 
lis  ^cldraient 


SUBJONCTIF 
Present 

Que  nous  6closions 
Que  vous  6closiez 
Qu'ils  ^closent 

Ces  roses  Icloront  demain.     Les  oeufs  Icloront  la  semaine  prochaine. 
Ces  poussins  viennent  d'eclore.     Those  chicks  have  just  been  hatched. 
Son  projet  est  pr^s  d'eclore. 


EB0UILLIR  =  TO    BOIL   AWAY 

Conjugated  like  bouillir,  but  seldom  used  except  in  the  infinitive  and  in  the 
past  participle :  ebouilli  {m.s.),  ebouillie  {f^s.).     Etre  is  the  auxiliary. 


ECH0IR  =  TO    FALL,   TO    EXPIRE,   TO   BE   DUE,   TO   ARRIVE    BY 

CHANCE 


Participe  Present 
Ech^ant 

Participe  Passe 
Echu  (w.j.),  ^chue  (/j.) 

L'INDICATIF 

Present 
11  6choit  or  il  echet         lis  §choient 

No  Imparfait 

Passe  Defini 
J'^chus                 Nous  6chumes 
Tu  6chus              Vous  ^chutes 
11  echut                lis  6churent 

Futur 
J'6cherrai 
Tu  6cherras,  etc. 

LE  CONDITIONNEL 
Present 
J'6cherrais  Tu  6cherrais,  etc. 

LE   SUBJONCTIF 

No  Present 

Imparfait 

Que  j'6chusse  Que  nous  6chussions 

Que  tu  6chusses  Que  vous  6cliussiez 

Qu'il  6chflt  Qu'ils  6chussent 

Compound  tenses  with  etre.     (Academy.) 


2l8 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


In   Littr^'s  Dictionary  Ichoir   is   conjugated   in   third    persons    only.      The 
present  subjunctive  is  qu'il  ^choie,  qu'ils  Ichoient. 

Note.  —  Avoir  6chu  is  said  of  the  day  on  which  a  payment  falls  due. 

Men  billet  a  ^chu  le  trente  du  mois  dernier ;  il  y  a  un  mois  qu'il  est  ^chu. 
Examples : 

Le  terme  ^herra  a  la  noel.     The  term  will  expire  on  Christmas  Day. 

Le  cas^ch^ant,  si  le  cas  y  ^choit  (toet),  s'il  y  echet.      The  case  occurring. 

II  lui  est  6chu  un  tiers  des  biens  de  son  p^re. 


S'EMB0IRE  =  TO  GET   DULL    (Paint) 

Participe  Present  Participe  Passe 

S'embuvant  Embu  {ni.s.),  embue  {f.s.) 

L'INDICATIF 

Present 

II  s'emboit  lis  s'emboivent,  etc. 

S*einboire  is  conjugated  like  boire,  but  used  only  in  the  third  persons : 
II  faut  renouveler  ces  couleurs  ;  elles  s'emboivent. 

Emboire,  to  coat  (with  oil  or  wax),  is  conjugated  like  boire : 
Emboire  un  moule  (de).      To  coat  a  mold  {with). 

ENCL0RE  =  TO   INCLOSE,   TO   CLOSE    IN,    TO    FENCE 

Conjugated  like  clore.     Littr^'s  Dictionary  gives  : 


Participe  Present 
Enclosant 

Infinitif  Present 
Enclore 

L'INDICATIF 

Participe  Passe 
Enclos  (w.j.),  enclose  {f.s.) 

J'enclos 
Tu  enclos 
11  encl6t 

Present 

Nous  enclosons 
Vous  enclosez 
lis  enclosent 

Imparfait 
J'enclosais 
Tu  enclosais,  etc. 

No  PassLDcJini 
LE  CONDITIONNEL 

Futur 
J'enclorai 
Tu  encloras,  etc. 

J'enclorais 

Present 
L'IMPERATIF 

Tu  enclorais,  etc. 

Enclos 

Enclosons 

Enclosez 

THE  FRENCH   VERB 


219 


LE   SUBJONCTIF 
Present  No  Imparfait 

Que  j' enclose  Que  tu  encloses,  etc. 

M.  B.  a  enclos  son  champ.     Mr.  B.  has  inclosed  {^fe7iced  in)  his  field. 
Mettre  une  cloture  (une  enceinte)  a  is  also  used  for  to  fence,  to  put  a  fence 
around. 

The  verb  cloturer  is  also  used  in  sense  oi  to  fence. 

163.    FAILLIR  =  TO    FAIL,   TO    ERR,   TO   COME    SHORT,   ETC. 

Participe  Present  Participe  Passe 

Faillant  Failli  {m.s.),  faillie  (/j.) 

L'INDICATIF 
Present  Imparfait 

Je  faux  Nous  faillons  Je  faillais 

Tu  faux  Vous  faillez  Tu  fallals,  etc. 

Ilfaut  Ilsfaillent 

Passe  Defini  Futur 

Je  faillis         Nous  faillimes  Je  faudrai 

Tu  faillis        Vous  faillites  Tu  faudras,  etc. 
II  faillit          lis  faillirent 

LE  CONDITIONNEL 
Present 
Je  faudrais  Tu  faudrais,  etc. 

TEMPS  COMPOSES 

J'ai  failli,  etc.  J'avais  failli,  etc. 

J'ai  failli  oublier  cela.     /  had  nearly  forgotten  that ;  I  caine  very  near  forgetting 
that. 
When  his  carriage  arrived  exactly  at  the  minute  for  which  he  had  ordered  it, 
Louis  XIV  said  :  J'ai  failli  attendre.    I  fust  ?nissed  waiting  or  /  came  jiery  near 
having  to  wait. 

Manquer  is  used  (with  de)  in  about  the  same  meaning  as  faillir.  ^ 

J'ai  manqui  de  tomber.     I  fust  missed  falling. 
II  s'en  faut  beaucoup  que  cela  soit  vrai.      That  is  far  from  being  true. 

Compare  with  falloir  (il  s'en  faut  de  beaucoup  que  cela  soit  vrai).     Faillir  is 
really  another  form  of  falloir,  but  is  used  in  sense  of  to  fail,  etc. 

FERIR  =  TO   STRIKE 

Used  only  in  the  present  infinitive  in  the  phrase  :    Sans  coup  f^rir,  without 
striking  a  blow.         • 


220 


THE  FRENCH  VERB 


The  past  participle,  firu  {m.s.),  firue  {f.s.)j  wounded,  struck,  is  used  adjec- 
tively  by  veterinarians  :  Ce  cheval  a  le  tendon  f^ru. 

FORCLORE  =  TO    FORECLOSE,   TO   BAR    (Law  Term) 
Used  only  in  the  present  infinitive,  forclore,  and  the  past  participle,  forclos 
{ni.s.),  forclose  {f.s.). 

II  s'est  laisse  forclore.     He  allowed  himself  to  be  barred. 
II  a  k\.k  forclos.     He  has  been  barred  (from  being  produced  in  court). 
Also  used  in  the  compound  tenses. 

To  foreclose  a  mortgage  :  Faire  commandement  tendant  a  saisie-immobili^re. 
(On  real  estate)  exercer,  operer,  une  saisie,  etc. 

Opirer  une  saisie-execution.     To  foreclose  (perform  the  seizure  and  sale  of)  a 
mortgage, 

F0RFAIRE=TO    FORFEIT,   TO   FAIL,   TO  TRANSGRESS 

Used  only  in  the  infinitive  and  the  compound  tenses ;  auxiliary,  avoir.     Past 
participle,  forfait. 

Forfaire  is  intransitive  in  the  sense  of  to  forfeit  honor  : 

II  a  forfeit  a  I'honneur.     He  has  forfeited,  transgressed,  honor. 
It  is  transitive  as  an  old  feudal  term,  in  the  sense  of  to  forfeit  a  fief 
For  the  ordinary  translation  of  to  forfeit,  see  Subir  la  peine,  payer  la  peine,  etc 

FRIRE  =  TO  FRY 


Participe  Present 

L'INDICATIF 
Present 

Participe  Passe 
Frit  {ni,s:),  frite  (/^.) 

Jefris 

Tufris 

II  frit  {No  Plural^ 

No  Imparfait 

Futur 

No  Passe  Defini 

Je  frirai 

Nous  frirons 

Tu  f  riras 

Vous  frirez 

11  frira 

LE  CONDITIONNEL 
Present 

lis  friront 

Je  frirais 

l'impe'ratif 

Fris 
TEMPS  COMPOSES 

Tu  frirais  etc. 

J'ai  frit 

J'avais  frit 

J'eus  frit,  etc. 

Note.  —  Faire  is  used  with  frire  (intrans.),  as  has  been  explained  under  bouillir. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  «  221 

'  EUe  faisait  frire  la  viande.     She  was  frying  the  meat 

164.    GESIR  =  TO   LIE    (III,  Dead,  Overthrown) 

Used  in 

L'INDICATIF 
Present  Imparfait 

II  git  Vous  gisez  Je  gisais 

Nous  gisons        lis  gisent  Tu  gisais,  etc. 

Participe  Present 
Gisant  (sometimes  written  gissant) 

Ci-git  =  here  lies.     The  usual  beginning  of  epitaphs. 

Sur  le  champ  de  bataille  les  cadavres  gisaient  partout. 

165.    HONNIR  =  TO    DISHONOR,  TO    DISGRACE 
Conjugated  like  finir.     Hardly  used  except  in  the  adage  : 

Honni  soit  qui  mal  y  pense.     Evil  be  to  him  that  evil  thinks. 

166.   IMBOIRE  =  TO    IMBUE   (Obsolete) 

Only  \h.Q  past  participle  is  used  :  Imbu  (m.s.),  imbue  (f-s.),  imbued,  impressed. 
See  imbiber  (de),  teindre  (de),  p^netrer  (de),  inspirer  (a),  Verb  Dictionary. 

ISSIR  =  TO   DESCEND,   TO   SPRING   FROM   (Obsolete) 

Used  only  in  the  past  participle :  Issu  (m.s.),  issue  {f.s.).     Used  adjectively. 
See  sortir,  venir. 

Les  Valois  Itaient  issus  d'un  fils  de  Saint  Louis. 

167.   JAILLIR  =  TO   SPOUT   OUT 
Used  only  in  the  third  persons  of  each  tense.     Conjugated  like  finir. 
L'eau  jaillissait  du  tuyau. 

168.    LUIRE  =  TO    SHINE 

Participe  Present  Participe  Passe 

Luisant  Lui  (invariable). 

L'INDICATIF 

Present  Imparfait 

Je  luis             Nous  luisons  Je  luisais           Nous  luisions 

Tu  luis            Vous  luisez  Tu  luisais            Vous  luisiez 

II  luit             lis  luisent  II  luisait             II  luisaient 

No  Passe  Defini 


222 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


Futur 


Je  luirai 
Tu  luiras 
11  luira 

LE  CONDITIONNEL 

Nous  luirons  . 
Vous  luirez 
lis  luiront 

Je  luirais 

Present 
L'IMPERATIF 

Tu  luirais,  etc. 

Luis 

Luisons 

Luisez 

Que  je  luise 
Que  tu  luises 
Qu'il  luise 

LE  SUBJONCTIF 
Present 

No  Imparfait 

Que  nous  luisions 
Que  vous  luisiez 
Qu'ils  luisent 

One  can  use  luire  with  reference  to  things  which  give  hght. 

Reluire  is  appHc.able  to  things  which  shine  by  reflected  light ;  it  is  said  of  all 
polished  surfaces. 

Briller  has  the  idea  of  to  shine  in  the  sense  of  to  be  brilliant,  to  glitter. 
Le  soleil  luit.      The  sun  shines,  gives  light. 
Les  toits  des  maisons  luisaient  au  soleil.     The  roofs  of  the  houses  were  shining  in 

the  sun.     (Fig.) 
Le  soleil  brille  au  ciel.     The  sun  shines  in  the  sky. 
Les  ^toiles,  les  yeux,  les  diamants  brillent. 
Tout  ce  qui  reluit  n'est  pas  or. 

Ses  souliers  reluisaient  de  cirage.    Son  front  reluisait. 
Un  nouveau  jour  va  luire.     Luck  is  going  to  change. 


169.   MECROIRE  =  TO    DISBELIEVE 
Used  only  in  the  proverb  :  II  est  dangereux  de  croire  et  de  m^croire. 

MEFAIRE  =  TO    DO    EVIL,    HARM 

Conjugated  like  faire,  and  employed  only  in  the  infinitive  mefaire  and  the 
past  participle  m^fait.  Auxiliary,  avoir.  Familiar.  Hardly  used.  Malfaire  is 
generally  used  instead. 


MALFAIRE  =  TO    DO    EVIL 

Used  in  the  present  infinitive  only  :  Etre  inclin  a  malfaire.     II  ne  se  plait  qu'a 
malfaire. 


THE  FRENCH  VERB  223 

MESSE0IR  =  TO   BE   UNBECOMING,   NOT   TO   BECOME 

According  to  the  Academy,  messeoir  is  conjugated  as  follows : 

L'INDICATIF 
Present  Imparfait  Futur 

II  messied  II  messeyait  II  messi^ra 

lis  messi^ent  lis  messeyaient  lis  messi^ront 

Participe  Present 
Messeyant,  mess^ant 

It  is  not  used  in  the  infinitive  present  nor  in  the  persons  and  tenses  not  given. 
Examples : 

Cet  ajustement  messied  sL  votre  age.     That  attire  does  not  suit  your  age. 

Qui  messied  (a)  —  unbefitting^  unbecoming^  unseemly. 

The  verb  seoir  used  negatively  and  the  verb  aller  (impers.)  negatively  are 
more  often  used. 

Note  use  of  the  adjective  messeante  :  D'une  maniere  mess&inte.  Indeco- 
rously, unbecomingly. 

SE   M0URIR  =  TO    BE    DYING,    EXPIRING 
Se  mourir  is  hardly  used  except  in 

L'INDICATIF 
Present 
Je  me  meurs  Tu  te  meurs  II  se  meurt,  etc. 

and  in  the 

Imparfait 
Je  me  mourais  Tu  te  mourais,  etc. 

II  meurt  means  he  is  dying,  but  is  not  necessarily  at  present  at  the  point 

of  death.     II  se  meurt  means  he  is  at  the  point  of  death  —  in  the  act  of  expiring. 

170.   OCCIRE  =  TO   KILL  (Obsolete) 

ouiR  =  TO  hf:ar 

Participe  Present  Participe  Passe 

Oyant  Oui  {m.s.),  ouie  {f.s.). 

L'INDICATIF  ^ 

Present  Ltiparfait 

J'ois  Nous  oyons  J'oyais 

Tu  oit         Vous  oyez  Tu  oyais,  etc. 

II  oit  lis  oyent 


224 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


Passe  Defini 
J'ou'is         Nous  ouimes 
Tu  ouis       Vous  ouites 
II  ouit        lis  ouirent 


J'oirais 
Oyons 


LE  CONDITIONNEL 


L'IMPERATIF 


Futur 
J'oirai 
Tu  oiras,  etc. 


Tu  oirais,  etc. 


Present 
Que  j'oie  or  que  j'oye,  etc. 


LE  SUBJONCTIF 


Oyez 

Imparfait 
Que  j'ouisse 
Que  tu  ouisses,  etc. 


TEMPS  COMPOSES 

Passe  Defini 

J'ai  oui  Tu  as  oui,  etc. 

Used  (most  often)  in  the  compound  tenses  and  the  infinitive  present. 

Ouir  is  used  when  the  idea  of  comprehending  or  understanding  (expressed  by 
entendre)  does  not  enter. 

J'ai  oui  parler  ces  hommes,  mais  je  n'ai  pu  entendre  (comprendre)   ce   qu'ils 
disaient. 


171.   PAITRE  =  TO   GRAZE 


Participe  Present 
Paissant 


Present 
Je  pais  Nous  paissons 

Tu  pais         Vous  paissez 
II  pait  Us  paissent 


L'INDICATIF 


Je  paitrai 
Tu  paitras 
II  paitra 


Je  paitrais 
Tu  paitrais 
II  paitrait 


Pais 


No  Passe  Defini 
Futur 


Participe  Passe 
Pu  (no  feminine) 


Imparfait 
Je  paissais 
Tu  paissais,  etc. 


Nous  paitrons 
Vous  paitrez 
Us  paitront 


LE  CONDITIONNEL 

Present 


L'IMPERATIF 
Paissons 


Nous  paitrions 
Vous  paitriez 
lis  paitraient 


Paissez 


and 


THE  FRENCH    VERB  225 

LE  SUBJONCTIF 

Present 

Que  je  paisse  Que  nous  paissions 

Que  tu  paisses  Que  vous  paissiez  v 

Qu'il  paisse  Quils  paissent 

No  Imparfait 
The  past  participle  pu  is  only  a  term  of  falconry. 

Faites      1 

Envoyez  [paitre  les  vaches. 

Menez     J 

Les  chevaux  paissaipnt  sur  les  pr^s  sal^s. 

Repaitre  is  conjugated  like  paitre,  and  has  besides  the 

Passe  Dejim 

Je  repus  Nous  repflmes 

Tu  repus  Vous  reputes 

II  reput  lis  repurent 

LE   SUBJONCTIF 
Imparfait 
Que  je  repusse  Que  tu  repusses,  etc. 

Repaitre  (de),  to  feed  (on).     Also  se  repaitre  (de). 
Note  the  use  of  repu  in  sense  of  satiated,  gorged. 


PARFAIRE  =  TO   COMPLETE,   TO    FINISH 
Parfaire  is  conjugated  like  faire,  but  rarely  used. 

PARTIR  =  TO  PART,   TO    DIVIDE 

Seldom  used  except  in  the  proverb  : 

Avoir  maille  a  parti r  avec  quelqu'un.      To  have  a  crow  to  pluck  with  any  one. 

The  past  participle   Parti    {m.s.),    partie   (/-s.),    is    employed    in    heraldry 
expressions.     Do  not  confuse  with  partir,  to  leave,  to  start. 


P0INDRE  =  TO   STING,    TO   DAWN,   TO    BREAK,   TO   PEEP 

Poindre,  to  sting,  is  rarely  used  except  in  a  few  familiar  phrases,  such  as : 
Quel  taon  vous  point  ? 

martin's    FRENCH   VERB  —  1 5 


226 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


Poindre,  to  dawn^  etc.,  is  employed  in  the 


and  the 


Infin  itif  Present 
Poindre 

Futur 


Je  poindrai 
Tu  poindras 
II  poindra 


Nous  poindrons 
Vous  poindrez 
lis  poindront 


Piquer  is  now  used  in  this  connection  of  to  sting  even  in  the  familiar  locution  : 
Quelle  mouche  vous  pique  ?     In  sense  of  to  dawn : 

J'ai  vu  poindre  le  jour.     /  saw  the  day  break. 
J'ai  vu  poindre  la  premiere  ^tincelle  de  lumi^re. 

See  faire  jour.    II  se  fait  jour  a  six  heures. 

PROMOUVOIR  =  TO   PROMOTE  (Raise  to  Dignity) 

Promouvoir  is  used  only  in  the  present  infinitive  and  in  the  compound  tenses ; 
past  participle :  Promu  (m.s.),  promue  {f.s.).  Avoir  is  the  auxiliary.  Also  used 
in  X\it  passive. 

On  a  promu  le  capitaine.     Le  capitaine  a  ete  promu. 

See  avancer  for  ordinary  meanings  of  to  promote,  to  advance. 
L'^leve  a  ete  avance.      The  scholar  {pupil)  has  been  promoted. 
On  a  donn6  de  I'avancement  a  cet  officier.     That  officer  has  been  promoted. 
Also 

On  a  avanci  cet  officier. 

Elever  quelqu'un  a  de  grands  honneurs.     To  promote  any  one  to  great  honors. 
Favoriser  les  sciences,  la  religion.     To  promote  science,  religion,  etc. 

PUER  =  TO   STINK    (Intr.)  ;    TO   SMELL   OF    (Tr.) 

Puer  is  regular ;  used  in  the  following  tenses : 

Infinitif 
Puer 


Present 
Je  pue  Nous  puons 

Tu  pues  Vous  puez 

II  pue  lis  puent 


Je  puerais 


Participe  Present 
Puant 

No 

Participe  Passe 

L'INDICATIF 

Imparfait 
Je  puais 
Tu  puais 
11  puait,  etc. 

Futur 
Je  puerai 
Tu  pueras,  etc. 

LE  CONDITIONNEL 

Present 

Tu 

puerais, 

etc. 

THE  FRENCH    VERB 


227 


The  past  definite^  the  imperfect  subjunctive^  and  the  compound  tenses  have 
been  used. 

Cela  pue  le  muse,  that  smells  of  musk. 


172.    QUERIR  =  TO    FETCH 

Used  only  in  the  infinitive  with  the  verbs  :  Aller,  venir,  envoyer.  AUez 
qu^rir.      Go  and  fetch.     Almost  obsolete. 

AUez  chercher,  envoyons  chercher,  etc.,  are  now  used  instead  of  AUez 
qulrir,  etc. 

173.   RAIRE    OR  REER  =  TO   BELLOW  (Like  a  Stag) 


Participe  Present 
Rayant 

Participe  Passe 
Rait 

L'INDICATIF 

Present 

Imparfa 

nt                              Futur 

Je  rais                  Nous  rayons 
Tu  rais                 Vous  rayez 
U  rait                   Us  raient 

Je  rayais 
Tu  rayais, 

LE  SUBJONCTIF 
Present 

Je  rairai 
,  etc.                  Tu  rairas,  etc. 

Que  je  raie 
Que  tu  raies 
Qu'il  raie 

RfeER 
L'INDICATIF 

Que  nous  rayions 
Que  vous  rayiez 
Qu'ils  raient 

Present 
Jer6e 
Tu  r6es,  etc. 

Imparfait 
Je  r6ais 
Tu  r6ais,  etc. 

Futur 
Je  r6rai 
Tu  r^ras,  etc. 

Present 
Que  je  r4e 
Que  tu  r6es,  etc. 

LE   SUBJONCTIF 

Imparfait 
Que  je  r6asse 
Que  tu  rdasses,  etc. 

Participe  Present 
R^ant 

Participe  Passe 
R^6 

RAV0IR  =  TO   GET   AGAIN 
Used  only  in  the  infinitive  present,  ravoir. 

RECHOIR^TO    FALL   AGAIN,    TO    RECEIVE    (Obsolete) 
Used   only  in  the  infinitive,  rechoir,  and  the  past  participle :  Rechu  {m.s.\ 


rechue  (fs.). 
See  retomber. 


Subir  une  rechute. 


228  THE  FRENCH    VERB 


RECLURE  =  TO   SHUT   UP 

Used  only  in  the  infinitive,  reclure,  the  past  participle :  Reclus  {m.s,)y  recluse 
(/.J.),  and  the  compound  tenses :  J'ai  reclus,  J'avais  reclus,  etc. 
Used  about  as  the  verb  to  sequester  in  English. 

RELUIRE  =  TO   SHINE,   TO   GLITTER 
Reluire  is  conjugated  like  luire.     See  i68. 

REPAITRE  =  TO   FEED 
See  paltre. 

174.    SAILLIR  =  TO   GUSH,   TO   GUSH    OUT,   TO   BREAK    FORTH 

Conjugated  like  finir ;  used  in  the  infinitive  and  the  third  persons  of  some 
tenses.     Jaillir  or  sortir  more  used  now. 

Le  vin  saillissait  de  la  barrique. 

SAILLIR  =  TO   PROJECT,   TO   STAND    OUT 

Participe  Present  Participe  Passe 

Saillant  Sailli  {tn.s.),  Saillie  (p.) 

L'INDICATIF 

Present  Imparfait  Passe  Defini  Futur 

II  saille  II  saillait  II  saillit  II  saillera 

lis  saillent  lis  saillaient  lis  saillirent  lis  sailleront 

LE  CONDITIONNEL 

Present 

II  saillerait  lis  sailleraient 

LE   SUBJONCTIF 

Present  Imparfait 

Qu'il  saille  Qu'ils  saillent  Qu'il  saillit  Qu'ils  saillissent 

TEMPS  COMPOSES 
Passe  Defini 
II  a  sailli  lis  ont  sailli,  etc. 

Les  toits  des  maisons  saillissent  sur  les  rues. 

SEMONDRE  =  TO    INVITE   (to  a  Ceremony) 
Used  only  in  the  infinitive  present,  semondre. 


THE  FRENCH    VERB  229 

SEOIR  =  TO   SIT,   TO   BE   SEATED.     See   S'ASSEOIR 

Only  the  present  participle,  scant,  and  the  past  participle,  Sis  (w.^.),  sise 
(/j".),  are  used. 

S^ant  and  sis  are  law  terms  and  mean  sitting  and  situated. 

SEOIR  =  TO    FIT,   TO   BECOME,   TO   SUIT 
The  following  are  used  : 

L'INDTCATIF 
Present         .  Impar/ait  Futur 

U  s/eflf         lis  s/ee/7f  lis  ^eyalt         lis  seyaienf  II  siera        lis  sieront 

LE  CONDITIONNEL 
Present 
II  si^rait  lis  si^raient 

LE   SUBJONCTIF 
Present  Participe  Present  Participe  Passe 

Qu'il  si^e        Qu'ils  silent  Seyant  or  S^ant  Sis 

Cela  vous  sied  bien.     Ce  chapeau  vous  sied  bien.     Cette  mani^re  ne  vous  sied 
pas.     See  also  the  verb  aller.  Verb  Dictionary. 

S0UDRE  =  TO   SOLVE    (Obsolete) 
Used  only  in  the  infinitive.     Risoudre  is  now  used  instead. 
Resoudre  (soudre)  un  probllme. 

S0URDRE  =  TO   SPRING  OUT,   TO    GUSH   FORTH    (of  Water   coming 

FROM  THE  Earth) 

Used  figuratively  in  sense  of  to  result 

The  present  infinitive  and  the  third  persons  of  the  present  indicative  are  used  : 
II  sourd,  ils  sourdent. 

Les  eaux  de  cette  riviere  sourdent  dans  les  hautes  montagnes. 
See  sortir. 

De  cette  affaire  on  verra  sourdre  de  grands  malheurs. 

S0UL0IR  =  TO   BE  WONT,   ACCUSTOMED   (Obsolete) 

The  imperfect,  je  soulais,  tu  soulais,  etc.,  are  the  only  forms  used,  and  these 
infrequently. 


230  THE  FRENCH    VERB 

SURGIR  =  TO   LAND,   TO   REACH   (a  Haven) 
Only  the  infinitive  is  used. 

Croyez-vous  que  nous  puissions  surgir  au  port  ? 

SURGIR  =  TO   ARISE,   TO   SPRING    UP,   TO   START    UP,   TO   SHOW 
ONE'S   SELF   BY   RISING 

Conjugated  like  finir  and  used  in  the  third  persons  of  most  of  the  tenses. 
Examples : 

L'INDICATIF 

Present                             Imparfait                               Passe  Defini  Futur 

II  surgit                           II  surgissait                           II  surgit  II  surgira 

lis  surgissent                  lis  surgissaient                     lis  surgirent  lis  surgiront 

LE  CONDITIONNEL 
Present  Participe  Present 

II  surgirait  lis  surgiraient  Surgissant 

Une  voile  surgit  k  1' horizon. 

lis  ont  surgi  des  quatre  coins  de  la  terra. 

De  nouvelles  difficult^s  surgissent  sans  cesse. 

175.    TISTRE  =  TO    WEAVE 

Used  only  in  the  compound  tenses  with  its  past  participle  Tissu  (m.s.),  tissue 
{f.s.).     Avoir  is  the  auxiliary. 

J'ai  tissu  Nous  avons  tissu 

Tu  as  tissu  Vous  avez  tissu 

11  a  tissu  lis  ont  tissu 


PART    II 

The  second  part  of  this  work  is  devoted  to  lists  of  verbs  for  practice  in  the 
use  of  prepositions,  the  use  of  the  reflexive  verb,  and  for  reference. 

It  is  thought  that  Usts  i,  2,  3,  4,  5  may  be  used  to  advantage  by  requiring 
the  student  to  study  three  or  four  verbs  daily  ;  the  English  examples  opposite  the 
verbs  assigned  to  be  translated  into  French  at  the  board  as  part  of  the  recitation. 
This  practice  is  intended  to  familiarize  the  student  with  the  use  of  the  verbs 
requiring  prepositions  before  a  following  infinitive. 

The  lists  will  be  found  most  valuable  during  the  review,  although  they  may 
be  used  on  the  advance  after  the  student  has  grasped  the  significance  of  the  use 
of  prepositions.  Constant  practice  in  constructing  idiomatic  French  sentences  is 
the  only  means  by  which  ease  in  speaking  or  writing  the  language  can  be 
acquired. 

176.     PRACTICAL  EXERCISES   IN   IDIOMATIC   FRENCH 

The  student  who  has  reached  this  point  must  have  noted  the  necessity,  in 
French,  of  supplying  words  in  answers  to  questions  in  order  to  avoid  repeating 
the  whole  of  an  interrogative  sentence  in  the  form  of  an  affirmation  or  a  negation. 


Examples 


Have  you  my  book  7 

Avez-vous  mon  livre  ? 

Are  you  Robert's  sister. 

fetes-vous  la  soeur  de  Robert  ? 

Are  you  happy  ? 

Etes-vous  heureux  ? 

Have  you  some  more  apples  ? 

Avez-vous  encore  des  pommes  ? 

Have  you  some  peaches  ? 

Avez-vous  des  peches  ? 

Is  your  brother  in  the  garden  ? 

Votre  fr^re  est-il  dans  le  jardin  ? 

Have  you  opened  the  door  ? 

Avez-vous  ouvert  la  porte  ? 


/  have. 
Je  I'ai. 
I  am. 
Je  la  suis. 

I  am  not. 

Je  ne  le  suis  pas. 
/  have  some  more, 
J' en  ai  encore. 
/  have. 
J'en  ai. 
He  is. 

II  y  est. 
/  have. 

Je  I'al  fait. 


231 


232 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


Does  she  sing  every  morning? 
Chante-t-elle  tous  les  matins  ? 

Would  you  not  have  shut  the  7vindow  ? 
N'auriez-vous  pas  ferm6  la  fenetre  ? 

Are  there  any  pencils  in  the  drawer? 
Y  a-t-il  des  crayons  dans  le  tiroir  ? 


She  does. 
Elle  le  fait. 

/  would. 

Je  I'aurais  fait. 

There  are  (some). 
II  y  en  a. 


It  is  seen  that  le,  la,  les  are  substituted  for  nouns ;  le  for  preceding  adjectives, 
adverbs,  and  sentences ;  that  the  verb  faire  can  frequently  be  used  in  replies 
corresponding  to  our  use  of  to  have. 

In  the  lists  of  verbs  to  follow,  the  questions  in  English  are  to  be  translated 
into  French,  employing  the  proper  preposition  before  the  following  infinitive 
when  one  is  required.  The  answers  are  to  be  translated  into  as  brief  a  form  as 
possible  after  the  manner  illustrated  in  the  foregoing  examples. 


LIST   I 

177.     EXERCISES     ON     VERBS     REQUIRING     THE     PREPOSITION     DE 
BEFORE    AN   INFINITIVE 


S'abstenir   de,  to  abstain  from,  to  re- 
frain from. 

Accuser,  to  accuse  of. 

Achever,  to  finish.  >"' 

Affecter,  to  affect  to,  to  pretend  to. 

Like  its  English  equivalent,  affec^ 
ter  is  not  much  used  before  an 
infinitive.  See  Faire  semblant 
de. 

S'affliger,  to  grieve  at. 

S'agir,   to  be  the  question^  to  be   the 

matter.     (Impersonal.) 
Ambitionner,    to   be   ambitious   to, '  to 

aspire  to. 
Appartenir,  to  behoove  to. 


Was  it  the  custom  of  this  general  to  ab- 
stain from  levying  contributions  in  the 
enemy's  country?      Ans.    It  was  not. 

Has  he  not  been  accused  of  mistreating 
his  children?     Ans.    He  has. 

At  what  hour  does  he  finish  writing? 
Ans.    At  six. 

Does  he  affect  singing  as  another  of  his 
talents?     Ans.    He  does. 


She  grieves  at  being  the  only  one  that 

must  remain. 
Is  it  not  a  matter  of  trying  to   please 

every  one? 
Is  he  ambitious  of  succeeding  his  father 

in  that  office? 
Does  it  not  behoove  you  to  consider  the 

matter  very  carefully  ? 


THE  FRENCH    VERB  233 

S'applaudir,   to  applaud  one's  self^   to     Why  does  he  always  applaud  himself  on 

congratulate  one's  self.  having  done  only  his  duty? 

Apprehender,  to  fear  to.  Does  he  fear  becoming  ill?     Ans.     He 

does. 

Note  that  the  last  verb  is  used  in  English  before  the  infinitive  in  -ing  without 
preposition.  When  the  Enghsh  verb  is  so  used,  the  abbreviations  pr.  p.  are 
placed  after  the  English  translation. 

Avertir,  to  warn  to.  Did  you  warn  him  not  to  go  ?    Ans.    I 

did. 

S'aviser,   to   take  it  into  one's  head,     Did  she  take  it  into  her  head  to  start 
to  bethink  one's  self.  alone?     Ans.    She  did. 

Blamer,  to  blame  for.  Do  you  blame  him  for  having  acted  thus? 

Ans.   I  do. 

Brtiler,  to  long  to,  to  burn  with  the  de-     How  I  long  to  see  him  again  ! 
sire  to. 

Cesser,  to  cease ;  pr.  p.  Please   cease   talking   to   me    about   it. 

Ans.   I  will. 

Charger,  to  charge,  to  commissio7i  to.        Has  he  commissioned  you  to  act  in  his 

place?     Ans.    He  has. 

Se  charger,  to  take  charge  of.  Shall  I  not  take  charge  of  warning  the 

inhabitants  of  the  village  ? 

Choiser,  to  choose  to.  Have  you  not  chosen  to  remain  here? 

Commander,  to  command.  Did  you  command  him  to  remain  at  his 

(a  quelqu'un  de  faire  quelque  chose.)        post  all  day  ?     Ans.    I  did. 

Conjurer,  to  conjure,  to  entreat  to.  Have  you  not  entreated  them  to  visit 

you?      Ans,     I   have,    but   they   will 
not. 

Conseiller,  to  advise  to.  Do  you  advise  me  to  send  for  a  physi- 

cian?    Ans.    I  do. 

Consoler,  to  console  for.  Has  he  succeeded  in  consoling  her  for 

having  lost  her  pearl  necklace  ?     Ans. 
He  has  not. 

Se  contenter,  to  be  content,  to  content    Will  he  be  contented  to  live  always  in 
one's  self  that  manner?     Ans.    I  think  so. 

Continuer  de  or  £i,  to  continue   to,  to     Has  she  continued    to  study  German? 
keep  up ;  pr.  p.     See  List  IV.  Ans.   She  has  not.    (See  Verb  Diction- 

ary.) 

Convenir,  to  agree  to.  Have    they    agreed   to   come   at   five? 

Ans.   They  have. 


234 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


Craindre,  to  fear  to  ;  or  pr.  p. 

Decider,  to  decide  to.    (Intransitive.) 
Decider  (transitive)  and  se  decider 
require  a. 
D^ourager,  to  discourage. 

D^daigner,  to  disdain  to. 
Difendre,  to  forbid  to  ;  pr.  p. 

(a  quelqu'un  de  faire  quelque  chose.) 
Se  dipecher,  to  make  haste  to. 

D6saccoutumer,  to  disaccustom^  to  break 
(^another)  of  the  habit  of 

D6sesp6rer,  to  despair  of;  pr.  p. 

D6sirer,  to  be  desirous  of,  to  desire. 
The  preposition  is  used  with  d^- 
sirer  only  when  the  wish  is  for 
something  uncertain  or  doubt- 
ful. 

Se  d^soler,  to  grieve. 

Determiner,  to  determine  to. 

Se  determiner  and  etre  determine 
require  k. 
D6toumer,  to  divert  from. 

Se  devoir,  to  owe  it  to  one's  self  to. 

Difflrer,  to  defer ^  to  delay ;  pr.  p.    See 

Remettre  a. 
Dire,  to  tell  to. 

(d  quelqu'un  de  faire  quelque  chose.) 
Discontinuer,  to  discontinue  to. 
Disconvenir,  to  disown,  to  deny. 

Pisculper,  to  exculpate  of. 


Does  she  fear  to  travel  alone?  Ans. 
She  does. 

Has  she  decided  to  begin  the  work  to- 
morrow?    Ans.    I  believe  not. 

Will   you  discourage  him  from  playing 

marbles  on  Sunday?     Ans.    I  will. 
She  disdains  to  quarrel  with  him. 
Did  you  forbid  him  to  swim  in  the  river  ? 

Ans.    I  did. 
Please  make  haste  to  speak  to  him  about 

it.     Ans.    I  shall. 
Has  his  wife  broken  him  of  the  habit 

of  smoking  his  pipe  in  the  evening  ? 

Ans.   She  has. 
Do  you  despair  of  reaching  home  before 

she  leaves?     Ans.    I  do. 
Do   you    desire   to    see    Mr.    Williams? 

Does   he   desire   to   succeed?     Ans, 

He  does. 


Is  she  not  grieved     1 

T^        ,         ^     .        h  to  see  him  so  cruel? 

Does  she  not  grieve  j 

Has    he    determined    to    go    himself? 

Ans.    He  has. 

Do  not  divert  them  from  doing  what  they 

deem  necessary.    Ans.   I  shall  not. 
Does  one  not  owe  it  to  one's  self  to  be 

just  and  honorable  ? 
Shall  you  defer  commencing  that  until 

to-morrow?     Ans.    I  shall. 
Shall  you    tell   him   to   leave  at  once? 

Ans.    I  shall. 
Has  he  discontinued  writing  to  you? 
Do  you  disown  having  spoken   to   him 

about  it  ?     Ans.    I  do  not. 
Has  the  judge  exculpated  him  of  having 

robbed  the  old  woman? 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


235 


Dispenser,  to  dispense  with. 

Dissuader,  to  dissuade  from ;   pr.  p. 

Ecrire,  to  write  to. 

S'efforcer,  to  endeavor  to. 

Enjoindre,  to  enjoin  to. 

Enrager,  to  be  enraged from^  to. 

Empecher,  to  prevent  from. 

S'empresser  (de),  to  hasten  to. 

(a)  to  be  eager  to. 
Entreprendre,  to  undertake  to. 

Essay er,  to  try  to,  to  endeavor  to. 

A  is  also  used  in  sense  of  to  essay, 
to  endeavor. 
Eviter,  to  avoid ;  pr.  p. 

Excuser,  to  excuse  from. 

Exempter,  to  exempt  from,  to  dispense 
with. 

Feindre,  to  feign  to  ;  pr.  p. 

Se  f6liciter,  to  felicitate,  to  congratu- 
late one's  self. 

Finir,  to  finish  ;  pr.  p. 

Se  flatter,  to  flatter  one^s  self  on. 


Fr^mir,  to  shudder  to. 

Se  garder,  to  beware;  pr.  p.,  to  take 
care  not  to,  to  refrain  from. 


Can  you  not  dispense   with   writing   to 

him?     Ans.    I  cannot. 
Have  you    dissuaded    him    from  under- 
taking that?     Ans.    I  have. 
Has  he  written  you  to  come  ?     Ans.   He 

has. 
Has  he  endeavored  to  prevent  the  sale 

of  that  house  ?     Ans.   He  has. 
Did   you   enjoin   him    to   make   haste? 

Ans.    I  did. 
He  is  enraged  to  be  taken  for  (at  having 

been  taken  for)  a  workingman. 
Did  she  prevent  you  from  speaking  of 

the  matter?     Ans.    She  did. 
Did  you  hasten  to  render  her  the  service 

demanded?    Ans.    I  did. 
Shall  you  undertake  to  sell  your  stock  at 

the  present  prices? 
Did  the  general  try  to  cut  their  hnes  of 

communication?     Ans.   He  did. 

Should  I  try  to  avoid  saying  anything 
that  could  wound  him?  Ans.  You 
should. 

Have  you  excused  them  from  reciting 
this  morning?     Ans.    I  have. 

Can  you  dispense  with  his  writing  those 
prescriptions  this  morning? 

Why  do  you  feign  being  happy  ? 

You  should  congratulate  yourself  on  hav- 
ing succeeded. 

When  shall  you  finish  planting  your  vege- 
tables ? 

Does  she  flatter  herself  on  speaking 
French  well?  (that  she  speaks  French 
well). 

Did  she  not  shudder  to  hear  that?  Ans. 
She  did. 

Did  you  take  care  not  to  promise  too 
much?    Ans.    I  did. 


236 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


Gimir,  to  lament,  to  bewail;  pr.  p. 

Gronder,  to  scold  for. 

Se  hater,  to  hasten  to. 

S'indigner,  to  be  indignant  to. 

Inspirer,  to  inspire  with,  to. 
Jurer,  to  swear  to. 
Mander,  to  send  word  to. 

Manquer,  to  fail  to  (or  pr.  p.),  to  omit. 

See  List  IV. 
Miditer,  to  meditate ;  pr.  p. 

Menacer,  to  threaten  to. 

Miriter,  to  deserve  to. 
N^gliger,  to  neglect  to. 
Nier,  to  deny ;  pr.  p. 
Offrir,  to  offer  to. 

Omettre,  to  omit  to. 

Ordonner,  to  order  to. 

(a  quelqu'un  de  faire  quelque  chose.) 
Oublier,  to  forget  to. 
Pardonner,  to  forgive  for. 

Parler,  to  speak  of;  pr.  p. 

Persuader,  to  persuade  to. 

(a  quelqu'un  de  faire  quelque  chose.) 
Permettre,  to  permit. 

{k  quelqu'un  de  faire  quelque  chose.) 
Se  piquer,  to  pretend  to  ;  to  pride  one's 

self  upon  ;  to  plume  07ie's  self  on. 
Se  plaindre,  to  complain  of. 


Does  he  not  bewail  having  made  such  an 
error  ? 

Did  your  father  scold  you  for  having 
borrowed  the  money? 

Have  you  hastened  to  pay  your  visits  to 
them?     Ans.    I  have  not. 

Are  you  not  indignant  to  see  him  dis- 
regard your  advice  ? 

Did  she  inspire  you  to  write  this  book? 

Has  he  not  sworn  to  be  revenged? 

Did  he  send  you  word  to  come  at  once? 
Ans.    He  did. 

Has  he  failed  to  keep  his  promise? 
Ans.    He  has. 

Does  your  father  not  meditate  going 
to  Europe  in  the  spring?  Ans.  He 
does. 

Has  your  father  threatened  to  cut  off 
your  allowances? 

Did  he  deserve  to  be  recompensed  ? 

Did  you  neglect  to  pay  last  month's  bills? 

Does  he  deny  having  been  there  ? 

Has  he  offered  to  cash  the  check  for 
you?     Ans.    He  has  not. 

Will  you  omit  reading  this  line?  Ans, 
I  will  not. 

Did  the  doctor  order  you  to  give  her 
this  medicine  every  two  hours? 

Had  he  forgotten  to  report  his  arrival? 

Will  you  forgive  her  for  not  having  in- 
vited you  ?     Ans.    I  will  not. 

Did  they  not  speak  of  starting  to-morrow 
for  England? 

Can  you  persuade  her  to  sing  this  even- 
ing?    Ans.    I  think  not. 

Do  you  permit  your  son  to  ride  that 
horse? 

Does  he  pride  himself  on  having  passed 
that  examination? 

Does  she  complain  of  feeling  badly  ? 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


237 


Plaindre,  to  pity. 

Prescrire,  to  prescribe,  to  direct,  to  give 

directions  to. 
Presser,  to  press,  to  urge  to. 
Se  presser,  to  hasten  to. 

Frier,  to  request  to. 

Promettre,  to  promise  to. 

(a  quelqu'un  de  faire  quelque  chose.) 
Proposer,  to  propose  to,  to  proffer. 

(a  quelqu'un  de  faire  quelque  chose.) 
Se  proposer,  to  purpose  to  ;  to  intend  to. 
Recommander,  to  recommend  to. 

(k  quelqu'un  de  faire  quelque  chose.) 
Refuser,  to  refuse  to. 

Regretter,  to  regret  to  ;  pr.  p. 

(Avoir,  regret.^ 
Se  r^jouir,  to  rejoice  to. 

Remercier,  to  thank  for ;  pr.  p. 

Se  repentir,  to  repent  of;  pr.  p. 

Se    rappeler,    to   recall,   to   recollect; 

pr.  p. 
Reprocher,  to  reproach  for,  with  (and 

pr.  p.). 
R^soudre,  to  resolve  on,  to  determine  to. 

Se  risoudre  requires  a. 
Rire,  to  laugh  to,  at;  pr.  p. 
Risquer,  to  risk;  pr.  p. 
Rougir,  to  blush  to. 
Seoir,  to  be  becoming  to. 

(a  quelqu'un  de  faire  quelque  chose.) 
Solliciter,  to  solicit  to. 

This  verb  is  more  generally  used 
before  a  noun. 


Do  you  pity  him  for  having  yielded  to 

the  temptation  ? 
Has  the   doctor   directed   you   to  take 

daily  walks?     Ans.    He  has. 
Did  he  urge  you  to  accompany  him? 
Shall   you   hasten    to    return   her   call? 

Ans.    I  shall. 
Has  she  not  requested  you  to  keep  her 

informed  of  your  progress? 
Did   you  not   promise    your   mother  to 

write  to  her  regularly? 
Have  you  proposed  to  discuss  the  matter 

with  him? 
I  purpose  going  to  Europe  in  the  spring. 
Will  you  not  recommend  to  the  general 

to  send  out  advance  guard  ? 
Had  he  refused  to  grant  you  the  desired 

permission?     Ans.    He  had. 
Do  you  not  regret  leaving  this  beautiful 

country?     Ans.    I  do. 
Did  he  not  rejoice  to  hear  of  the  death 

of  his  rival?     Ans.   He  did. 
May  I  not  thank  him  for  having  sent  the 

flowers?    A71S.   You  may. 
Does  he  repent  having  loaned  you  the 

money?     Ans.    He  does. 
Can  you  recall  having  said  that  ?    Ans.   I 

cannot. 
Why  should  you  reproach  me  for  being 

lazy? 
Have  they  resolved  on  giving  battle  ? 

Did  you  not  laugh  to  see  him  so  excited? 
Has  he  not  risked  being  killed? 
You  should  blush  even  to  speak  of  it. 
Do  you  think  it  is  very  becoming  to  you 

to  act  in  that  way  ? 
Did  you  sohcit  him   to  promote  you? 
Did  he  solicit  you  to  commit  this  crime  ? 


2^,8 


THE  FRENCH  VERB 


Sommer,  to  summon  to. 

Se  soucier,  to  care  to,  about,  to  concern 

one's  self  about ;  pr.  p. 
Souffrir,  to  suffer  to. 
Souhaiter,  to  wish  to. 

The  preposition  may  be  omitted. 
Soup9onner,  to  suspect  of. 

Se  souvenir,  to  remember  to. 

Se  ressouvenir  also  used  with  de. 
Suflire,  to  be  sufficient  to. 

(As  an  impersonal  verb.) 
Sugg^rer,  to  suggest  to. 
Supplier,  to  entreat,  to  beseech  to. 

Tacher,  to  try  to,  to  endeavor  to. 

Tarder,  to  long  to. 

(As  an  impersonal  verb.) 
Tenter,  to  attefnpt,  to  try  ;  to  tempt. 


Se  vanter,  to  boast ;  pr.  p. 


Have  you  summoned  him  to  pay? 

He  concerns  himself  very   little    about 

keeping  his  promise,  does  he  not? 
Did  you  not  suffer  him  to  leave  ? 
I  wish  to  see  him  to-morrow. 

Do  you  suspect  him  of  having  revealed 

your  secret  ?     Ans.   I  do. 
Did   you  remember  to  tell    her  that   I 

should  call  on  her  next  week  ? 
Is  it  not  sufficient  to  report  the  fact  by 

letter? 
Ought  I  to  suggest  writing  to  him? 
Have  I  not  many  times  besought  you  to 

tell  me  where  he  is? 
Have    you    endeavored    to    bring   that 

about? 
Do  you  not  long  to  finish  this  work? 

Does  not  this  fine  weather  tempt  you  to 
go  out  ?  Have  you  attempted  to  cul- 
tivate this  piece  of  ground  ? 

Does  he  not  boast  being  sure  to  win  first 
place  ? 


LIST   II 


178.     VERBS   REQUIRING   A   BEFORE    THE   INFINITIVE 


Verbs  that   require   a   before  the 
progressive  action,  or  a  tendency  to 

S'abaisser,  to  stoop  to. 

S'accorder,  to  agree,  to  coincide  in, 

Accoutumer  (transitive) ,  to  accustom  to. 
S'accoutumer  (like  accoutumer). 
S'acharner,  to  be  infuriated,  to  apply 
one's  self  fiercely,  ardently,  to. 


infinitive  generally  express  continued  or 
attain  something. 

Did  they  stoop  to  accepting   aid  from 

that  person?     Ans.    They  did. 
Have  they  not  agreed  in  recommending 
this  man?     Ans.   They  have. 
I  Has  he   not   accustomed  us  to    expect 
J       nothing  from  him?     Ans.   He  has. 
Why  does  he  apply  himself  so  fiercely  to 
winning  approbation  from  me  ? 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


239 


S'amuser,  to  amuse  o?7e's  self. 
Animer,  to  anwiate  to. 


Aide*-,  to  help  to.  Will  you  help  me  hang  these  curtains? 

Ans.    I  will  gladly. 
Aimer,  to  love  to.  Don't  they  like  to  pass  their  evenings 

reading?      Ans.    They    do   not   care 
for  it. 
Amuser,  to  amuse  with,  in  (and  pr.  p.).  |  Can  you  not  amuse  yourself  with  walk. 

J       ing  up  and  down  the  river  bank? 
What  unfortunate  sentiment  can  animate 
him   to    act   thus?      Ans.    I    cannot 
say. 
Does  she  not  apply  herself  diligently  to 

causing  trouble  wherever  she  is? 
Have  you   learned    to    sew   buttons  on 

your  clothing?     Ans.    I  have. 
Shall  we  get  ready  to  go  out?    Ans.  Yes; 
let  us  do  so. 


S'appliquer,  to  apply  one's  self  to. 

Apprendre,  to  learn  to,  to  teach  to. 

See  Verb  Dictionary. 
Appreter,  trans. )  to  get  ready  to. 
S'appreter,  j  to  prepare  to. 

Aspirer,  to  aspire  to. 

Hardly  used  before  the  infinitive, 
but,  like  the  English  equivalent, 
is  used  chiefly  before  nouns. 
Assigner,  to  summon,  to  subpoena,   to 

assign. 
Assujettir,    to    subject,    to   compel,    to 

constrain  to. 
S'attacher,  to  strive  to,  to  apply  one's 
self  to,  to  adhere,  etc. 

Generally  used  before  nouns.    See 
S'appliquer. 
S'attendre,  to  expect  to. 


Have  you  been  summoned  to  appear 
before  Judge  B.  ?     Ans.    I  have  not. 

Did  not  that  monarch  compel  the  captives 
to  work  like  slaves  ? 


Do  you  expect  to  see  him  to-morrow? 
Ans.    I  do  not. 

Will  you  authorize  me   to  lead  the  at- 
tack? 
Avoir  (expressing  obligation),  to  have  Do  you  not  have  to  write  to  your  mother 


Autoriser,  to  authorize  to. 


to. 
Balancer,  to  hesitate,  to  be  undecided, 

irresolute  to. 
Se  borner,  to  limit  one's  self  to. 

Chercher,  to  seek  to,  to  try  to. 


to-night? 
Do  you  hesitate  to  act? 

Did  he  not  limit  (confine)  himself  to 
reading  the  most  striking  paragraphs? 

Have  they  not  sought  to  hamper  my 
progress  in  every  possible  way? 


240 


THE  FRENCH   l/ERB 


Commencer,  to  begin,  to  commence. 
Grammarians  sometimes  put  com- 
mencer in  list  with  verbs  requir- 
ing k  and  de,  but  a  only  is  used 
in  practice. 
Concourir,  to  contribute  to,  to  cooper- 
ate in. 
Condamner,  to  condemn  to. 


Condescendre,  to  condescend  to. 
Consentir,  to  consent  to. 

Consistir,  to  consist  in. 

Consumer,  to  consume,  to  wear  out. 
Contraindre,  to  compel  to. 
Convier,  to  i?ivite  to. 


Cofiter,  to  cost,  to  cost  an  effort  to. 

Coiiter,  as  an  impersonal  verb,  re- 
quires de. 
D&ider,  to  induce  to. 

Se  decider,  like  decider  (transitive), 
requires   a;    decider    (intransi- 
tive) requires  de. 
Demander,  to  ask  {some  one)  to.    See 

List  IV. 
Destiner,  to  destine  to. 

(Only  when  used  passively.) 
Etre  determine,  to  be  determined  to. 
Determiner  (transitive),  to  persuade  to, 

to  influence  to,  induce  to. 
Se  determiner,  to  determine  to. 
Disposer,  to  prevail  upon,  to  induce  to, 
to  dispose  to. 


Do  you  begin  to  understand  me  ? 


Have  not  all  the  sciences  contributed  to 

civilize  the  world?     Ans.   They  have. 
Did  he  not  condemn  this  poor  man  to 

pass    the   remainder  of    his    days   in 

prison?     Ans.    He  did. 
Did  she  condescend  to  listen  to  you? 
Has  your  father  consented  to  accompany 

us?     Ans.    Yes,  he  has. 
Does   not  our  safety  consist   in  acting 

promptly   in    such   cases?      Ans.     It 

does. 
Has  he  not  worn  out  all  his  energy  in 

serving  his  master? 
Was  that  officer  not  compelled  to  resign? 

Ans.    He  was. 
Have  they  not  invited  you  to  take  your 

meals   at   their  house?     Ans.    They 

have. 
Is  it  not  a  sacrifice  which  it  costs  an 

effort  to  make?     Ans.    It  is. 

Have  you  induced  him  to  start  to-day  ? 


Did  your  mother  not  ask  you  to  bring 

in  those  chairs? 
Is  he  not  destined  to  become  famous? 

Ans.     I  believe  he  is. 
Is  he  determined  to  ruin  his  life  ? 


Have  you  prevailed  upon  him  to  grant 
my  request?    Ans.   I  have. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


24  c 


Se  disposer,  to  prepare  to.     See  Dic- 
tionary. 
Donner,  to  give  to. 


Employer,  to  employ  at. 
S'employer,  to  busy  one's  self  in,  to 

spend  one^s  time  at,  in. 
Encourager,  to  encourage  to. 

Enhardir,  to  embolden  to. 

Enseigner,  to  teach  to. 

Etre,  to  be  (at)  ;  pr.  p. 

S'ltudier,  to  study  to,  to  make  it  one's 

study  to. 
S'evertuer,  to  exert  one's  self  to. 

Exceller,  to  excel  in  ;  pr.  p. 

Exciter,  to  excite  to, 

S'exercer,  to  exercise  in,  to  practise ; 

pr.  p. 
Exhorter,  to  exhort  to. 

Se  fatiguer,  to  get  tired ;  pr.  p. 

Forcer,  to  force  to. 

Used  passively,  forcer  requires  de. 
Gagner,  to  gain  by,  to  improve  upon. 
Gagner  a  etre  connu,  to  improve  upon 

acquaintance. 
S'habituer,  to  accustom  one^s  self  to,  to 

get  accustomed  to. 
Se  hasarder,  to  venture, 

martin's   FRENCH  VERB — 16 


Have  I  given  you  too  much  to  do? 
Has  he  given  you  to  understand  that  you 

are  to  go?     Ans.    He  has. 
Is  he  not  busying  himself  at  present  with 

repairing  the  garden  fence? 

Does  your  father  encourage  you  to  read 

fiction?     Ans.    He  does  not. 
Is  it  that  fact  which  has  emboldened  you 

to  speak  to  me  on  the  subject? 
Who  is  the  gentleman  who  is  teaching 

your  children  to  read  Greek? 
Was  she  not  doing  what  I  told  her  to  do  ? 

A71S.    She  was  not. 
Does  he  not  make  it  his  study  to  please 

her  in  every  way  ?     Ans.    He  does. 
She  does  not  exert  herself  to  understand 

what  I  say.      I  know  it-. 
He  excels  in  touching  up  old  paintings, 

does  he  not?     Ans.   He  does. 
Who    excited   him    to   commit  such  an 

imprudence?     Ans.    I  cannot  say. 
Does  he  not  exercise  himself  in   firing 

the  revolver  every  morning? 
Do  not  their  priests  exhort  them  to  die 

fighting?     Ans.    They  do. 
Do  you  not  get   tired   reading   to   the 

children?     Ans.    I  do  sometimes. 
Did  they  force  you  to  sign  that  paper? 

Ans.  They  did. 


I  have  accustomed  myself  to  rise  at  six. 

Has  she  ventured  to  go  out  in  the  boat 
with  you?  Ans.  Only  in  very  fine 
weather. 


242 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


H^siter,  io  hesitate. 

Inciter,  to  incite  to. 

Instruire,  to  instruct  to. 

Int^resser,  to  interest  to. 

Inviter,  to  invite  to. 

Se  mettre,  to  set  about,  to  begin  ;  pr.  p. 

Montrer,    to   show  how   to.     See  Ap- 

prendre. 
Obliger,  to  oblige  to. 

Obliger,  used  passively,  requires  de. 

S'obstiner,  to  be  obstinate  in. 

S'offrir,  to  offer  to,  to  offer  one's  self. 
S'opiniatrer,  to  be  obstinate  in. 

(Like  S'obstiner.) 
Parvenir,  to  succeed  in. 

(With  etre.) 
Passer,  to  pass,  to  spend  in. 

Penser,  to  think,  to  have  thoughts  of, 

Pers^v^rer,  to  presevere  in, 

Persister,  to  persist  in. 

Se  plaire,  to  delight  in. 

Porter,    to   incline,    to    induce    to,    to 

prompt  to. 
Se  preparer,  to  prepare  to. 

Recommencer,  to  begin  again  to. 
R^duire,  to  reduce  to,  to  compel  to. 


Do  not  hesitate  to  write  to  me  when  in 

need  of  money.     Ans.    I  shall  not. 
Is  he  inciting  these  Indians  to  join  the 

rioters?     Ans.    He  is. 
Did  he  instruct  you  to  sign  papers  during 

his  absence?     Ans.    Pie  did. 
Have  you  interested  the  children  to  try 

this  new  game  ? 
Have  you  invited  him  to  spend  a  month 

at  your  country  home?     Ans.    I  have. 
At  what  hour  do  you  begin  writing  your 

exercises?     Ans.   At  eight. 
Show  him  how  to  copy  these  drawings. 

Can  you  not  oblige  him  to  return  the 
borrowed  articles?  Ans.  I  do  not 
know. 

Is  he  not  obstinate  in  wishing  to  go  with 
us?     Ans.    He  is. 

Has  he  not  offered  to  go  ? 


Have  they  succeeded  in  obtaining  that 
position  ? 

Does  he  still  pass  his  afternoons  rowing 
on  the  lake? 

Were  you  thinking  of  going  to  see  him 
to-night?     Ans.    I  was. 

Does  he  persevere  in  sending  you 
flowers  ? 

Does  she  persist  in  denying  having  said 
that?     Ans.    She  does. 

Why  do  you  delight  in. teasing  her? 

Have  you  induced  him  to  think  about 
the  matter? 

Have  you  prepared  to  address  the  mem- 
bers of  the  club  to-night? 

Has  he  begun  to  smoke  again  ? 

Have  you  reduced  your  pride  to  accept- 
ing that  situation  ? 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  243 

Renoncer,  to  renounce ;  pr.  p.  Will  she  not  renounce  seeing  this  person? 

Ans.    She  will. 

R^pugner,  to  feel  reluctant,  loth  to.  Does  he  feel  reluctant  to  speak  to  the 

Impersonally,    repugner    requires  man  about  it? 
de.    II  me  r^pugne  de  f aire  cela, 
etc. 

Se  r^signer,  to  resign  one's  self  to.  Has   the    criminal    resigned   himself  to 

Se   risoudre,  to  resolve  to,  etc.      See  dying  to-morrow? 
Risoudre,  under  verbs  with  de. 

Raster,  to  re7nain  to.  Does  it  not  remain  to  you  to  thank  them 

for  their  courtesy? 
He  remained  there  watching  the  river. 
Engager,  to  induce,  engage  to,  to  hire  to,     Have  you  induced  those  men  to  perform, 

to  set  {around)  about.  this  work  ? 

R^ussir,  to  succeed  in  (and  pir.  p.).  Have  you  succeeded  in  hiring  a  servant? 

Ans.   I  have  not. 
Servir,  to  serve  to.  This  small  fence  serves  to  separate  the 

two  herds. 
Songer,  to  dream,  think  of.  Do  you  not  sometimes  think  of  return- 

ing  to   your   old   home?     Ans.   But 
rarely. 
Suffire,  to  suffice,  to  be  sufficient,  ade-     Will  this  maid  be  capable  of  serving  so 
quale  to.  many  persons? 

Pour  is  frequently  used  in  above 

sense. 
Suffire,  impersonally,  requires  de. 
Tarder,  to  delay,  to  be  long  in.    See  list     Why  does  he  delay  coming  ? 

with  de. 
Tendre,  to  tend  to  (intransitive).  Will  not  this  misunderstanding  tend  to 

engender  bitter  feelings? 
Tenir,  to  be  anxious  to.  Is  he  not  very  anxious  to  return  home 

,  for  the  holidays? 

Travailler,  to  work,  to  labor,  to  try  to.      Is  he  not  trying  to  make  his    fortune  ? 

Ans.    He  is.  > 

Venir,  to  happen  to,  to  chance  to.  If  you  happen  to  see  him,  will  you  tell 

him  to  write  to  me? 

_         ,^    ^  .  .  '    ^^      .       f  at  winning  your  esteem. 

Viser  (ng.),  to  aim  at,  to  aspire  to.  He  aims  \ 

^  °  ^  [to  wm  your  esteem. 

Ans.   I  agree  with  you. 


244 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


LIST    III 
179.    VERBS  REQUIRING  NO   PREPOSITION  BEFORE   THE  INFINITIVE 


Aimer  mieux,  to  like  better,  to  prefer. 
Followed  by  verbs   in    infinitive, 
aimer  mieux  is  generally  used 
with  de  before  the  second  infini- 
tive.    See  Verb  Dictionary. 

Aller,  to  go. 


Apercevoir,  to  perceive. 


Assurer,  to  assert. 


Croire,  to  believe. 


Compter,  to  pufpose,  to  intend,  to  ex- 
pect. 

Courir,  to  run. 

Daigner,  to  deign  to. 

Declarer,  to  declare. 


Devoir,  to  be  to  (lit.  to  owe  to). 

The  French  express  the  verb  to 
be  as  here  rendered  by  devoir, 
because  it  is  not  used  in  its 
true  sense,  but  to  express  duty, 
obligation,  previous  arrange- 
ment, etc. 


Would  they  not  prefer  returning?  Ans. 
They  would  rather  return  than  stay 
here. 


When  will  you  go  and  take  a  walk  ?   Ans. 

We  will  go  and  take  a  sail  if  you  will 

come  with  us. 
I    perceive    them    walking.       Do    you|^| 


Ans.     I  do  not  perceive  them  walk- 
ing, but  I  hear  them  talking. 

Does  he  not  assert  having  written  to  you  ? 
Atis.  He  asserts  having  called  upon 
your  brother-in-law. 

They  thought  (believed)  that  they  had  de- 
ceived you,  did  they  not?    Ans.  They* 
thought  they  had,  but  I   am   not  so 
easily  deceived. 

You  purpose  buying  the  goods  in  the 
spring,  do  you  not?  Aits.  We  pur- 
pose buying  them  during  the  summer. 

He  ran  for  the  doctor,  did  he  not? 
Ans.    He  ran  and  spoke  to  him. 

Did  he  deign  to  tell  you  when  he  would 
return  ?  Ans.  He  did  not  deign  even 
to  look  at  me. 

The  witness  declared  having  seen  them 
enter  the  house,  did  he  not  ?  Ans.  He 
declared  having  seen  them  leave  it. 

Where  are  you  to  go  this  morning? 
Ans.    I  am  to  go  to  the  store. 

Were  you  not  to  return  with  me? 
Ans.    I  was  not  to    return  with  you. 

Is  your  brother  to  come  here  soon? 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


245 


Ecouter,  to  listen  to. 
Entendre,  to  hear. 

4 

Envoyer,  to  send.     (Envoyer  chercher, 
envoy er  dire.) 

Esperer,  to  expect. 

Faire,  to  get,  to  have,  to  order. 
I^Valloir,  to  be  necessary,  to  need. 

S'imaginer,  to  fancy,  to  tjnagine. 

Laisser,  to  let,  to  allow. 
Oser,  to  dare. 

Paraltre,  to  appear,  to  seem. 


Penser,  to  have  like  ;  to  come  very  near 
(lit.  to  think). 

Mener,  to  lead,  to  take. 

Pr6f6rer,  to  prefer. 

Also  is  used  with  de  before  the 
infinitive. 
Pr^tendre,  to  pretend,  to  intend  to. 


Listen  to  this  lady  sing.     Ans.    I  do  not 

desire  to  hsten  to  her  sing. 
Did  you  ever  hear  them  speak?    Ans.  I 

never  did. 
Were  they  not    to  send  for  the  boats? 

Ans.    No,  sir,  they  were  to  send  for 

the  sails. 
What  do  you  expect  to  do  next  winter? 

Ans.  I  expect  to  study  French,  Italian, 

and  Spanish. 
Are    you    going    to    have    your    horse 

sold? 
What    must    be    done    to    assist    him? 

Ans.   He  must  first  ask  for  our  assist- 
ance.    He   needs   five   hundred   dol- 
lars. 
He  imagines  he  can  do  that,  does  he  not? 

Ans.    He  does,  but  we  all  know  that 

he  cannot. 
Should   I   let   them   leave?     Ans,    Let 

them  speak. 
Will   they  dare    confess   having  written 

without   your   consent?      Ans.   They 

will  deny  having  written. 
Does    he    appear    to    know   his   duty? 

Ans.    He  appears  to  think  so  at  least. 
Does  she  seem   to  understand  what  is 

said   to    her?      Ans.     She   seems   to 

understand,  but  she  will  not  answer. 
He  was  near  falling  a  moment  ago,  was 

he  not?     Ans.    He    was;    he   would 

have  fallen  had  I  not  been  near  him. 
Did  the  boy  take  the  cows  to  graze  on 

the  salt  meadows? 
He  prefers  to  become  a  monk,  does  he 

not?     Ans.    He  prefers  to  remain  as 

he  is. 
Do    you    pretend   to    know   the   news? 

Ans.   I  do  not  pretend  to  know  the 

news  you  allude  to. 


246 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


Pouvoir,  to  be  able. 


Reconnaitre,  to  acknowledge. 


Regarder,  to  look  at. 


Retourner,  to  return. 


Savoir,  to  know,  to  be  able. 


Sembler,  to  seem. 


Souhaiter,  to  wish. 

Also  used  with  de. 
Soutenir,  to  maintain. 


Valoir  mieux,  to  be  better. 

Remark  under  aimer  mieux 

applies  here  also. 
Venir,  to  come. 


Voir,  to  see. 


Vouloir,  to  ivisJi,  to  be  willing. 
(Laisser.) 


Compter,  to  intend, 
AUer,  to  go. 
Pr^f^rer. 
Aimer  mieux. 


What  did  he  tell  you?     Ans.    He  told 

me   that   he  could   not  pay  you  the 

money  he  owes  you. 
Does    he  acknowledge    having  said    it?  % 

Ans.  He  acknowledges  having  spoken 

of  the  matter  several  times. 
When  you  called  me,  what  were  you  look- 
ing at?     Ans.    I  was   looking  at  the 

soldiers  pass. 
When    will     you     return     to    see     us? 

Ans.   We  shall  return  to  see  you  the 

eleventh  of  next  month. 
Can  he  (does  he  know  how  to)  dance  ?^ 

Do  you  know  how  to  look  for  a  word 

in  the  dictionary? 
You   seem    to  be  afraid  of  coming   in.     . 

Come  in  ;  why  do  you  not?   Ans.  I  do 

not  wish  to  come  in  ;  if  I  did,  I  would. 
Do  you  wish  to  be  happy  ?    Ans.  I  wish 

to  see  my  friends. 
He  maintains  he  has  read  the  letter ;  do 

you  beheve  him?     I  do  not.     I  main- 
tain he  has  not. 
Is  it  not  better  to  start  now  than  remain 

until  it  is  quite  dark?     Aiis.    I  think 

it  is  better  to  start  now. 
Will  you  come  to  see  me  late  or  early? 

Ans.    I  shall  not  be  able  to  come  to 

see  you  before  noon. 
Do  you  see  anybody  coming?     Ans.    \ 

see  nobody  coming. 
Do  you  not  see  my  sister  coming? 
Will  you  not  let  him  read?     Ans.    I  will 

let  him  read  if  he  will  let  me  write.  - 

If  you  would  listen,  I  would  tell  you  why  '" 

I  prefer  to  remain. 
Who  intends  to  go  and  take  a  walk  after 

breakfast?     Ans.    Nobody   does;    we 

all  intend  to  go  to  your  cousin's  after 

dinner,  unless  you  prefer  going  after  tea. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


247 


Aimer  mieux,  to  prefer  to. 
Pref^rer,  to  like  better. 
Valoir  mieux,  to  be  better. 


You  would  rather  go  than  stay,  would 
you  not  ?  Ans.  Yes,  I  would  rather  go 
than  stay.  It  is  better  to  go  than  to 
stay  here  alone. 


LIST   IV 

180.    VERBS  THAT  TAKE  SOMETIMES  A  AND  SOMETIMES  DE  BEFORE 

THE  INFINITIVE 

Some  verbs  take  sometimes  a  and  sometimes  de  before  a  following  infinitive, 
according  to  the  meaning  which  they  are  intended  to  convey. 

Commencer  a,  to  begin  a  progressive' 
action. 

Commencer  de,  to  denote  commence- 
ment of  an  action. 

Continuer  a,  to  continue  uninterruptedly. 


Continuer  de,  to  continue  with  inter- 
ruption. 
Demander  a,  to  ask  to  (i.e.  to  be  allowed 

to). 
Demander  de,  to  ask  somebody  to  do 
something. 

The  above  distinction  is  not  al- 
ways made,  a  being  generally 
used  in  all  cases. 
S'eiforcer  a,  to  strive  physically. 
S'eiforcer  a  or  de,  to  strive  intellectually. 
S'empresser  a,  to  be  eager,  emulous  to. 

S'empresser  de,  to  hasten  to. 

Essayer  a,  is  used  for  to  try,  to  make 

continued  efforts  to  attain  an  end. 
Essayer  de,  is  used  for  to  try,  to  make 

a  trial  of  (as  would  be  the  case  in 

a  single  or  desultory  attempt) . 
Etre  a,  to  be  to  (to  denote  the  regular 

turn  of  successive  actions) . 


In  practice,  only  ^  is  used. 

Did  he  continue  reading  while  you  were 

in  the  room? 
Does  he  continue  to  call  upon  her? 

Does  he  ask  to  go  out? 

I  ask  you  to  listen  to  me ;  will  you  do  so  ? 


Is  he  trying  to  lift  that  box? 

Is  he  trying  to  learn  our  language? 

Is  he  not  eager  to  please  those  in  the 

high  places  ? 
Why  did  you  not  hasten  to  tie  her  shoe  ? 
He  is  trying  to  obtain  that  appointment. 

He  tried  to  sing,  but  failed  utterly. 


It  is  your  turn  to  speak, 
to  deal  (cards). 


It  is  your  turn 


248 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


Etre  de,  to  be  to  (denotes  the  right  or 

duty  of  some  one  to  act). 
Forcer,  to  compel  1  require  a  when  the 
Obligor,  to  oblige  J      verb  is  active. 
Forcer     1  reqbire   de  when  used 
Obliger  j      passively. 
Obliger  requires  de  in  sense  of  to 
render  a  service. 
Laisser  a,  to  leave  to  (something  to  be 

suppHed,  completed,  finished). 
Ne  laisser  pas  de,  not  to  leave  off. 
Manquer  a,  to  fail  to  (in  sense  of  to 

fall  short  of  doing  one's  duty). 
Manquer  de,  to  fail  to  (in  sense  of  to 
miss)f  to  be  near  to,  to  omit  to. 


S'occuper  a,  to  be  busy  at,  to  apply  one^s 
self  to  doing  something. 

S'occuper  de,  to  be  busy  with,  to  con- 
cern one's  self  with,  to  think  about 
doing  something. 

Accoutumer  a,  to  accustom  to  (when 
used  actively  or  pronominally). 

Accoutumer  de,  to  be  wont  to. 
Venir,  to  cotne. 

Used  without  preposition  before 
infinitive  in  sense  of  (to  come 
and  do  something). 
Venir  pour.     Used  when   meaning  is 
to  come  for  the  purpose  of,  to  come 
to  do  something  (which  may  not  nec- 
essarily be  done). 
Venir  de,  to  come  from  doing  some- 
thing ;  expresses  to  have  just. 
Venir  a,  is  used  in  the  sense  of  to 
happen  to. 


It  is  for  the  master  to  command.  It  is 
for  you  to  act  in  this  matter. 

He  compelled  you  to  do  it,  did  he  not  ? 
Did  you  oblige  him  to  pay  you? 

I  was  forced  to  do  it. 

You  will  oblige  me  by  doing  it. 

I  leave  you  to  think  (lit.  to  thinking). 

He  does  not  leave  off  complaining. 
He  failed  to  fulfill  his  duties. 

One  cannot  fail  to  observe  that  (miss 
observing  that).  He  came  near  fall- 
ing. He  has  failed  (omitted)  to  re- 
turn the  books  he  borrowed. 

He  is  busy  (occupied  at)  studying  his 
lessons  for  to-morrow. 

He  is  concerned  with  getting  evidence 
to  prosecute  his  neighbor. 

I  have  accustomed  them  to  work  eight 
hours  a  day.  He  accustomed  himself 
to  smoke  only  in  the  evenings. 

He  was  wont  to  go  there.     (With  etre.) 

Will  you  come  and  see  me  ? 


I  came  here  to  tell  you  about  it,  but  you 
were  not  in. 


I   have  just   seen  him.      He   has   just 

started. 
If  you   happen    to    see   him,    tell    him 

about  it. 
If  he  should  happen  to  die,  I  would  be 

grief-stricken. 


THE  FRENCH    VERB 


i8i.     THE   INFINITIVE   AS   THE   OBJECT   OF   A   VERB 


249 


The  infinitive  with  its  preposition  completing  the  sense  of  another  verb  is  in 
some  cases  the  direct,  and  in  some  cases  the  indirect,  object  of  the  verb. 

Study  the  following  examples  in  which  the  direct  object  is  shown  in  italics. 

Enseigner  1  a  quelqu'un  a  faire  que/que  chose,  to  teach  or  show  somebody  to  do 
Montrer      J      something. 

Prier  quelqu^un  de  faire  quelque  chose,  to  ask  somebody  to  do  something. 
Remercier  quelqu^un  d'avoir  fait  quelque  chose,  to  thank  somebody  for  having  done 

something. 
Demander  d  faire  quelque  chose,  to  ask  {to  be  allowed^  to  do  so7ne thing, 
Demander  a  quelqu'un  de  faire  quelque  chose,  to  ask  somebody  to  do  sorne thing. 
Conseiller  a  quelqu'un  de  faire  quelque  chose,  to  advise  somebody  to  do  something. 
Dire  a  quelqu'un  de  faire  quelque  chose,  to  tell  so?nebody  to  do  something. 
Se  rappeler  d^ avoir  faii  quelque  chose,  to  recollect  having  done  something. 


LIST  V 

182.  VERBS  REFLECTED  IN  FRENCH  AND  NOT  IN  ENGLISH,  AND 
USE  OF  THE  PAST  TENSE 

Many  verbs  are  used  in  the  reflected  form  in  French,  while  the  EngHsh  verb 
does  not  admit  of  this  form. 

A  list  of  these  verbs,  with  the  preposition  required  by  them,  is  given,  com- 
bined with  the  use  of  the  past  tense. 

After  the  student  has  had  explained  to  him  the  use  of  the  past  tenses,  — which 
correspond  generally  to  that  in  English,  —  he  should  receive  a  daily  drill  on  the 
following  exercises. 

As  two  or  more  reflected  verbs  are  combined  in  some  of  the  following  examples, 
they  are  not  arranged  entirely  in  alphabetical  order. 

S'abstenir  de.  During  Napoleon's  reign,  were  the  marshals  of  the  empire 

^         I  ^°^*^®-       ^"  ^^^  habit  of  abstaining  from  levying  contributions  in  an 
[  avec.  enemy's  country?      Ans.    No;    but   Napoleon  was  always 

offended  with  them  when  they  did  not  abstain  from  it. 
S'abonner  a.  When  you  lived  in  Paris,  were  you  not  in  the  habit  of  sub- 

scribing to  every  paper  published,  good,  bad,  or  indifferent? 
Ans.  Not  at  all ;  I  subscribed  only  to  those  which  upheld 
the  government. 


250 


THE  FRENCH    VERB 


S'abonner  k. 


S'apercevoir. 
S'obstiner  a. 

S'adoucir. 


S'asseoir. 
Se  sauver. 
S'esquiver. 


S'agenouiller. 
Se  moquer  de. 
S'empecher  de. 
Se  bonifier. 


Se  brouiller. 
Se  facher  de. 

Se  coucher. 


Se  dipecher  de. 
Se  determiner  a. 


What  paper  did  you  subscribe  to  last  summer?  Ans.  I  did 
not  subscribe  to  any  paper.  When  I  wanted  to  read  the 
papers,  I  used  to  borrow  them  from  my  friends. 

He  generally  stopped  reading  when  he  perceived  that  I  was 
listening  to  him,  did  he  not?  Ans.  He  not  only  stopped, 
but  he  persisted  in  not  continuing.     He  was  a  queer  fellow. 

When  you  came  here  ten  years  ago,  were  not  the  winters 
already  growing  milder?  Ans.  They  were  very  severe  when 
I  came  here ;  they  have  grown  very  mild  within  three  or 
four  years. 

Just  as  you  were  sitting  down,  two  or  three  men  looked  in 
at  the  door  and  then  ran  away.  You  did  not  see  them, 
did  you  ?  Ans.  Yes,  I  did ;  one  was  small,  the  other  was 
tall ;  both  had  red  flannel  shirts  on.  I  ran  to  the  door 
immediately  and  saw  them  steal  away  down  an  alley. 

Whenever  I  knelt  down,  you  laughed  at  me ;  why  did  you 
do  that?  Ans.  I  could  not  help  laughing,  you  looked 
so  funny. 

That  wine  was  very  indifferent  for  two  years ;  five  years  ago 
it  grew  suddenly  much  better.  Is  it  not  better  than  the 
wine  you  bought  this  year?  Ans.  The  wine  I  bought  this 
morning  will  improve  with  time.  Yours  grew  suddenly 
better,  why  should  not  mine? 

Did  not  the  general  get  angry  at  you  this  morning?  Ans. 
He  got  angry  with  everybody;  we  fell  out  about  an  hour 
ago. 

At  what  time  did  you  usually  go  to  bed  when  you  were  board- 
ing in  the  country?  Ans.  In  summer  we  went  to  bed  at 
half-past  eight;  in  winter  we  usually  went  to  bed  at  ten. 
We  never  sat  up  very  late. 

When  you  saw  William  yesterday  morning,  why  did  you  not 
make  haste  to  speak  to  him?  Ans,  He  was  walking  so 
fast  that  I  could  not  overtake  him. 

I  have  been  told  they  resolved  to  pay  them  this  morning. 
Were  you  not  told  the  same  thing?  Ans.  I  was  told  the 
same  thing.  To  tell  you  the  truth,  I  know  they  hastened 
to  pay  them  all  this  morning. 

At  what  hour  did  you  determine  to  set  out?  Ans.  I  deter- 
mined to  set  out  about  an  hour  and  a  half  ago.  How  late 
is  it  no\y? 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


251 


S'emporter  contre. 
Se  lever. 


S'empresser  de. 


S'endormir. 
S'evanouir. 


S'enivrer. 
S'envoler. 


S'enrichir. 

Se  fondre. 

Se  glisser. 
Se  hater  de. 

Se  marier. 


Se  m^fier  de. 
Se  composer  de. 
Consister  en. 
Se  mutiner. 


Why  did  you  fly  into  a  passion  with  your  sister  when  you 

got  up  this  morning?     Ans.  I  did  not  fly  into  a  passion 

with  my  sister.      I  flew  into  a  passion  with  my  servant, 

who  got  intoxicated  last  night,  and  who  was  still  so  when 

I  got  up  this  morning. 
Whenever  he  went  out,  were  you  not   eager   to   give    him 

his  cloak,  gloves,  and  cane  ?     Ans.   We  were  always  eager 

to  do  so. 
You  say  that  young  man  fell  asleep  after  fainting ;  you  also 

say  he  fainted  to-day,  do  you  not?     Ans.    I  say  he  fainted 

to-day,  but  I  do  not  say  he  fell  asleep  immediately  after 

fainting.     He  fell  asleep  an  hour  ago.     When  she  lived 

in  the  country  did  she  faint  as  often  as  she  does  now? 

Ans.   She  fainted  regularly  twice  a  day. 
Did  not  your  servant  get  intoxicated  very  often  last  winter? 

Ans.   He  did ;  he  used  to  get  intoxicated  every  morning, 

and  whenever  he  opened  the  cages  to  feed  the  birds,  one 

or  two  generally  flew  away. 
How  did  that  merchant  grow  so  rich  this  year?      How  many 

ships  did  he  own  last  year?     Ans.   Really,  I  don't  know. 

Last  year  his  property  consisted  of  two  ships,  I  beheve. 

He  now  has  more  than  eighty. 
Formerly   the   snows   on   these    mountains    usually   melted 

before   the   end   of  May;     did   they   not?     Ans.   They 

usually  melted  about  the  end  of  June.      Last  year  they 

melted  in  the  month  of  April. 
How  did  that  child  creep  into  that  barrel?     Ans.    I  don't 

know  how  he  crept  into  it ;  I  did  not  see  him  get  into  it. 
La^t  month  those  men  hastened  to   pay  their  debts;   did 

they  not?     Ans.   They  did;  they  paid  them  as  soon  as 

the  bank  was  open,  on  the  thirtieth. 
Where  did   your  father  marry ;    here  or  in  France  ?    Ans. 

He  married  neither  here  nor  in  France ;  he  married  in 

England.     He  has  been  married  fifteen  years. 
He  says  the  sugar  he  lost  consisted  of  twenty  barrels ;  but, 

tell  me,  do  you  not  mistrust  what  he  says?  ,  Ans.   I  did 

at  first ;  I  do  not  now. 
Did  not  the  crew  of  that  vessel  mutiny  six  months  ago? 

Ans.    Somebody  told  me  they  did.    I  have  been  told  they 

mutinied  again  to-day. 


252 

Se  plaire  k. 


Se  plaindre  de. 

Se  promener  en  bateau. 
Se  promener  a  cheval. 
Se  promener  en  voiture. 
Se  promener  en  traineau. 

Se  rappeler  de. 

(Before  infinitive.) 


Se  r^fugier  aupr^s  de. 
Se  retirer  de. 

Se  souvenir  de. 


Se  vanter. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 

When  you  were  in  Paris,  did  you  not  often  go  to  the 
Tuileries?  Ans.  We  used  to  take  great  dehght  in 
going  there. 

Why  did  you  go  out  so  early?  Ans.  I  went  out  early 
to  complain  of  what  my  servant  did  last  night. 

How  did  you  spend  your  time  when  you  were  in  St. 
Petersburg?  Ans.  In  summer  we  generally  took  a 
sail  in  the  morning;  in  the  afternoon  we  went  out 
in  a  carriage  or  on  horseback  ;  and  at  night  we 
used  to  go  out  in  a  two-horse  sleigh. 

When  you  saw  your  brother-in-lWtv  this  morning,  did 
you  remember  to  tell  him  what  I  told  you  last  night? 
Ans.  I  saw  him,  but  I  did  not  recollect  what  you 
told  me.     What  did  you  tell  me?    Tell  me  again. 

Were  you  not  absent  when  those  patriots  took  refuge 
with  us?  Ans.  I  was;  I  had  withdrawn  from  busi- 
ness.    I  was  living  in  the  country. 

Do  you  remember  the  days  we  spent  together  as 
children?  Ans.  If  I  remember  rightly,  we  did  not 
spend  many  days  together. 

You  always  used  to  boast  you  would  never  catch  cold 
in  this  climate.  How  is  it  that  you  catch  cold  so 
frequently  now?  Ans.  I  caught  cold  this  morning 
because  I  went  out  too  early  with  only  a  thin  coat  on. 


183.     REMARKS    ON    ENGLISH    AUXILIARIES    AND    FRENCH 
EQUIVALENTS 

In  some  English  grammars  the  words  can,  could,  could  have,  may,  might,  might 
have,  should,  should  have,  are  given  as  "  signs  "  of  a  "  potential  mood  ";  and  in 
most  French  grammars  for  English-speaking  students,  the  impression  is  given 
that  these  "signs"  should  be  translated  by  the  conditional  or  subjunctive  of 
French  verbs. 

This  theory  is  an  error,  for  these  auxiliaries  are  real,  defective  verbs,  and 
each  contains  a  distinct  idea  of  its  own  of  power,  leave,  or  obligation,  and  must, 
when  the  idea  is  to  be  conveyed,  be  translated  by  the  proper  tenses  of  pouvoir  or 
devoir. 

Further,  will,  shall,  would,  would  have,  in  addition  to  their  use  as  signs  of 
the  future  or  conditional,  have  their  own  meanings  of  wish;  volition,  or  in- 
clination. 

This  happens  especially  after  if,  or  when  the  will  of  the  speaker  or  other 


Peut-il  reussir  ? 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  253 

person  is  consulted ;  and  then  will  must  be  rendered  by  the  present  of  vouloir, 
and  would  by  the  conditional  of  vouloir. 

Therefore,  the  student  must  in  every  case  ascertain  the  exact  meaning  of 
these  auxiliaries,  and  then  translate  into  the  proper  French  construction. 

A  study  of  the  following  examples  will  serve  to  show  the  distinctions  that  may 
have  to  be  made. 

1.  If  I  can  (am  'able  to)  do  it,  I  will  carry  it  for  you. 
Si  je  puis  le  faire,  je  le  porterai  pour  vous. 

May  I  go  out?     Puis-je  sortir  ? 

Can  he  succeed? 

Is  he  able  to  succeed? 

If  I  could  {were  able'),  I  should  carry  it  for  you. 

Si  je  le  pouvais,  je  l^t^  porterais  pour  vous. 

I  should  {ought  to)  carry  it  for  you. 
Je  devrais  le  porter  pour  vous. 

2.  If  you  go  to  Rome,  shall  you  {are  you  to)  go  to  Naples  also  ? 
Si  vous  allez  a  Rome  irez-vous  aussi  a  Naples? 

If  you  will  {are  willing  to)  accompany  ?ne,  I  have  a  mind  to  go  to  Naples, 
Si  vous  voulez  m'accompagner  j'ai  envie  d'aller  a  Naples. 
Irez-vous  a  New  York  aujourd'hui  ou  demain  ? 
Shall  you  {are  you  to)  go  to  New  York  to-day  or  to-morrow  ? 
Voulez -vous  aller  a  New  York  demain? 
Will  you  {are  you  willing,  do  you  want  to)  go  to  New  York  to-morrow  ? 

3.  You  would  liste?i  to  me  if  you  were  more  sensible. 
Vous  m'ecouter/ez  si  vous  ^tiez  plus  sens^. 

If  you  would  {ivere  willing  to)  listen  to  me,  matters  would  be  different. 
Si  vous  vouliez  m'ecouter  les  choses  seraient  differentes. 

4.  I  could  {might  be  able  to)  be  happier, 
Je  pourrais  etre  plus  heureux. 
/  could  {was  able  to)  do  it  when  I  was  young, 
Je  pouvais  le  faire  quand  j'^tais  jeune. 

5.  II  aurait  pu  etre  ^crase  par  la  voiture. 
He  could  have  {might  have)  been  run  over  by  the  carriage. 
J'ai  pu  le  tuer.     /  could  have  killed  him. 

6.  He  wouldnU  go  if  he  had  not  sufficient  money. 

II  n'irait  pas  s'il  n'avait  pas  assez  d'argent. 
He  wouldn't  (did  not  ivish  to)  go.      II  n'a  pas  voulu  aller. 


254  '^^E  FRENCH  VERB 

He  would  {used  to)  go  often  to  see  the  old  lady. 
II  allait  souvent  voir  la  vieille  dame, 

7.  May  used  beseechingly  to  implore  a  favor  or  to  avert  an  evil  is  rendered 
by  the  present  subjunctive  with'out  que. 

Puiss6-je  voir  ces  jours  heureux  I     May  I  see  those  happy  days  / 
Puissent-ils  arriver  h.  temps  I     May  they  arrive  in  time  I 

8.  Can  meaning  to  have  the  requisite  knowledge,  experience,  or  skill  to  do 
something  is  rendered  by  savoir  before  an  infinitive. 

Savez-vous  nager  ?     Can  you  {do  you  know  how  to)  swim  ? 

Je  sais  nager,  mais  je  ne  puis  nager  aujourd'hui  parce  que  J'ai  mal  au  pied. 

9.  Shall,  if  it  expresses  a  determination  in  the  speaker  to  enforce  an  act, 
must  be  rendered  by  forcer  or  obliger. 

Whether  you  like  it  or  not,  you  shall  work. 

Que  vous  le  vouliez  ou  non,  je  vous  forcerai  de  travailler. 

10.  Must  expressing  necessity  is  rendered  by  falloir. 
II  faut  que  je  connaisse  un  homme  pour  le  bien  juger. 

/  must  know  a  man  in  order  to  judge  him  well. 

11.  Must  expressing  inference  or  consequence  from  what  precedes  or  follows 
is  devoir. 

He  is  covered  with  dust ;  he  must  have  fallen. 
II  est  couvert  de  poussi^re,  il  a  dii  tomber. 

See  examples  under  devoir. 

184.     TABLE    SHOWING    TRANSLATION   OF    ENGLISH  VERB   AUXILIA- 
RIES   ACCORDING   TO    DIFFERENT   MEANINGS 

1.  He  can  (or  he  may)  do  that.     (Power  ) 

.,  .,.     N  r  II  peut  faire  cela. 

or  possibility.)  ) 

He  can    {knows   how    to)    do    that. 

(Knowledge,  skill.) 

2.  He    could  {was    able    to)   do    that. 

(Power.) 

He  could  {would  be  able  to)  do  that. 
^  He  might  (possibility)  do  that. 

He  should,  ought  to  do  that.     (Duty, 


)■■ 


sait  faire  cela. 


II  pouvait  faire  cela. 
II  a  pu  faire  cela. 
II  put  faire  cela. 


I" 


pourrait  faire  cela. 


obligation.)  }  II  devralt  faire  cela. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  255 

I II  f  au 
J  II  lui 


,    He  must,  he  has  to,  do  that.     (Neces-  )  II  faut  qu'il  fasse  cela. 

sity.)  J  II  lui  faut  faire  cela 

he  must,  he  is  to,  do  that.  .  (Futurity,  ]»,,.,. 

.  ,     '   .      .  ^.      ^    ^  M- II  doit  faire  cela. 

with  obligation  or  expectation.)        j 

He  will  do  that.     (Simple  futurity.)       II  fera  cela. 

'  He  will  {wants  to)  do  that.  1    , 

TT    ■     ■  :     .      J'      •.      /TT  V  •      N  >  n  veut  faire  cela. 
\He  insists  upon  doing  it.     (Volition.)  J 

*He  shall  do  that  (/  shall  force  him  )  Je  lui  forcerai  de  faire  cela. 

to).  I  Je  I'obligerai  a  faire  cela. 

He   would  {insisted  upon  doing)  do ' 

that. 
He   was   willing   to  {wished  to)   do 

that.     (Volition.) 


II  voulait  faire  cela. 
II  a  voulu  faire  cela. 


He    would   (if   he   could)    do   that.  )  ^,  ,      .       ,     ,  ,., 

(Conditional.)  1  "  *^'"'"*  •=«'"  ^^  '> '«  P""'"")- 

He  would    I    ,     ,  ,  „  , 

,  .    \do  that  every  day.  II  faisait  cela  tous  les  jours. 

^      rr  1        ^    ^    .7    ^  i  II  se  peut  qu'il  ait  a  faire  cela. 

6.  He  may  have  to  do  that.  <  „ 

(  II  se  peut  qu  il  lui  faille  faire  cela. 

He  might  have  to  do  that     (Possible  )  II  se  pourrait  qu'il  efit  a  faire  cela. 
necessity.)  )  II  se  pourrait  qu'il  lui  fallfit  faire  cela 

7.  He  could  have  done  that.  II  aurait  pu  faire  cela. 

He   fnight  have  done  that.     (Power,  )  ,,    ,. 

.l-r     X  [11  efit  pu  faire  cela. 

possibility.)  ) 

8.  He  should  have  done  that.  1 

He  ought  to  have  done  that.    (Duty,  \  II  aurait  dii  faire  cela. 
obligation.)  J 


He  must  have  {probably  has)  done 
that.     (Inference.) 


)" 


a  d^  faire  cela. 


256  THE  FRENCH    VERB 


VERB    DICTIONARY 

In  the  use  of  this  verb  dictionary,  it  must  be  remembered  that  an  attempt  has 
not  been  made  to  supplant  the  regular  dictionaries  with  respect  to  verbs,  but  to 
supplement  them  ;  to  explain  and  illustrate  peculiar  uses  and  meanings  of  the 
verbs,  and  so  to  enable  the  student  properly  to  use  them  from  the  beginning. 

The  English-French  dictionaries,  as  a  rule,  give  the  various  meanings  a  verb 
may  have,  but  do  not  sufficiently  illustrate,  and  (since  few  beginners  have  com- 
plete French  dictionaries  or  cyclopedias,  or  having  them  do  not  know  how  to  use 
them)  the  student  remains  uncertain  as  to  just  how  or  when  to  use  most  verbs 
and  not  infrequently  conceives  erroneous  ideas  as  to  their  significations. 

This  difficulty  occurs  especially  with  verbs  that  require  prepositions  after 
them,  but  it  applies  as  well  to  many  others. 

This  dictionary,  in  connection  with  the  preceding  text,  is  intended  to  explairi 
only  the  difficulties  or  peculiarities  of  French  verbs.  Therefore,  not  all  the 
meanings  of  the  verbs  are  given.  It  is  meant,  primarily,  to  tell  the  student  what 
he  cannot  find  or  understand  about  verbs  in  his  grammar  or  dictionary. 


POINTS  TO  REMEMBER 

The  prefix  re  indicates  : 

1.  Action  in  a  contrary  sense.     Ex.:  Pousser,  to  push;  repousser,  to  push  in 

a  contrary  sense  (hence  to  repulse,  to  repel,  to  reject,  etc.). 

2.  Reiteration,  repetition.     Ex.  :  Faire,  to  do;  refaire,  to  do  again,  to  do  over. 

3.  Intensity  (augmentation  or  diminution).      Examples  of  the  application- are 

seen   in   retrecir,   to  narrow,  to  make  narrow;    relacher,  to   relax,   to 
slacken,  etc. 

The  student  should  familiarize  himself  with  the  application  of  the  last-given 
use  of  the  prefix.     He  must  remember  that  in  French  the  simple  form  of  the 
verb  and  that  with  the  prefix  re  are  often  synonyms,  and  that  in  the  figurative 
sense  particularly  the  compounds  with  re  are  more  used  than  the  simple  forms. 
Enfermer  des  chevaux  dans  una  ^curie.  Enfermer  des  papiers. 

But  Renfermer  un  vagabond.  Renfermer  ses  chagrins. 

Emplir  ses  poches  de  fruits,  une  cruche  d'eau. 
Remplir  I'air  de  ses  cris.     Remplir  bien  son  temps. 
The  passive  form  of  a  transitive  French  verb  can  always  be  used  with  par, 
which  is  translated  as  by. 

Ma  m^re  a  planti  ces  rosiers.     Ces  rosiers  ont  ^t6  plante  par  ma  m^re. 


THE  FRENCH  VERB  ^57 

De  is  frequently  used  after  the  passive,  in  the  sense  of  with,  from,  of,  and 
sometimes  in  the  sense  of  by.  It  is  not  used  in  the  sense  of  by  when  a  definite 
action  is  referred  to. 

The  use  of  both  par  and  de  in  the  sense  of  by  is  illustrated  in  Art.  68,  2. 

Par  presents  no  difficulty.  When  de  should  or  may  be  used  an  example  is 
given. 

ABBREVIATIONS 

ant.  =  antonym.  intr.  —  intransitive, 
b.  i.  =  before  infinitive.  p.  =  passive. 

b.  n.  =  before  noun.  r.  =  reflexive. 

fam.  =  familiar.  tr.  =  transitive. 

A 

y  Abaisser  (tr.).     To  put  lower  for  purpose  of  covering  something.   A-t-elle  abaiss6  les  stores  ? 

Did  she  lower  the  shades  ?     See  baisser. 
Abaisser  (p.)  devant,  par.     A-t-elle  6t6  abaiss6e  devant  la  reine  par  son  ennemi?     Was 

she  abased  before  the  queen  by  her  enemy  ? 
S'abaisser  (r.)  a  (b.  i.);  devant,  vers  (b.  n.).    Sa  voix  s'abaissa.     His  voice  fell.    S'est-il 

abaisse  a  demander  Faumone?    Has  he  lowered  himself  to  asking  charity  ?    Est-ce 

que  le  terrain  s'abaisse  vers  la  mer?     Does  the  land  slope  down  toward  the  sea? 
Abandonner  (tr.).     To  abandon,  to  forsake.     See  delaisser. 

Abandonner  (p.)  de  (b.  n.).     Sont-ils  abandonn^s  de  tons?     Are  they  abandoned  by  all? 
S'abandonner  (r.)  a,  to  (b.  n.)  (b.  i.).     S'est-il  abandonn^  aud^sespoir?    Has  he  given  up 

{abandoned  himself)  to  despair?     EUe  s'abandonna  a  pleurer  (rare).     She  abandoned 

herself  to  weeping. 
Abasourdir  (tr.).     To  stun,  to  daze.    Cela  (Faction  de  mon  frdre)  m'a  abasourdi.     That 

{the  action  of  my  brother)  stunned  me. 
Abasourdir  (p.)   de  (b.  n.).    Elle  a  6t6  abasourdie  de  la  perte  de  sa  fortune.    She  has 

been  dazed  by  {over)  the  loss  ofherfortutie. 
^/ Abattre  (tr.).     To  knock  or  throw  down.    Petite  pluie  abat  grand  vent.     A  little  rain  lays 

much  dust.     A  soft  word  turjteth  away  ivrath. 
Abattre  de  Touvrage.      To  get  through  a  great  deal  of  work.    II  a  abattu  de  I'ouvrage 

aujourd'hui.     He  did  up  a  lot  of  work  to-day. 
Abhorrer  (tr.).     To  abhor.    Jabhorre  les  chiens.     I  abhor  dogs. 
Abhorrer  (p.)  de  (b.  n.).    Un  lache  est  abliorr6  de  tout  le  monde,    A  coward  is  abhorred  by 

everybody. 
Abimer  (tr.).     To  ruin,  etc.    La  grele  a  abim§  mes  roses.     The  hail  {storm)  has  ruined  my 

roses.    La  pluie  a  abim6  mon  chapeau,  mes  vetements.     The  rain  has  ruined  my  hat, 

my  clothing. 
Abimer  (p.)  de  (b.  n.).     Cette  table  est  abim6e  de  taches.     This  table  is  ruined  with  stains ^ 
S'abimer.     II  s'est  abim6  dans  ses  idees.    He  has  lost  himself  in  his  ideas.    Vous  vous 

abimez  les  yeux  (fam.).      You  are  ruining  {spoiling)  your  eyes. 
'  Idiom  :^  On  I'a  abim€  d'insultes.     He  has  been  buried  under  insults. 
Abonder  (intr.).      To  abound,  to  teem;  en,  dans  (b.  n.).     Cette   rividre  abonde-t-elle  en 

poissons.     Does  this  river  teem  with  fish?    Ce  pays  abonde-t-il  en  richesses ?    Ces 

martin's    FRENCH   VERB 1 7 


258  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

fruits  abondent-ils  en  ce  pays  ?    Idiom :  II  abonde  dans  mon  sens.    He  concurs  tvith 

me  in  my  opinions.     He  is  entirely  of  the  sa/ne  opinion  as  I  am.     He  has  come  round  to 

my  opinion. 
Abonner  (tr.).      To  subscribe;  a  (b.  n.).     J'ai  abonn6  mon  frere  a  la  "Revue  de  Deux 

Mondes."     /  have  subscribed  to  the  "  Revue  de  Deux  Mondes  "  for  my  brother  (notice 

the  person  is  direct  object). 
S'abonner  (r.).     S'abonne-t-on  ici  ?    Are  subscriptions  taken  here  ?     Does  one  subscribe  here  ? 

S'est-il  abonn^  au  "  Temps  "  ?   Has  he  subscribed  for  the  "  Times  "  ? 
Abonner  (p.)  (b.  n.)  par.     J'ai  6te  abound  a  cette  nouvelle  revue  par  Louis.    I  have  been 

subscribed  to  that  new  magazine  by  Louis.     I  have  been  given  a  subscription  to  that  new 

magazine  by  Louis. 
Aboutir  (intr.).     To  come  out;  a  (b.  n.).    Toutes  les  rues  aboutissent-elles  a  la  place  de 

cette  ville  ?     Do  all  the  streets  lead  to  the  square  of  that  city '?      Idioms :    Les  pour- 
parlers n'ont  pas  abouti.      '1  he  preliminary  negotiations  led  to  nothing.     Cela   n'a 

pas  abouti.      That  didn't  pan  out. 
Aboyer  (intr.).     To  bark;  a,  apres  (b.  n.).    Ce  chien  aboie  sans  cesse.     That  dog  barks 

incessantly.     Ce   chien   aboie-t-il  a  lune?     Does  that  dog  bay  the  moon?    Le   chien 

aboie-t-il  apres  (a)  ceux  qui  essayent  d'entrer?     Does  the  dog  bark  at  those  who 

try  to  come  in  ?    Aboie-t-il  apres  les  passants  ?    Does  he  bark  after  {at)  the  passers-by  ? 

Get  homme  ne   fait  rien  que   d'aboyer  contre  (a)  ses  d6biteurs.     Contre  (b.  n. 

in  fig.).      Thai  man  does  nothing  but  dun  his  debtors. 
Abreuver  (tr.).     To  water.    Jean  a-t-il  abreuv6  les  chevaux  (Jean  a-t-il  fait  boire  les  che- 

vaux)  ?    Has  John  watered  the  horses?    De  (b.  n.).     Le  peintre  a  abreuve  la  toile 

d'huile.     1  he  painter  steeped  the  canvas  in  oil.     II  a  abreuve  la  terre  du  sang  de  ses 

ennemis.     He  soaked  the  earth  with  the  blood  of  his  enemies.     See  arroser. 
S'abreuver,  de  (b.  n.).    Le  rivage  s'abreuvait  de  leur  sang  malheureux  (old  F.).    The  beach 

{bank)  drank  up  their  unfortunate  blood.     II  s'abreuve  de  biere.     He  drinks  barrels 

of  beer. 
Abreuver  (p.).     Comment  les  fleurs  des  bois  sont-elles  abreuv^es?    How  are  wild  floiuers 

watered?    Elles  sont  abreuvdes  de  rosee  et  de  pluie.      They  are  zvatered  with  dew  and 

rain.     See  arroser. 
Abriter  (tr.).     To  shelter  ;  contre  (b.  n.)  in  sense  oi  from.    Le  paysan  a-t-il  abrit6  ses  ani- 

maux  contre  la  pluie  ?     Has  the  farmer  sheltered  his  animals  from  the  rain? 
S'abriter.     Nous  nous  sommes  abrit^s  de  la  pluie  sous  un  hangar.     We  took  shelter  from  the 

rain  under  a  shed.     (Se  mettre  a  Tabri  de  more  common  if  refuge  is  not  specified.) 
S'absenter.     To  absent  otte's  self;  de  (b.  n.).    Le  sergent  s'est-il  absente  du  poste  sans 

autoritd  ?    Did  the  sergeant  absent  himself  from  the  guard  without  authority  ? 
Absorber  (tr.).     To  absorb.     La  terre  seche  a  absorbe  la  pluie.     The  dry  earth  absorbed  the 

rain. 
S'absorber  dans  (b.  n.).     Elle  s'absorbe  dans  I'ltude  de  la  musique.     She  buries  herself  in 

the  study  of  music. 
Absoudre  (tr.).      To  absolve.     M'avez-vOUS  absous  de  ma  faute?     LLave you  absolved  me  of 

my  fault?     See  p.  204. 
S'abstenir.      To  abstain  from;  de  (b.  n.)  (b.  i.).     Je  m'abstiens  de  bonbons.     Pm  abstain- 
ing from  candy.     S'abstient-il  de  boire  et  de  manger  ?    Does  he  abstain  from  drinking 

and  eating?     See  177. 
Abstraire  (tr.).     To  abstract.    II  faut  abstraire  les  qualit^s  d'un  sujet  avant  de  les  con- 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  259 

sid^rer  s6par6ment.      One  must  abstract  the   qualities  of  a  subject  before  considering 

them  separately. 
S'abstraire  (very  rare).     Les  savants  s'abstraient  dans  leurs  travaux.     Scientists  become 

abstracted  in  their  works. 
Abuser  (tr.).      To  deceive.     Avez-VOUS  abus6  votre  ami?     Have  you  deceived  your  friend? 

See  tromper. 
Abuser  (intr.)  de.     To  take  advantage  of,  to  abuse.     Avez-vous  abus6  de  vos  privileges  ? 

Have  you  taken  advantage  of  {abused')  your  privileges  ?      To  abuse,  in  the  sense  of  to 

insult,  is  injurier,  accabler  d' injures,  dire  des  injures. 
S'abuser  a,  before  point.     S'est-il  abus§  au  point  de  croire  cela  ?     Has  he  deceived  himself 

{to  the  point  of)  into  believing  that  ? 
Accabler  (tr.).     To  overwhelm.     II  m'a  accabl6  de  demandes.     He   overwhelmed  me  with 

requests. 
S'accabler,  de.     S'est-il  accabl6  de  travail  ?     Has  he  overloaded  himself  with  work? 
Accabler  (p.).    Le  president  est  accable  de  reclamations.     The  president  is  overwhelmed 

with  demands. 
Acclimater  (tr.).      To  acclimate;   a   (before  climat  or  pays,  etc.).     Avez-vous  acclimate 

cette  plante  a  ce  climat  stranger  ?     Have  you  acclimated  that  plant  to  this  foreign 

clifnate  ? 
S'acclimater  a,  to.    As  above. 
S'accointer  avec.     To  become  intimate  with.    S'est-il  accointe  avec  un  fripon  ?    Has  he 

become  intimate  with  a  rascal? 
Accoler  (tr.).      To  put  together ;  to  tie  up  vines ;  a  (before  name  of  support).     Le  jardinier 

a-t-il  accol6  les  vignes  au  treillage  ?     Has  the  gardener  tied  up  the  vines  to  the  trellis 

{lattice)  ? 
S'accoler.    To  interlace   {of  vines).     Les   gargons   s'accolent  dans  toutes  leurs  affaires. 

These  boys  are  mixed  up  together  in  all  their  affairs.     II  s'accole  a  cette  personne.     He 

frequents  that  person  (bad  sense). 
Accommoder  (tr.).      To  suit,  to  adapt.    Je  I'ai  accommode  comme  il  faut.     I  gave  him  a 

good  hiding.     J  fixed  him  properly  (slang).     II  s'accommode  de  tout.     He  is  satisfied 

with  everything.     He  is  easy  to  please. 
Accorder  (tr.).     To  grant;  to  time.     Lui  a-t-il  accord^  sa  protection?     Has  he  granted  her 

his  protection  ?    L'accordeur  a-t-il  accord^  notre  piano  ?     Did  the  tuner  put  our^piano 

in  tune? 
S'accorder,  avec  (b.  n.);  ^,  in  (b.  i.).      To  agree,  etc.     (See  consentir  and  convenir  de.) 

L'adjectif  s'accorde  avec  le  nom.     The  adjective  agrees  zvith  the  noun.     S'accorde-t-il 

avec  moi?     Does  he  agree  zuith  me?     Se  sont-ils  accord^s  a  louer  le  s^nateur  ?     Did 

they  coincide  in  praising  the  senator?     lis  ne  peuvent  s'accorder  sur  (en)  cela  (or  ce 

point).      They  cannot  agree  as  to  that  (or  on  that  point). 

Idioms:    Accordez  mieux  vos  flutes  si  vous  voulez  r^ussir.      You  must  agree  better 

among  yourselves  if  you  wish  to  succeed.     lis  s'accordent  comme  chien  et  chat.     1  hey 

lead  a  cat  and  dog  life.     They  fight  like  cats  and  dogs.     Pour  me  jouer  il  faut  mieux 

accorder  vos  flfites  (pop.).      To  fool  me  you' II  have  to  get  up  earlier. 
Accoucher  (intr.).     To  give  birth  ;  die,  to  (b.n.).    Elle  accoucha  d'une  fille  k  six  heures.    She 

gave  birth  to  a  daughter  at  six  o'clock.     (See  mettre  au  monde.)     11  s'est  acccuch^ 

lentement  de  ce  po6me(fig.).     He  slotuly  brought  forth  (gave  birth  to)  this  poem. 
S'accouder.      To  rest  one's  elbows;    sur,  on  (b.  n.).     II  s'accoudait  sur  la  table  la  t6te 


26o  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

appuy^e  entre  les  deux  mains.     He  was  resting  his  elboivs  on  the  table,  his  head  sup- 
ported betiveen  both  his  hands. 
Accoupler  (tr.).     To  couple;  to  unite;  a,  to.    II  a  accouple  le  boeuf  a  I'ane.     He  yoked  up 

the  ox  and  the  ass  together. 
S'accoupler  a.     Le  vice  s'accouple  a  la  demence.     Vice  unites  {joins)  itself  with  madness. 
Accourir  (intr.).     To  run  up.     Deux  messieurs  ont  accouri.     Tzvo  gentlemen  ran  up. 
Accourir  a.    II  a  accouru  a  moi.    He  rati  up  to  me. 
Accoutrer  (tr.).     To  dress  out  or  tip.    Elle  accoutre  drolement  ses  enfants.     She  rigs  out 

her  children  in    a  queer  way. 
S'accoutrer  de.    Elle  s'accoutre  toujours  d'une  fa^on  ridicule  (not  said  of  costumes).     She 

always  rigs  herself  out  in  a  ridiculous  toilet  (^outfit). 
Accoutrer  (p.)  de.     As  above. 
Accoutumer  (tr.)  k  (b.  ind.  obj.).     A-t-il  accoutum6  sa  femme  a  la  fum6e  de  tabac  ?    Has 

he  accustomed  his  wife  to  tobacco  smoke  ? 
Accoutumer  (intr.).     To  be  accustomed,  used;  de,  to  (b.  i.).     J'avais  accoutum§  d'aller,  de 

faire,  etc.     I  was  accustomed  to  go,  to  do,  etc. 
S'accoutumer  a  (b.  n.)  (b.  i.).     S'est-il  accoutum^  a  parler  i  voix  basse?    Has  he  trained 

himself  to  speak  in  a  low  voice?    S'accoutume-t-elle  a  ses  manidres  rudes?     Is  she 

getting  used  to  his  rough  manners  ? 

Idiom :  Chose  accoutum§e  n'est  pas  fort  pris^e.     Faitiiliarity  breeds  contempt. 
Accrocher  (tr.).     To  hook  on,  to  hang  up,  etc.     Idiom:  II  a  accroch^  sa  montre  (fam.).     He 
I  has  pawned  his  watch. 

S'accrocher  a.     Un  homme  qui  se  noie  s'accroche  a  tout.     A  drowning  man  catches  at  a 

straw. 
Accroire.     See  p.  209,  and  see  II  s'en  fait  accroire  under  Faire. 
Accuser  (tr.).     To  accuse,  to  imply,  etc.    Je  vous  accuse  reception  de   (a)  votre  lettre. 

/  acknowledge  receipt  of  your  letter.     Les  apparences  accusent  une  intention.     The 

appearances  argue  {imply)  an  intention.      Idiom:  On  I'a  accus6  a  tort.     He  has  been 

wrongfully  accused. 
Accuser,  de  (b.  n.)  (b.  i.).    De  precedes  thing  of  which  one  is  accused.    II  m'a  accuse  d'avoir 

fait  cela.     He  has  accused  me  of  having  done  that.     II  m'a  accus6  de  ce  crime.     He 

has  accused  me  of  that  critne. 
Accuser  (p.)  de  (b.  n.)  (b.  i.).     As  above. 
S'accuser  de.     To  confess.    Faut-il  s'accuser  de  ses  p^cli6s?     Must  one  confess  his  sins?    Je 

m'accuse  d'avoir  fait  tort  a  cet  enfant.   I  confess  having  done  harm  to  {wrong  toward) 

that  child. 
Ac6rer  (tr.).     To  steel.    Note  figurative  use.     II  salt  ac6rer  une  6pigramme.     He   knows 

how  to  sharpen  {give  sting  to)  an  epigram. 
Acharner  (p.)  a.    II  est  acharn^  a  1  dtude.    He  is  intensely  devoted  to  study. 
Acharner  contre.     A-t-il  acharn^  les  chiens  contre  le  voleur  ?  (rarely  active) .    Did  he  set 

the  dogs  on  the  thief? 
S'acharner.     To  be  excited,  etc.;  a  (b.  i.)  (b.  n.).    II  s'acharne  jl  I'^tude  (au  jeu).    He 

applies  himself  tooth  and  nail  {ardently,  intensely)  to  study  {to  gambling).     II  s'acharne 

a  tout  faire  i  la  fois.     He  applies  himself  fiercely  to  do  everything  at  once. 
Acheminer  (tr.).     To  forward,  to  send  on;  vers,  to,  toward.      II  a  achemind  le  foin  vers  le 

march^.      He  started  the  hay  to  market.     Votre  cheval  est-il  bien  achemin^  ?      Is 

your  horse  bridle-wise  {well  trained  to  the  bridle)  ?      L'^cuyer  a  bien  achemin§  mon 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  26 1 

cheval  noir.  The  trainer  has  trained  well  my  black  horse  to  the  bridle  {rendered  bri- 
dle-wise').    (Rarely  active  in  this  last  sense.     See  dresser.) 

S'acheminer  vers.  Le  Japon  s'achemine  vers  la  civilisation  Europ^enne.  Japan  is  pro- 
gressing to  a  state  of  European  civilization.  II  s'est  achemin6  vers  Paris.  He  set  out 
on  the  road  toward  Paris. 

Acheter  (tr.) .  To  buy  (a  =/or)  (chez =«•/)  (b.  n.).  A-t-il  acliet6  un  jouet  a  son  enfant  ?  Has 
he  bought  a  toy  for  his  child?  L'a-t-il  achet6  chez  M.  B.?  Did  he  buy  it  at  M.  B.^s  ?  II 
a  achet^  une  maison  H  condition  qu'il  ne  la  payera  que  dans  six  mois.  He  bought  a 
house  on  condition  of  not  paying  for  it  for  six  months.  Idioms :  Acheter  chat  en  poche. 
To  buy  a  pig  in  a  poke.  To  buy  zvithout  prior  examination.  Qui  bon  I'ach^te  bon  le  boit. 
Who  buys  well,  drinks  well.  Acheter  a  vil  prix.  To  buy  for  a  song,  dirt  cheap.  Acheter 
par  francs  et  vendre  par  6cus.     To  buy  cheap  and  sell  high  (idea  of  excessive  profit). 

Achever  (tr.).  To  finish;  de  (b.  i.).  A-t-il  enfin  achev§  de  dresser  le  cheval?  Has  he  at 
last  finished  training  the  horse  ?  Idiom :  C'est  un  voleur  achev§.  He  is  an  arrant 
thief. 

Acoquiner  (tr.).  To  captivate.  Cela  a  des  charmes  qui  Tacoquine.  That  has  charms 
which  captivate  {fascinate)  him.     Old;   not  much  used. 

S'acoquiner.  To  become  attached ;  a  (b.  n.)  (often  in  bad  sense).  II  s'est  acoquin6  a  de 
bien  mauvaise  compagnie.     He  has  become  irresistibly  attached  to  very  bad  company. 

Acqu^rir  (tr.).  To  acquire,  etc.  II  est  tout  acquis  a  Mile.  B.  He  is  entirely  captivated  by 
Miss  B.  Idiom:  Le  bien  mal  acquis  ne  profite  jamais.  Ill  got,  ill  spent.  Ill-gotten 
gains  benefit  no  one.  Cheats  never  prosper.  A-t-il  acquis  une  bonne  reputation  ? 
(Cannot  be  said  in  bad  sense.)  Has  he  acquired  a  good  reputation  ?  But  II  a  gagn6  une 
mauvaise  reputation.      He  has  acquired  {earned)  a  bad  reputation. 

Acquiescer  (intr.).  To  acquiesce  ;  "k  (h.x)..).  J' acquiesce  a  votre  volont^.  I  accede  to  your 
will.     (Is  not  used  for  to  comply  with.     See  remplir,  se  conformer,  etc.) 

Acquitter  (tr.).  To  acquit,  etc.  ;  de  (before  obligation,  accusation,  debt).  Le  tribunal  a 
acquitte  M.  B.  de  I'accusation  (de  la  charge).  The  court  acquitted  Mr.  B.  of  the 
accusation  {of  the  charge) .  Note  special  use :  II  a  acquitte  la  lettre  de  change.  He 
took  {paid)  up  the  bill  of  exchange.  Pour  acquit,  dont  quittance  regu  =  '■^Received 
{payment)  "  on  bills. 

S'acquitter  de.  Je  me  suis  acquitt§  de  mon  devoir  (de  mes  promesses).  Pve  fulfilled  my 
duty  {promises) . 

Actionner  (tr.).  To  operate.  Comment  le  rouage  d'une  montre  est-il  actionnd?  How  are 
the  works  of  a  watch  operated  {put  in  operation)  ?  (See  marcher.)  Par  un  ressort. 
By  a  spring.  But  Le  rouage  de  la  machine  fonctionne  bien.  The  works  of  the 
machine  operate  well. 

Adapter  (tr.).  To  adjust,  etc. ;  k.  Le  plombier  a-t-il  adapts  un  robinet  k  ce  tuyau  a  eau? 
II  I'a  fait.  Did  the  plumber  adjust  a  faucet  {cock)  to  that  water  pipe  ?  He  did.  Cet 
auteur  bien  adapts  I'histoire  a  sesromans.  This  author  has  well  adapted  history  to 
his  novels. 

S'adapter  It  (b.  n.).  Cet  61dve  s'adapte-t-il  bien  ^  ses  nouvelles  heures  d' etude?  Does 
that  pupil  adapt  himself  well  to  his  new  study  hours? 

Additionner  (tr.)  (rare).  Est-ce  qu'il  additionne  la  vanite  a  I'ignorance?  Does  he  add 
vanity  to  ignorance?     See  ajouter. 

Additionner  (rare)  de,  with.  C'est  du  vin  additionne  d'eau.  It's  wine  with  water  added. 
See  couper. 


262  THE  FRENCH    VERB 

Adjuger  (tr.).     To  award,  etc.;  a.    Le  maire  a-t-il  adjug6  les  contrats  aux  entrepreneurs? 

Did  the  mayor  award  the  contract  to  the  contractors?    Le  commissaire  priseur  vous 

a-t-il  adjug6  ce  vase  H  cinq  francs?    Did  the  auctioneer  knock  down  {award)  that  vase 

to  you  for  Jive  francs? 
Adjurer  (tr.).     To  adjure ;  de  (b.  i.).    Vous  a-t-il  adjur6  de  renoncer  a  vos  d^sirs?    Did 

he  adjure  you  to  renounce  your  desires? 
Admettre  (tr.).    To  admit.    Vous  a-t-il  admis  a  sa  table  ?    Has  he  admitted  you  to  his  table  ? 

Vous  a-t-il  admis  aux  privileges  du  club?      Has  he  admitted  you  to  the  privileges 

of  the  club?    Vous  a-t-il  admis  dans  sa  famille?      Has  he  admitted  you   into   his 

family?    Cela  admet  deux  sens.     That  admits  of  two  constructions. 
Administrer  (tr.).-    To  administer.    A-t-on  administr^  Fextreme  onction  au  malade ?   Have 

the  last  sacraments  been  ad)ninistered  to  the  sick  man  ?    A-t-on  administre  la  justice  aux 

coupables?     Has  justice  been  administered  to  the  guilty  ones?     A-t-on  administr6  le 

bapteme  a  1' enfant?     Has  the  child beett  baptized? 
Admirer  (tr.).     To  admire.    J'admire  son  caractdre.     I  admire  his  character,     (de, /<?,  b.  i.; 

slang.)     J'admire  de  le  voir  agir  de  la  sorte  (rare).     I  am  astonished  to  see  him  act 

that  way.     Corresponds  to  English  slang,  "  I  like  that,"  etc. 
Admirer  (p.)  de.     Elle  est  admirle  de  tout  le  monde.     She  is  admired  by  everybody. 
Admonester  (tr.).     To  admonish;  de  (b.  i.).    Vous  a-t-il  admonest§  de  ne  pas  le  faire? 

Has  he  admonished  you  not  to  do  it? 
Admon6ter  (tr.).    To  reprimand.     (Not  used  in  the  sense  of  admonish.     See  preceding  verb.) 

Le  judge  a  admon§t6  le  vagabond.     The  judge  reprimanded  the  vagabond. 
Adonn6,  etre,  a.     To  be  addicted  to,  etc.    Est-il  adonn6  a  la  boisson?  au  jeu?   Is  he  addicted 

to  drink?  to  gambling?    Elle  est  adonnee  a  la  musiqus.     She  is  bound  up  in  music. 
S'adonner  a.    S'adonne-t-elle  a  I'^tude  de  la  musique?    Is  she  giving  herself  up  to  the  study 

of  music? 
Adosser  (tr.).     To  lean;  contre.    Le  capitaine  adossa  ses  troupes  contre  la  coUine.     The 

captain  supported  (or  leaned)  his  troops  against  the  hill. 
Adosser  (p.)  contre,  or  ^.    La  cabane  est  adoss^e  a  la  coUine.       The  cabin   is  propped 

against  the  hill. 
S'adosser  contre,  i  (b.  n.).    Le  bless6  s'est  adoss6  contre  un  arbre.     The  wounded  man 

propped  himself  t4p  against  a  tree. 
Adresser  (tr.).     To  address.    A-t-il  adress^  les  lettres  aux  personnes  H  qui  elles  sont  des- 
tinies ?     Did  he  address  the  letters  to  the  persons  they  are  intended  for  ? 
S'adresser  h..     To  apply  to.     Vous  etes-vous  adressi  au  ministre  de  la  guerre?    Have 

you  applied  to  the  secretary  of  war  ?     See  s'appliquer  a. 
,^     Idioms :   Adresser  la  parole  a.    Vous  a-t-il  adressi  la  parole  ?   Did  he  speak  to  you 

{directly)  ?     S'adresser  bien  (mal)  a.     Vous  vous  adressez  mal  (bien).     You've 

come  to  the  wrong  person.      To  address  a  person   by  word  of  mouth   is   adresser   la 

parole  a ;  by  letter,  Icrire  \. 
Advenir  (impers.).     To  happen.     Qu'est-ce  qu'il  est  advenu  de  cette  affaire?  (rare   use)/' 

What  has  become  of  that  affair  ?     Idiom:  Advienne  que  pourra.     Happen  what  may 

(will).     See  loi. 
Affamer  (tr.).      To  starve.     lis  ont  affami  la  villa  pour  la  prendre.     They  starved  out  the 

city  in  order  to  capture  it. 
Affamer  (p.)  de,  par.      II  est  affam6  de  gloire.     He  is  eager  {thirsts)  for  glory.     Idiom : 
Ventre  affam6  n'a  point  d'oreille.     A  hungry  man  will  not  listen  to  reason. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  263 

Affecter  (tr.).  To  affect.  II  affecte  beaucoup  les  manidres  Anglaises.  He  affects  English 
manners  a  great  deal.  A  or  pour  to  indicate  purpose  :  Le  Congres  a  afEect§  une  somme 
a  (pour)  ces  d^penses.      Congress  has  assigned  {made  available)  a  sum  for  these  expenses. 

Affecter  (p.)  de.  A-t-il  €t6  bien  affectd  de  la  mort  de  son  ami?  Was  he  much  affected 
by  the  death  of  his  friend? 

S'affecter  de.  L'§goiiste  voudrait  ne  s'affecter  de  rien,  et  tout  I'affecte.  The  egoist  would 
like  to  be  affected  by  nothing,  and  everything  affects  him. 

Affectionner  (tr.).     To  be  fond  of    Affectionne-t-elle  la  musique  ?     Is  she  fond  of  music? 

Affectionner  (p.)  a.    Est-il  tres  affectionne  a  sa  patrie?    Is  he  deeply  attached  to  his  country? 

S'affectionner  a;  sometimes  pour.  Elle  s'affectionne  tous  ses  domestiques.  She  makes  all 
her  servants  fond  of  her.  Rare;  see  Gagner  I'affection  de.  Elle  s'est  affection- 
n^e  i  cette  femme.  She  has  become  attached  to  that  woman.  Rare ;  see  Se  prendre 
d'affection  pour. 

Affermir  (tr.).  To  strengthen;  dans.  Vous  a-t-il  affermi  dans  cette  croyance?  Has  he 
strengthened  you  in  that  belief?  Affermir  quelque  chose.  To  strengthen  {to  give  firm- 
ness to)  anything. 

S'affermir  dans,  sur.  lis  se  sont  affermis  sur  leurs  ^triers.  They  fixed  themselves  firmly 
in  their  stirrups. 

Afficher  (tr.).  To  post  up,  to  publish  (sometimes  "k  or  contre,  if  place  is  specified).  A-t-on  afBcli6 
le  discours  du  president?  Has  the  president' s  speech.been  posted  up?  Qui  a  affich6 
cette  annonce  ^  la  porte  de  ma  maison?  Who  posted  that  advertisement  on  my  door? 
Defense  d'af&cher!    Post  no  bills. 

Af&cher  de,  in  figurative  sense.  II  affiche  de  ne  croire  a  rien  (d'etre  trds  riche).  He  sets 
himself  up  {advertises  himself)  as  believing  in  nothing  {as  being  very  rich). 

S'afficher.    Cet  homme  s'affiche.     That  man  tries  to  get  hitnself  talked  about  {seeks  notoriety). 

Etre  affiche.    II  est  affich6  a  deux  clubs.     He  is  posted  at  two  clubs. 

Affilier  (tr.).  To  affiliate;  k.  On  a  affili^  toutes  ces  soci6t6s  a  la  soci6t§  centrale.  They 
have  connected  all  these  societies  with  the  central  society. 

S'affilier  a,  avec.  S'est-il  affilie  a  cette  societ6  ?  Has  he  affiliated  himself  with  that 
society?     S'est-il  affili§  avec  ces  gens?     Has  he  associated  himself  with  those  people? 

S'affiner.  To  be  refined  (of  metals).  L'esprit  s'affine  par  la  conversation.  The  mind 
{wit)  is  refined  by  conversation. 

Affliger  (tr.).  To  affect,  to  distress.  Est-ce  que  cela  vous  a  beaucoup  afflig6?  Did  that 
distress  you  very  much? 

Affliger  (p.)  de.  Est-elle  afflig6e  de  votre  depart  ?  Is  she  distressed  at  {on  account  of) 
your  leaving? 

S'affliger  de.  Vous  vous  afflijgez  trop  des  malheurs  d'autrui.  You  are  too  much  dis- 
tressed {affected)  by  the  misfortunes  of  others. 

Affoler  (tr.).  To  make  one  dote  on.  C16opatre  affola  Antoine.  Cleopatra  made  Antony 
mad  with  love. 

Affoler  (p.)  de.  Est-il  affol6  d'elle?  Is  he  madly  in  love  with  her?  (Raffoler  is  generally 
used  actively  and  affoler  passively.) 

S'affoler  de.  S'affole-t-il  (raffole-t-il)  de  cette  dame?  de  sa  vie  de  campagne?  Is  he  pas- 
sionately in  love  ivitk  that  lady ?  with  his  life  in  the  country?     (Se  raffoler  more  used.) 

Affouiller  (tr.).  To  undermine,  to  wash  azvay.  Le  courant  a  affouill6  la  ferme  (la  maison) 
de  notre  voisin.      The  current  has  washed  away  our  neighbor'' s  farm  {house). 

Affranchir  (tr.).     To  prepay,  to  dear  {a  suit  at  (ards).    Avez-vQus  affranchi  la  lettre?    Bid 


264  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

you  prepay  the  letter?    II  a  affranchi  la  couleur  (le  dix  de  cette  couleur).    He  cleared 

the  suit  {the  ten  of  that  suit)  (at  cards).     He  made  the  ten  of  that  suit  good. 
Affranchir  (p.)  de.     Si  je  vais  a  I'hotel  je  serai  affranchi  des  embarras  de  domestiques. 

If  I  go  to  the  hotel,  I  shall  be  freed fro?n  difficulty  zuith  servants. 
S'affranchir  de.    S'est-elle  affranchie  de  toute  crainte,  de  tout  prdjuge  ?    Has  she  shaken 

off  all  fear  ^  broken  loose  from  all  prejudices  ? 
Affriander  (tr.).     To  render  dainty.     On  a  affriand6  cet  enfant  en  lui  donnant  trop  de 

SUCreries.      That  child  has  been  made  dainty  by  too  many  sweet  things. 
Affubler  (tr.).     To  dress  up,  to  wrap  up,  etc.;  de,  in  (b.  n.).     On  a  affubl4  I'enfant  d'un 

costume  ridicule.      They  have  dressed  up  the  child  in  a  ridiculous  costume. 
Affubler  (p.)  de.    EUe  est  affublde  d'un  trop  grand  chapeau.     She  is  covered  up  in  a  hat 

too  big  for  her. 
S'affubler  de.    Elle  s'affuble  d'un  masque  de  douleur.     She  puts  on  an  air  of  sadness. 
Afifiter  (tr.).     To  sharpen,  whet  tools.    The  following  are  slang  expressions:   Que  fait  ce  mon- 
sieur?    II  affflte  ses  meules.      He's  eating.    II  affute  ses  pincettes.      He's  getting 

ready  to  go,  to  run.     II  s'affute  le  cornet.     He's  drinking. 
Agacer  (tr.).      To  irritate,  etc.  (a  only  when  parts  of  the  body  are  mentioned  with  person). 

Ces  fruits  m'agacent  toujours  les  dents.     This  fruit  always  puis  my  teeth  on  edge. 

Cela  lui  agace  les  nerfs.     That  irritates  his  nerves. 
Agencer  (tr.).     To  arrange,  to  drape,  etc.    A-t-il  bien  agenc^  les  draperies?    Bid  he  arrange 

the  draperies  well?     (Rarely  used;   arranger,  disposer  more  common.) 
S'agenouiller.     To  kneel  (devant).    Said  of  animals  and  of  persons  to  indicate  great  rever- 
ence; otherwise,  mettre  a  genou  is  used.    S'est-elle  agenouill6e  devant  I'autel? 

Did  she  kneel  before  the  altar  ? 
Agir  (intr.).     I'o  act  (de  when  in  sense  oiivith).     II  a  agi  de  tOUte  sa  force.    He  acted  with 

all  his  strength. 
S'agir,  de  (b.  n  )  (b.  i.).     S'agit-il  de  sa  vie?     Is  his  life  at  stake?    Is  it  a  question  of  his 

life?    S'agissait-il  d'y  arriver  avant  midi?      Was  it  a  matter  {question)  of  getting 

there  before  noon  ?    Idioms :   II  ne  s'agit  pas  de  cela.      That  is  not  the  point.     II  s'agit 

bien  de  cela  (ironic).      That  is  quite  a  secondary  consideration. 
Agiter  (tr.).     To  agitate,  etc.    Agitez  bien  la  bouteille  avant  de  vous  en  servir.    Shake  well 

before  taking. 
Agiter  (p.)  de.     Elle  est  agit^e  de  mille  craintes.     She  is  agitated  by  a  thousand  fears. 
S'agiter  (de  in  sense  of  over).      Elle   s'agite   d'un  rien.      She  gets  agitated  over  a  trifle. 

Idiom:  Qui  s'agite  s'enrichit.     If  you  want  to  get  rich,  you  jnust  ivork.     No  pains,  no 

gains. 
Agonir  (tr.).      To  overwhelm;  de,  with.    II  I'agonit  d'injures.     He  overwhelmed  him  with 

insults. 
S'agonir  de.     lis  se  sont  agonis  d'insultes.     They  heaped  insults  on  each  other.     This  verb 

is  used  only  in  expressions  like  above  with  insultes  and  injures. 
Agoniser  (intr.).      To  be  expiring.     Le  vieux  monde  (regime)  agonise  en  Europe  (fig.).' 

The  old  world  {regime)  is  on  the  point  of  passing  away. 
Agrafer  (tr.).      To  hook.     Agrafez  ma  robe.     Hook  my  dress.     Agrafez-moi.     Hook  me  {\.&. 

dress).     (See  also  accrocher,  to  hook  ;  to  hang  on  a  hook.) 
S'agrafer.    Cette  robe  s'agrafe  dans  le  dos  (dans  le  devant).     That  dress  hooks  in  the  back 

{in  the  front).     II  s'agrafe  a  M.  B.     (Very  fam.     See  cramponner  and  accrocher.) 

He  sticks  close  to  Mr.  B.      {Never  ivants  to  leave  htm.) 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  265 

Agr6er(tr.).  To  accept,  to  permit,  etc.  Agr6ez,  monsieur,  que  je  vous  f61icite.  Permit  mey 
sir,  to  cotigratulate  you.  Agrlez  mes  respects.  Accept  my  respects.  J'agr^e  votre 
proposition.     I  accept  your  proposition.  • 

Agr6er  (intr.).     To  please  ;  a.    Cela  ne  lui  agrle  pas.     That  doesn't  please  him. 

Agrder  (imp.)  de.     II  m'agr^e  de  vous  dire  cela.     It  pleases  jue  {suits  me')  to  tell  you  that. 

Agr^ger  (tr.).  To  admit  {into  a  public  body)  ;  a.  A-t-on  agr^ge  M.  B.  a  cette  university? 
—  Larousse.  Have  they  given  Mr.  B.  {received  Mr.  B.  into)  a  fellowship  at  that 
university  ? 

S'agr^ger  a.  Se  sont-ils  agrlg^s  a  cette  confrerie?  —  Larousse.  Have  they  become  fel- 
lows in  {joined)  that  brotherhood?  Usual  form  is,  M.  B.  est-il  agr6g§  de  cette  uni- 
versity, etc.  ?     Is  Mr.  B.  a  Jellow  of  that  university,  etc.? 

S'agriffer.  To  cling  by  its  claws;  a.  Le  chat  s'agriffe  a  la  nappe,  l^he  cat  is  clingitig  to 
the- tablecloth  {with  its  claivs). 

Aguerrir  (tr.).  To  inure  {to  war),  to  harden  (a,  COntre,  in  fig.  sense  and  when  thing  is  speci- 
fied). Mme.  Roland  avait  aguerri  son  ame  contre  la  persecution. — Lamartine. 
Madame  Roland  had  disciplined  {hardened)  her  soul  to  persecution. 

S'aguerrir  a.  lis  se  sont  aguerris  a  des  privations  bien  dures.  They  seasoned  {inured) 
themselves  to  severe  privations.  Le  capitaine  a  bien  aguerri  ses  hommes.  The  cap- 
tain has  seasoned  well  his  men  {soldiers). 

S'aheurter  a.  To  stick  obstinately  to  an  opinion,  etc.  No  longer  used;  see  tenir  a, 
s'enteter  a. 

Aider  (tr.).  To  aid,  etc.  (a  used  in  senses  indicated  by  examples).  Cet  homme  aide-t-il  ses 
amis?  Does  that  man  aid  {help)  his  friends?  (b.  i.)  :  A-t-il  aide  les  enfants  a 
apprendre  leurs  legons  ?  Did  he  help  the  children  to  learn  their  lessons  ?  II  I'a  aidie 
a  descendre,  a  avancer,  a  monter,  a  traverser  le  chemin.  He  helped  her  to  get  down, 
to  go  on,  to  go  up,  to  cross  the  street.     Aider  de,  to  help  xvith. 

Aider  (intr.)  a.  To  help  physically ;  also  to  contribute  to,  to  give  aid  to.  J'ai  aid6  a  la 
bonne  a  desservir  la  table.  I  helped  the  maid  to  clear  off  the  table.  A-t-il  aid6  a  cette 
entreprise  ?     Did  he  contribute  to  that  enterprise  ;  aid  in  the  success  of  that  affair  ? 

S'aider  (de,  before  noun  in  sense  of  to  make  use- of).  On  devrait  s'aider  de  la  main 
gauche  comme  de  la  main  droite.  One  should  make  use  of  one'' s  left  hand  as  of  one's 
right,  (a  b.  i.).  lis  se  sont  aid^s  a  apprendre  le  frangais.  They  helped  each 
other  to  learn  French. 

Idioms  and  sayings :  Aide-toi,  le  ciel  t'aidera.  God  helps  those  who  help  themselves. 
Bon  droit  a  besoin  d'aide.  Even  a  good  cause  has  need  of  help  {of  siipport) .  Dieu 
aide  a  trois  sortes  de  personnes :  aux  fous,  aux  enfants,  et  aux  ivrognes.  God 
helps  {looks  out  for)  three  sorts  of  people  :  madmen,  children,  and  drunkards. 

Aiguiller  (tr.)  (a,  sur;  b.  ind.  obj.).  Literally,  to  needle;  as,  aiguiUer  la  soie.  II 
(I'aiguilleur)  a  aiguille  le  train  sur  (a)  I'autre  voie.  He  {the  switchman)  s^vitched 
the  train  {on)  to  the  other  track. 

S'aiguiller  sur,  a.  Ces  nouvelles  voies  s'aiguillent  sur  les  anciennes.  These  new  tracks 
switch  {on)  to  the  old  ones. 

Aiguillonner  (tr.).  To  goad.  Jusqu'a  (gen.  before  point).  L'officier  a-t-il  aiguillonn6  ses 
hommes  harasses  (assomm^s)  jusqu'au  point  d'un  dernier  effort?  Has  the  officer 
goaded  his  worn-out  men  to  a  final  effort? 

Aiguiser  (tr.).  To  sharpen.  Said  of  razors,  knives,  cutting  tools;  and  figuratively,  of  words, 
appetite,  etc. 


266  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

Aimer  (tr.).  To  love  {to  like),  etc.;  i  (b.  i.),  sometimes  omitted  in  conversation  before  vowel 
sounds.  Aime-t-elle  a  lire  ?  Does  she  like  to  read?  J'aime  entendre  le  chant  du 
rossignol.  •  /  like  to  hear  the  nightingale's  song. 

Aimer  mieux  (without  prep.;  except  an  optional  de  before  second  of  two  following  infinitives). 
La  plupart  des  lecteurs  aiment  mieux  s'amuser  que  (de)  s'instruire.  Most  readers 
prefer  amusing  themselves  to  instructing  themselves. 

Idioms :  Qui  aime  bien  chMie  bien.  Spare  the  rod,  spoil  the  child.  Aimer  quelqu'un 
comme  la  prunelle  de  ses  yeux.  To  love  some  one  like  the  apple  of  one's  eye.  Quand 
on  n'a  pas  ce  que  Ton  aime,  il  faut  aimer  ce  que  Ton  a.  Jf  you  cannot  get  crumb, 
you  had  best  eat  crust.  If  you  can't  get  what  you  ifant,  be  satisfied  zvith  zvhat  you  have. 
Qui  aime  Bertrand  aime  son  chien.  Love  me,  love  my  dog.  Qui  aime  bien,  tard 
oublie.     True  love  dies  hard.    Qui  m'aime  me  suive.    Peril  proves  who  dearly  loves. 

Ajointer  (tr.).      To  join  tivo  pipes  or  planks,  etc.,  end  to  end. 

Ajourner  (tr.).     To  postpone.    Le  juge  (la  femme)  a  ajourn§  sa  decision.     The  judge  {the 
woman)  has  postponed  his  {her)  decision  (a  used  before  date  if  given).     Note  also:    On 
,        a  ajournd  les  t^moins.      The  witnesses  have  been  summoned. 

S'ajourner  (a  before  date).  Le  Congrds  s'est  ajourne  ind^finiment  (au  dix  mai).  Con- 
gress has  adjourned  sine  die  {till  the  loth  of  May). 

Ajouter  (tr.).  To  add.  II  a  ajout6  deux  lignes  a  la  lettre.  He  added  two  lines  to  the 
letter.  J'ajoute  foi  a  cet  homme  (a  cette  affaire).  /  b»lieve  in  that  man  {I  believe 
that  thing  is  true) . 

S'ajouter  a  (b.  ind.  obj.,  as  above). 

Ajuster  (tr.).  To  adjust.  Ajuster  un  ressort,  une  clef,  a  une  serrure,  a  une  machine,  etc. 
To  adjust,  fit,  a  spring,  a  key,  to  a  lock,  to  a  machine,  etc.  A-t-elle  ajust6  une 
piece  a  ce  parapluie  ?  Did  she  fit  a  patch  on  that  umbrella  ?  II  a  ajust§  les  dif- 
ferends  entre  ces  personnes.  He  has  reconciled  those  persons  {adjusted  their  difficul- 
ties).    See  r^gler  in  last  signification. 

S'ajuster  (a).  II  sait  s'ajuster  aux  circonstances.  He  knows  hoiv  to  adapt  hi7nself  to  cir- 
cumstances.    La  clef  s'ajuste-t-elle  a  la  serrure  ?     Does  the  key  fit  the  lock  ? 

Alanguir  (tr.  and  intr.).  To  i7iake  to  languish  ;  to  languish.  Sec  languir.  La  vie  tropicale  (des 
tropiques)  alanguit  I'energie.      Tropical  life  exhausts  {makes  to  languish)  the  energy. 

Alarmer  (tr.).     Cela  a  alarml  le  camp.     Ihat  alarmed  the  camp. 

Alarmer  (p.)  de.     Je  suis  alarm^  de  votre  maladie.     /';;/  alarmed  at  your  sickness. 

S'alarmer  de.     Elle  s'est  alarm6e  d'un  rien.     She  became  alarmed  about  {at)  a  trifie. 

S'alarmer  a.  In  the  sense  of  to  take  alarm  {fright)  at.  Le  lievre  s'alarme  au  moindre 
bruit.      The  hare  takes  alarm  at  the  slightest  noise. 

Aligner  (tr.).  To  alienate.  La  parcimonie  de  cet  homme  lui  a  ali^ne  tous  ses  amis. 
That  man's  parsimony  has  alienated  {from  him)  all  his  friends. 

S'ali^ner  (de,  in  sense  of  to  separate  one's  self  from).  S'est-il  ali^ne  de  toute  sa  famille  ? 
Has  he  alienated  hijnself  from  all  his  family  ? 

Aligner  (tr.).  To  line  up,  to  mark  out.  Mil.  to  dress,  to  furnish  rations.  Le  capitaine  a 
alignl  la  compagnie.  The  captain  dressed  {aligned)  his  company.  A  (mil.).  On  a 
alignd  aux  soldats  deux  jours  de  rations.  The  soldiers  have  been  furnished  with  two 
days'  rations.  On  a  align^  des  rations  pour  trois  jours.  Rations  have  been  issued  jor 
three  days, 

AUIger  (tr.).  To  ease,  to  lighten.  A-t-il  all^g^  le  cheval  (le  navire)  ?  Has  he  eased  the 
horse  {the  vessel),  i.e.  shifted  or  lightened  the  burden? 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  26/ 

S'alllger  de.     A116gez-V0US  de  VOS  chagrins.      Unburden  yourself  of  your  sorrows. 

AUeger  (p.)  de.  Le  ballon  est  all6g6  de  plusieurs  sacs  de  lest.  The  balloon  is  lightened 
by  {of^  several  sacks  of  ballast. 

All^gir  (tr.).  To  reduce  timbers  ;  as  rafters,  etc.,  on  all  sides.  Cette  poutre  a  6te  all^gie  de 
trois  centimetres.  That  beam  has  been  reduced  {by^  three  centimeters  (carries  the  idea 
of  reducing  on  all  sides). 

Aller  (intr.).  To  go  (a  before  nouns  expressing  destination).  Est-elle  allee  a  Paris  (H 
I'eglise)  ?  Has  she  gone  to  Paris  {to  church^  ?  En  before  ville :  II  est  all6  en  ville. 
He  went  out  {doivn  town).  II  est  alle  en  bas  (en  haut)  de  la  ville.  He  has  gone  dozvn 
{up')  town.  Chez  before  name  of  person  or  an  establishment :  Je  vais  chez  moi.  / 
am  going  home.  II  est  alle  chez  M.  B.,  chez  le  tailleur,  chez  Robert.  He  has  gone  to 
Mr.  B.'s.,  to  the  tailor's,  to  Robert's.  Vers  {tojvard)  :  Elle  est  all^e  vers  I'eglise. 
She  went  toward  the  church.  De  {from)  :  Je  vais  de  Londres  a  Paris.  /  go  from 
London  to  Paris.  Se^^^6.  Idioms  with  aller:  II  est  alle  aux  renseignements, 
aux  informations.  He  has  gone  to  get  information.  Va  pour  mille  francs  !  Done  1 
Pll  take  (or  give)  a  thousand  francs.  Va  pour  ce  que  vous  d^sirez.  What  you 
want,  goes.  Tant  va  la  cruche  a  I'eau  qu'a  la  fin  elle  se  casse.  The  pitcher  that 
goes  often  to  the  well  gets  broken  at  last.  Doucement  va  bien  loin.  Sloiu  and  sure  wins 
the  race.  Ce  jeune  homme  ira  loin.  That  young  man  will  make  his  way  in  the  zvorld. 
Au  pis  aller.  Should  the  worst  come  to  the  worst.  Un  pis  aller.  A  makeshift.  Aller  son 
petit  bonhomme  de  chemin.  To  jog  along  quietly.  Cela  va  sans  dire.  That  is  a 
matter  of  course ;  it  stands  to  reason.  II  y  allait  du  bonheur  de  ma  famille.  The 
happiness  of  my  family  was  at  stake.  Allons  !  Come  I  Co?ne  now !  AUons  done ! 
You  are  joking  I  You  don't  mean  it!  Aller  cahin-caha  (lit.).  To  limp  along.  Aller 
clopin-clopant  (fig.).  To  go  hobbling  along.  To  go  along  quietly,  neither  very  well  nor 
very  ill.  II  n'ira  pas  a  cinquante  ans.  He  will  not  reach  his  fiftieth  year.  II  est  alle 
en  justice.  He  went  into  court  about  it.  II  va  bon  pas.  He  is  walking  at  a  good  pace. 
Cette  machine  ne  va  pas.  That  machine  {engine)  is  out  of  order.  Le  bateau  va  a 
la  derive.  The  boat  is  drifting.  II  va  grand  train.  He  goes  very  rapidly.  Le 
cheval  va  bon  train.  The  horse  goes  at  a  good  pace.  II  est  all6  en  course.  He  went 
on  an  errand.  II  est  alle  aux  courses.  He  went  to  the  races.  Cela  va  de  soi.  Of 
course.  It  is  understood.  Ces  couleurs  vont  bien  ensemble.  Those  colors  are  well 
matched.  Cela  me  va.  That  suits  me.  lis  vont  de  pair.  They  are  equal  in  rank. 
^  Les  grues  vont  en  troupe.  Birds  of  a  feather  flock  together.  II  va  a  reculons.  He 
walks  backward.  II  (le  cocher)  est  alle  a  la  course.  He  drove  by  the  distance.  Com- 
ment ga  va  ?  How  do  you  do  ?  Allons-y.  I  am  ready.  Let  us  proceed.  Cette  pro- 
pri6te  va  jusqu'a  la  mer.  This  estate  extends  to  the  sea.  Cet  habit  vous  va  bien. 
This  coat  is  becoming  to  you  {suits  you  well).  Ce  chapeau  ira  jusqu'a  I'hiver.  This 
hat  will  last  till  winter.  II  se  laisse  aller  a  la  colore.  Lie  gives  way  to  his  anger. 
II  n'y  va  pas  par  quatre  chemins.  He  goes  straight  to  the  point.  On  y  va.  Here 
I  am.  II  y  va  de  vingt  francs.  He  makes  a  bet  of  tiventy  francs.  Qui  va  a  la 
chasse  perd  sa  place.  Leave  your  turn,  some  one  takes  it.  Allez  vous  faire  pendre 
ailleurs.  Don't  bother  me  {us).  Le  commerce  ne  va  pas.  Business  is  dull.  Comme 
vous  y  allez !  How  inconsiderate  you  are !  Elle  va  en  soiree.  She  is  going  to 
a  party.  Allons  !  Allons  !  Hurry  up  !  II  va  s'en  payer.  He  is  going  to  have  a 
good  time. 

S'en  aller.     To  go  away.    See  80.    Destination  should  always  be  expressed  with  aller,  but  is 


268  THE  FRENCH  VERB 

generally  not  with  s'en  aller.  One  can  say,  S'en  aller  a,  Chez,  vers,  etc.,  to  go  away 
to,  toward,  etc.,  if  destination  is  expressed. 

Allier  (tr.)  avec,  in  sense  of  to  ally  with  or  to  blend  with.  Le  roi  a  allie  la  noblesse  et  la 
bourgeoisie.  The  king  united  the  nobility  and  the  bourgeoisie.  On  allie  les  gros  vins 
avec  les  legers.  Heavy  wines  are  blended  with  light.  A.  Ce  mariage  a  alli6  cette 
famille  a  la  mienne. 

S'allier.     Like  allier. 

Allonger  (tr.).  7^o  lengthen,  to  go  along.  Allongez  les  manches  de  trois  pouces.  Lengthen 
the  sleeves  by  three  inches.  A,  iii  fam.  sense  of  to  deal  to.  Je  lui  ai  allonge  un  coup 
de  poing.  /  dealt  him  a  blow  with  my  fist.  Idiom :  II  allongeait  le  pas.  He  was 
walking  faster  than  usual. 

Allouer  (tr.).  To  allow,  to  grant.  La  direction  alloue  une  indemnite  aux  vieux  em- 
ployes.     The  management  alloivs  a  pension  to  old  employees. 

AUumer  (tr.).  To  light,  to  kindle.  Idiom:  II  n'est  bois  si  vert  qui  ne  s'allume.  There  is 
'^'  nothing  so  difficult  that  cannot  be  done  with  time. 

Alourdir  (tr.).  To  make  heavy.  Les  ^preuves  de  la  vie  alourdissent  la  marche  des  ann^es. 
l^he  trials  of  life  make  heavy  the  march  of  the  years. 

S'alourdir.  En  sejournant  dans  I'eau  une  corde  s'alourdit.  A  rope  gets  heavy  from  remain- 
ing in  tvater. 

Aloyer  (tr.).     To  alloy.     On  a  aloy6  I'orde  cuivre.     The  gold  zvas  alloyed  with  copper. 

Alt§rer  (tr.).  To  injure,  hurt,  alter,  distort,  etc.  (From  Lat.  alto-are.)  Les  Amotions  vio- 
lentes  altdrent  la  sante.  Violent  emotions  injure  the  health.  Ce  monsieur  a  alt6r6 
les  faits.      That  gentleman  has  distorted  the  facts.     Used  reflexively  also. 

Alt^rer  (tr.).  To  make  thirsty.  (From  Lat.  alitare.)  Ce  poisson  sal6  m'a  alt6re.  That 
salt  fish  made  me  thirsty  (p.).  Est-il  alt§re  de  gloire  ?  Does  he  thirst  after  {for) 
glory  ? 

Alterner  (intr.)  (aux.  avoir).  II  alterne  avec  son  frdre.  He  alternates  with  his  brother, 
Faire  alterner  (for  trans,  use).  A-t-il  fait  alterne  les  dames  et  les  messieurs  ^  la 
table  ?     Did  he  alternate  the  ladies  and  gentlemen  at  the  table  ? 

Amaigrir  (tr.).  To  make  thin.  Le  chagrin  nous  amaigrit.  Sorrow  makes  us  lose  flesh. 
See  maigrir.  Amaigrir  denotes  a  slow  process  of  getting  thin;  while  maigrir  denotes 
a  rapid  change.  II  maigrit  a  vue  d'oeil.  He  gets  thinner  before  your  eyes.  Amaigrir 
une  pierre,  un  morceau  de  bois,  de  fer,  etc.  To  reduce  a  stone,  piece  of  wood,  iron,  etc. 
{to  make  it  fit). 

S'amaigrir.  To  make  one's  self  thin;  to  reduce  one's  flesh.  Comment  s'est-elle  fait  maigrir? 
How  did  she  reduce  her  flesh  ?     Se  faire  maigrir  is  more  used. 

Amalgamer  (tr.).      To  amalgamate ;  a,  avec,  in  the  sense  oiwith. 

S'amalgamer  avec.  L'or  s'amalgame  bien  avec  le  mercure.  Gold  amalgamates  well  with 
mercury. 

Amariner.  To  inure  to  sea  travel.  Les  matelots  ont  et^  bien  amarin§s  par  le  voyage. 
The  sailors  were  w^-ll  inured  to  sea  service  by  the  trip. 

Amasser  (tr.).  To  collect,  atnass.  Do  not  confuse  with  ramasser.  Amasser  des  faits ;  des 
preuves,  etc.  Collect,  heap  up,  facts,  proofs,  etc.  To  collect  things  of  same  kind.  See 
cueillir.  Ramasser  (recueillir)  des  gants,  des  crayons,  des  affaires.  To  pick  up 
{to  collect)  gloves,  pencils,  things.  Idiom :  Pierre  qui  roule  n'amasse  pas  mousse.  A 
rolling  stone  gathers  no  moss. 

S'amasser.    Les  eaux  pluviales  s'amassent  dans  les  citernes.    Rain  water  accumulates  in 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  269 

the  cisterns.    Impers. :  II  s'amasse  du  sable  a  1' entree  du  port.    Sandis  collecting  at 

the  harbor  entrance. 
Amatiner  (tr.).     To  make  to  get  up  early  {from  bed)  (fam.).     Pourquoi  m'avez-vous  ama- 

tine  ?      Why  did  you  make  me  get  up  so  early  ?     Etre  matinal.      To  be  up  early  (at  an 

unusual  hour).    Etre  matineux.      To  be  an  early  riser  (habitually  so). 
Ambitionner  (tr.).     To  be  ambitious  of.    Ce  que  j'ambitionne  le  plus  c'est  de  pouvoir  vous 

rendre  quelque  service.      What  I  aspire  to  most  {that  of  which  I  am  most  ambitious)  is 

to  be  able  to  render  you  some  service. 
Am61iorer  (tr.).      To  improve.     A-t-il  amelior^  sa  condition?     Did  he  improve  his  health? 

Ameliorer  un  terrain  par  le  drainage,  etc.      To  improve  land  by  drainage.     See  per- 

fectionner,  avancer,  etc.,  to  improve. 
S'am61iorer.     Sa  sant6  s'est  am^lior§e. 
Am^nager  (tr.).    Am6nager  une  foret.     To  regulate  the  felling  of  trees  in  a  forest,  etc.     Get 

etablissement  est  bien  am6nag6.     That  establishment  is  tvell  equipped. 
Amender  (tr.).    To  amend.   On  a  amende  ce  projet.     That  bill  was  a?nended.    A-t-il  amende 

ses  moeurs?     Has  he  improved  his  morals? 
Amender  (intr.).    Les  criminels  n'amendent  pas  par  la  prison.     Criminals  do  not  improve 

through  imprison??ient. 
S'amender.     Mai  vit  qui  ne  s'amende.     Proverb:  He  makes  poor  use  of  life  who  does  not 

improve  himself.     See  am^liorer. 
Amener  (tr.).    To  bring.    See  mener,  Art.  58.    Do  not  confuse  with  apporter.    Vous  a-t-elle 

amen6  a  cette  opinion  ?   Has  she  brought  you  to  that  opinion  ?    A  (b.  i.).    A-t-il  amen6 

les  enfants  a  faire  ce  qu'il  desire?     Has  he  induced  the  children  to  do  ivhat  he  wishes? 

Amener  un  sujet  de  conversation.      To  introduce  a  subject  of  conversation.     Amener 

la  conversation  sur  un  sujet.     To  lead  the  conversation  to  a  subject.     Idiom :  Cette 

preuve  est  amen6  de  bien  loin.     That  proof  is  very  far  fetched.    See  tirailler;  tirailler 

par  les  cheveux. 
Amenuiser  (tr.).     Applied  in  carpentry.       To  make  slender ;   to   reduce  pieces  of  zvood.,  etc. 

(generally  on  one  side).     See  aiguiser  and  alllgir. 
Ameublir  (tr.).      To  convert  realty  into  movable  property  ;  to  juellow  land. 
Ameuter  (tr.)  contra.    II  a  ameutd  tout  le  monde  contre  moi.    He  has  stirred  up  everybody 

against  me.     Ameuter  les  passions;   a  quelqu'un.      To  stir  up  {any  one's  passions). 
Amincir  (tr.).     To  make  slender,  thin.     Les  corsets  amincissent  la  taille.     Corsets  make  the 

waist  slender. 
S'amincir.     To  grow  thinner.     Elle  s'amincit.     She  is  getting  slender. 
Amoindrir  (tr.).     To  lessen,  to  diminish.      L'eloignement  amoindrit  les  objets.    Distance 

makes  objects  seem  smaller.     Toute  fortune  s'amoindrit  par  le  gaspillage.     Any  for- 
tune is  lessened  by  waste.     Diminuer,  more  used  in  sense  of  to  diminish. 
Amonceler  (tr.) .     To  heap  up.     On  amoncele  tout  ce  qu'on  jette  pele-mele.     One  heaps  up 

(uses  amonceler  for)  everything  that  one  throws  together  pell-mell. 
Amortir  (tr.).    To  deaden.    Le  mur  est  6pais  pour  amortir  les  bruits  de  la  rue.     The  zvall  is 

thick  to  deaden  the  sounds  of  the  street.    Le  temps  amortit  les  affections.    Ti?ne  weakens 

the  affections. 
Etre  amourache   (p.).      To  be  enamored  (generally  uncomplimentary).     Est-il  amourache 

d'elle?     Is  he  enamored  of  {smitten  on)  her?    Etre  amouroux  de  is  preferable. 
S'amouracher  de. 
Amputer  (tr.).     To  amputate.    Le  chirurgien  a  amput6  un  bras  au  bless6  (le  bless6  d'un 


270  THE  FRENCH    VERB 

bras).      The  surgeon  amputated  the  wounded  mails  arm.     On  I'a  amput6.      They  made- 

him  submit  to  an  amputation. 
Amuser  (tr.).     To  amuse.     II  m'a  amus6  de  ses  contes.     He  aitiiised  me  with  his  stories. 

Amuser  le  tapis.      7^o  talk  a  great  deal  without  coming  to  the  point.      To  talk  or  spin 

time  away. 
S'amuser  de.    II   s^amuse  de  cet  homme.    He  is  making  sport  of  that  man.    S'amuser 

k  (b.  n.),  only  in  sense  of  trijling,  wasting  time.     II  s'amuse   a   des  riens,  a  des 

bagatelles.     He  trifles  his  time  away.     S'amuser  a  (b.  i.).    II  s'amuse  a  retoucher 

les  peintures.     He  is  amusing  himself  (with)  touching  up  the  paintings.     Idioms  and 

sayings :  II  s'amuse  a  la  moutarde.     He  trifles  his  time  away.     S'amuser  en  route. 

To  lose  time  ;  to  loiter  on  the  way. 
Ancrer  (intr.).      To  anchor.     Etre  ancr^  dans  ses  opinions.      To  be  flxed  in  opinions  ;  one's 

mind,  etc.     Etre  ancr6  a,  in  sense  oi  anchored  to  anything. 
S'ancrer.     La  vanity  s'ancre  dans  sa  tete.     Vanity  is  gelling  a  footing  in  his  head. 
An6antir  (tr.).     To  annihilate  (de  in  p.).     EUe  est  aneantie  de  cette  nouvelle.     She  is 

dujnfounded  at  that  news. 
Anesth^sier  (tr.).      To  anaesthetize. 
Angliciser  (tr.).      To  anglicize. 

Animer  (tr.).    To  animate,  etc.;  a.     Cela  anime  la  conversation.      That stifmdates  conversa- 
tion.   II  anime  le  peuple  i  la  r§volte  par  ses  arguments  s6ditieux.     He  incites  the 

nation  to   revolt  by  his  seditious   arguments.     Contre.    C'est   I'int^ret  qui  I'anime 

COntre  son  frdre.     //  is  interest  which  juakes  him  irritable  toxvard  his  brother. 
S'animer  a.     Le  cheval  de  bataille  s'anime  au  bruit  des  trompettes.      The  war  horse  gets 

excited  at  the  sound  of  the  trumpets.     Contre,  towards  (persons) . 
Anoblir  (tr.).      To  confer  title  of  nobility  upon.     (Do  not  confuse  with  ennoblir,  to  ennoble.') 
Anticiper  (tr.).      To  anticipate. 
Anticiper  (intr.)  sur.     II  anticipe  toujours  sur  ses  revenus.     He  always  draws  his  income 

ahead  of  time.     He's  ahvays  ahead  of  his  income.     II  anticipe  sur  le  champ  de  son 

voisin.     He  encroaches  upon  his  tieighbor'' s  fleld.     See  empidter. 
Antidater  (tr.).     To  antedate.    Le  contrat  a  ^\.h  antidat^  de  trois  jours  par  1' entrepreneur. 

7he  contract  was  antedated  {by)  three  days  by  the  contractor. 
Apercevoir  (tr.).    To  perceive.    See  p.  48.    L'avez-vous  aper^u  ?    Did  you  perceive  {notice) 

him  ?    De  (p.).     II  a  6t§  aper9U  de  son  ami.    He  has  been  observed  {discerned)  by  his 

friend. 
S'apercevoir  de  (b.  n.).     See  p.  48.      To  perceive ;  to  become  aware  of.     S'est-il  aper9U  de 

son  erreur?     Did  he  perceive  his  error  ?    II  s'est  apergu  de  cela.     He  noticed  that. 

S'apercevoir  used  when  meaning  is  to  find  out ;  percevoir  in  senses  of  to  perceive, 

to  see. 
Apitoyer  (tr.).      To  move  to  pity. 
S'apitoyer.      To  be  moved  to  pity.     Sur  (b.  n.),  in  sense  oi  over.     II  s'est  apitoy6  sur  vos 

malheurs.      He  has  been  moved  to  pity  over  your  misfortunes.     He  pities  your  mis- 
fortunes.    See  Plaindre. 
Aplatir  (tr.).    To  flatten.    II  a  aplati  ses  adversaires  (fig.  use).    He  crtished  his  adversaries. 
S'aplatir.     II  s'aplatit  devant  ses  supirieurs.     He  cringes  {grovels  in  the  dust)  before  his 

superiors. 
Apparaitre  (intr.).     To  appear  {to)  tinexpecledly.     A  (b.  ind.  obj.).     Un  spectre  lui  apparut. 

(Also  used  impersonally;  as,  II  lui  apparut  un  spectre.) 


THE  FREN'CH  VERB  271 

Apparenter  (tr.).  To  ally,  to  marry  {dispose  of  in  marriage);  i  (b.  ind.  obj.).  II  a  appa- 
rent^ sa  fiUe  a  la  noblesse.     He  married  his  daughter  into  the  nobility. 

S' apparenter  a.      To  ally  .   .   .  with;  to  marry  .   .   .  into. 

Etre  apparent^.  EUe  est  bien  (mal)  apparent^e.  She  belongs  {does  not  belong)  to  a  high 
family.     She  is  well  {not  well)  connected. 

Appartenir  a.  To  belong;  ^,  to.  Ce  cheval  appartient  It  mon  pere.  That  horse  is  my 
father'' s  {belo7igs  to  my  father) . 

Appartenir  (impers).  A  (b.  n.),  de  (b.  i.).  II  vous  appartient  de  faire  cela.  It  behooves  you 
to  do  that.    Idiom  :  A  tous  ceux  qu'il  appartiendra  ...     To  all  ivhom  it  fnay  concern  .  . 

Appeler  (intr.).  To  appeal;  Ae,  from ;  a,  to.  (In  legal  sense  only.)  II  appelle  de  cette 
decision  (au  cours  de  cassation).  He  is  appealing  from  that  decision  {to  the  supreme 
court).  J' en  appelle  a  C§sar.  I  appeal  to  Caesar.  J'en  appelle  a  votre  honneur,  a 
VOtre  probity,  etc.     I  appeal  to  your  honor,  to  your  integrity,  etc. 

Appeler  (tr.).  To  call.  Idioms:  Appeler  les  choses  par  leur  noms.  Appeler  un  chat  un 
chat.  To  call  a  spade  a  spade.  Voila  ce  que  j'appelle  pleuvoir,  etc.  That's  what  I 
call  raining  {etc.)  zvith  a  vengeance. 

Applsantir  (tr.).      To  make  heavy,  zveigh  doiun,  etc. 

S'app6santir.  Sur  in  fig.  sense  for  on,  upon.  Cela  s'app^santit  sur  sa  conscience.  That 
rests  heavily  on  his  conscience.  II  s'app^santit  trop  sur  les  details.  He  expatiates 
{puts  too  much  stress  on)  details. 

Applaudir  (tr.).  To  applaud,  to  commend.  Like  the  Eng.  Passive  with  de  and  par.  II 
a  et§  applaudi  de  tout  le  monde.     He  was  applauded  by  everybody. 

Applaudir  (intr.)  a.  J'applaudis  "k  ce  jeune  homme,  a  ses  actions,  etc.  /  commend 
{applaud)  that  young  man,  his  actions,  etc. 

S'applaudir.  Ne  s'est  elle  pas  applaudie  de  son  choix?  Did  she  not  congratulate  herself 
upon  her  choice? 

Appliquer  (tr.).  To  apply.  Like  Eng.  Sur  in  sense  of  on,  upon.  II  a  appliqui  de  jolies 
couleurs  sur  cette  toile.  He  has  put  pretty  colors  on  that  canvas.  Appliquer  des  fonds 
a.      To  appropriate  funds  to. 

S'appliquer  a.  To  be  applicable  to  ;  to  apply  one's  self  to.  To  apply  to  any  one  —  s'adresser 
a  quelqu'un  ;   pour, /or. 

Appointer  de  (mil.).  To  detail  on.  On  I'a  appoints  de  C0rv6e,  de  garde.  He  has  been  de- 
tailed, put  on,  police  duty,  extra  guard  duty  {for  punishment)  (rarely  used).  See  com- 
mander, etre  commande  de,  etc. 

Apporter.      To  bring  by  carrying.     Distinguish  from  amener. 

Apposer  a.      To  affi,x  to.     Apposer  un  cachet  a  un  document.     To  affix  a  seal  to  a  document. 

Appr6cier.  To  appraise,  to  appreciate.  Like  Eng.  Passive  with  de  or  par.  Ce  vin  est 
appr6cie  des  connoisseurs.      This  wine  is  appreciated  by  connoisseurs. 

Appr^hender.  To  apprehend;  to  be  apprehensive  of;  de  (b.  i.).  II  apprlhende  de  vous 
d^plaire.  He  is  apprehensive  of  displeasing  you.  Je  crains  du  danger  a  cause  de  cela. 
/  apprehend  danger  from  that.  Nous  arret^mes  le  voleur.  IVe  apprehended  the 
thief 

Apprendre.  To  learn;  to  teach,  etc.  Je  vais  apprendre  I'heure  (qu'il  est).  /  am  going 
to  find  out  what  time  it  is.  A  (b.  1.).  L'enfant  apprend  a  lire.  In  the  sense  oi  to 
teach.  II  apprend  k  chanter  a  ma  soeur.  He  teaches  my  sister  singing.  Je  lui  ai 
appris  cela.  /  informed  him  of  that.  Idioms  :  Les  malheurs  s'apprennent  vite. 
Bad  news  flies  fast.  •  Vous  apprendrez  avec  plaisir  que.      You  will  learnt  {hear)  with. 


2/2 


THE  FRENCH  VERB 


etc.  Ce  n'est  pas  i  un  vieux  singe  qu'on  apprend  ^  faire  des  grimace.  You  canU 
teach  him  anything  in  that  line.      {One  doesn't  teach  one's  grandmother-  to  suck  eggs.) 

Appreter  (tr.)  k  (b.  i.).  To  prepare,  to  get  ready,  etc.  Elle  a  apprete  le  diner.  She  has 
got  dinner  ready.  Elle  a  apprete  les  enfants  a  aller  a  I'^cole.  She  has  got  the  children 
ready  to  go  to  school. 

S'appreter  a  (b.  i.).  EUes  s'appretent  a  sortir.  They  are  preparing  to  go  out.  See  pre- 
parer. 

S'apprivoiser  avec.  To  accustom  one''s  self  to  ;  to  familiarize  one's  self  with.  Se  f  amiliar- 
iser  avec  (less  familiar). 

Approcher  (tr.).  To  approach,  to  tnake  advances  to  a  person  (with  whom  one  is  familiar).  II 
est  facile  a  approcher.  He  is  easy  to  approach.  Approchaz  la  table.  Bring  the  table 
near.  Approchez  la  chaise  du  feu.  Draw  the  chair  up  to  the  fire.  J'approchai  ma 
soeur  de  moi.      /  drew  my  sister  near  me. 

S'approcher  de  (b.  n.).      To  approach,  to  draw  7tear  {to).     Approchez-vous  de  la  table. 

Come  (or  draxv)  near  the  table.     II  s'est  approch^  du  feu.     He  drew  {came)  near  the 

fire.    Je  m'approchai  de  ma  soeur.    I  went  {dre^v)  near  my  sister i   Vous  en  etes-vous 

approch^?    Did  you  go  near  it?    Elle  s'est  approchee  de  lui.     To  bring  {draw)  near 

is  approcher.      To  go  ttear,  to  come  near,  is  s'approcher  de. 

Approcher  is  also  used  intransiiively.  Nous  approchons  de  I'dquateur.  We  are  approaching 
{draiving  near  to)  the  equator.     The  intransitive  form  is  used  much  less  than  the  others. 

Approfondir.  Syn.  of  creuser,  to  dig;  but  approfondir  means  to  extend^  enlarge  {digging 
already  done) .  Creuser  un  trou ;  approfondir  une  excavation.  To  dig  a  hole ;  en- 
large an  excavation.     In  fig.  sense  it  means  to  go  into  deeply;  as,  a  study,  a  research. 

Approprier  a  (b,  n.).  To  appropriate,  to  adapt.  Dans  ce  pays  les  lois  sont  appropriees 
(or  on  approprie  les  lois)  aux  infarcts  du  peuple.  In  this  country  the  laws  are 
adapted  to  the  people's  interests. 

S'approprier.  lis  se  sont  appropri^  la  plupart  des  eaux  de  ce  ruisseau.  They  have  appro- 
priated most  of  the  water  in  the  streat?i. 

Approuver  de  or  par  (b.  n.  in  p.).  To  approve,  to  approve  of,  to  pass  upon  {to  consider)  favor- 
ably.    Used  similarly  to  approve  in  Eng.     See  also  trouver  bon. 

Approvisionner  (tr.) .      To  supply.    Etre  approvisionn^  de.      To  be  supplied  with. 

S'approvisionner.  Nous  nous  sommes  approvisionnes  de  tout  ce  qu'il  faut  pour  I'hiver. 
We  have  supplied  ourselves  with  all  that  we  need  for  the  winter. 

Appuyer  (tr.).  To  support;  to  prop.  Contie, against,  on,  or  upon.  Etre  appuyl  par  (de). 
To  be  stipported,  countenanced  by. 

Appuyer  (intr.)  sur.      7^o  lean  tipon,  etc.  (sometimes  used). 

S'appuyer  sur.  Idiom:  Vous  vous  appuyez  sur  un  roseau.  You  are  leaning  on  a  broken 
reed. 

Araser  (tr.).  To  level;  to  put  different  parts  on  a  level  (hardly  used) .  Niveler  is  the  ordinary 
word  for  to  level.  Raser  means  to  level  to  the  ground;  to  raze.  Mettre  de  niveau  is 
syn.  for  niveler. 

Arguer  (intr.)  de  (b.  n.)  To  -deduce  an  opinion  {from);  to  infer,  argue  {from).  De 
cela  il  argue  que  vous  ne  I'aimez  pas.  From  that  he  argues  that  you  do  not  love 
hijn.  See  p.  74.  To  argue  with  =  raisonner  avec.  Ne  raisonnez  pas  (avec  moi). 
Do  not  reason  {argue)  zvith  me.     See  raisonner. 

Argumenter  (intr.).      To  argue,  to  discuss.     More  formal  than  discuter. 

Armer  (tr.).     To  arm,  to  fortify;  de,  with.    As  in  Eng.     Armer  un  fusil.     To  cock  a  gun. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  273 

Etre  arm6  ;  s'armer.     De,  with.     II  s'est  arm^  d'un  fusil.     He  armed  himself  with  a 
gun. 

Arpenter  (tr.).      To  survey,  to  measure  (^land).     As  in  Eng. 

Arracher  (tr.).  7b  snatch;  to  extract;  to  zvring,  etc.  De  before  things  in  sense  of  out  of, 
from.  A  before  persons.  II  a  arrach6  toute  esp^rance  de  mon  coeur.  Be  has  torn 
every  hope  from  my  heart.  II  a  arrach6  le  secret  a  ma  soeur.  He  has  wrung  the  secret 
from  my  sister.  Arracher  une  promesse  a  quelqu'un.  To  extort  a  promise  from 
some  one. 

S'arracher.  A  in  sense  of  to  tear  one^s  self,  to  withdraw,  away  from.  Elle  s'est  arrach^e 
aux  plaisirs  du  monde.  She  has  detached  herself  (with  an  effort^  from  the  pleasures  of 
society.  De  used  b.  n.  in  sense  of  out  of,  out  from.  Etre  arrach6.  De  (b.  n.)  in  sense 
oifrom.  Elle  a  §t6  arrach^e  de  dessous  le  tramway.  She  was  snatched  from  under 
the  street  car.  Idioms  :  On  se  I'arrache  (of  persons).  He  is  very  popular ;  he  is  all  the 
rage.  Above  is  used  also  of  things  in  popular  speech.  One  even  hears,  On  se  VOUS 
arrache.    On  se  m'arrache. 

Arranger  (tr.).      To  arrange. 

S 'arranger.  To  arrange;  to  settle  Okie's  self ;  to  make  arrangements ;  dans,  in;  avec,  with. 
As  in  Eng.  Pour  (b.  i.).  Nous  nous  sommes  arranges  pour  partir  lundi  ensemble. 
We  have  arranged  to  leave  together  Monday.  S' arranger  de  quelque  chose,  de  quel- 
qu'un.     To  put  up  (to  make  a  shift)  with  something,  etc. 

Idioms:  Comme  vous  voila  arrange !     What  a  sight  you  look!    Je  I'ai  arrange  de 
la  bonne  maniere.      I  gave  him  what  he  richly  deserved.     Arrangez-vous.      'Jhat  is 
your  business ;  settle  it  among  yourselves  ;  manage  as  you  can  ;  do  your  best,  worst,  etc. 
'^Arreter  (tr.).      To  stop ;  to  hold ;  to  arrest,  etc. 

^,  S'arreter.  Used  as  the  neuter  verb  to  stop  in  Eng.  La  voiture  s'est  ^rretde.  The  carriage 
stopped.  A  (b.  n.)  in  sense  of  to  stop,  hesitate  at ;  to  have  regard  for.  II  s'arrete  aux 
apparences.     He  has  regard  for  appearances. 

Arrierer  (tr.).  To  delay,  defer  (payments).  As  in  Eng.  De,  by ;  in  sense  of  by  so  much 
time. 

Arriver  (intr.).  To  arrive,  etc.  As  in  Eng.  Aux.  etre.  A  (b.  n.)  in  sense  of  to  arrive  at,  to 
attain  ;  to  happen  to  ;  to  reach.  Arriver  ^  Paris.  To  reach  Paris.  Arriver  aux  hon- 
neurs.  To  attain  honors.  Impers.,  sense  of  to  happen.  II  lui  est  arrive  d'y  etre.  He 
chanced  to  be  there.  Idioms :  C'est  un  homme  qui  arrivera.  He  will  succeed  in  the 
world.  II  arrivera.  He  will  arrive  (succeed).  Un  malheur  n'arrive  jamais  seul. 
Misfortunes  never  come  singly.  Cela  arrive  comme  mar§e  au  careme.  That  comes 
just  in  the  nick  of  time  (as  sea-fish  in  Lent). 

Arroser  (tr.).  To  zuater  (plants,  etc.),  to  irrigate,  to  bathe  (fig.).  See  also  abreuver.  To 
sprinkle  is  asperger.  La  plus  grande  victoire  est  arros^e  de  larmes.  jyie  greatest 
victory  is  bathed  in  tears. 

S'articuler  a  (in  anatomy).      To  articulate  (to). 

Asperger  (tr.).  To  sprinkle  (as  linen  before  ironing).  Asperger  de  I'eau  b^nite  (sur  I'autel, 
etc.).  To  sprinkle  holy  water  (on  the  altar,  etc.).  Elle  a  asperg6  la  chambre  de  par- 
fum.  She  has  sprinkled  the  room  with  perfume.  It  is  sprinkling  (raining  lightly).,  II 
tombe  de  la  petite  pluie. 

Aspirer  (tr.  and  intr.).  To  inhale ;  to  draw  into  the  lungs ;  to  aspire  (to).  J'ai  aspir6  du 
gaz.  Pve  inhaled  some  gas.  II  aspire  avec  difficult^.  He  inhales  (breathes)  with  diffi- 
culty.    A  (b.  n.)   (b.  i.)  in  sense  of  to  aspire  to.     J' aspire  m€me  ^  cela.     I  aspire 

martin's    FRENCH   VERB —  1 8 


274 


THE  FRENCH  VERB 


even  to  that.  A-t-elle  aspir^  a  vous  faire  croire  cela  ?  Has  she  aspired  to  make  you 
believe  that  ? 

Assaillir.     See  130.    See  also  faire  assaut  de  .  .  .  under  Faire. 

Assaisonner.  To  season.  Avec,  with  (in  lit.  sense).  II  assaisonne  la  viande  avec  des 
Apices.  He  seasons  the  meat  ivith  spices.  De,  with  (in  fig.  sense).  II  assaisonne 
la  conversation  de  plaisanteries.  He  seasons  conversation  with  pleasantry.  Etre 
assaisonn6  de  quelque  chose  par  quelqu'un.  To  be  seasoned  zvith  something  by  some 
one. 

Assembler  (tr.).  To  assemble,  to  collect.  Assembler  applies  to  things  never  before  col- 
lected; rassembler,  to  things  temporarily  separated.  See  cueillir  and  recueillir,  129. 
Idiom :  Qui  se  ressemble,  s'assemble.     Birds  of  a  feather  Jlock  together. 

Assentir  a.  To  assent  {to),  as  in  Eng.,  but  rarely  used  except  in  didactic  way.  The  usual 
expression  is  Donner  son  assentiment  a. 

Asseoir  (tr.).      7^o  seat.     See   119.     Faites  les  asseoir.     Have  them  sit  down  {ox  seat  them). 

S'asseoir.  To  sit  down  {to  seat  one's  self).  Sur,  on  {a  chair,  etc.);  dans,  in  {an  armchair, 
un  fauteuil).  Used  as  in  English,  but  note  that  we  say  He  is  sitting  {down)  for  He  is 
seated,  which  in  French  is  II  est  assis.  He  is  sitting  down  {taking  a  seat  or  seating 
himself)  is  II  s'assied.  II  est  assis  prds  de  la  fenetre.  He  is  sitting  by  the  window. 
See  p.  130. 

Asservir  (tr.).      To  enslave,  etc     Les  Ro mains  les  ont  asservis.    The  Romans  enslaved  them. 

S'asservir  a.  II  s'est  asservi  aux  caprices  de  sa  femme.  He  has  become  a  slave  to  the 
whims  of  his  wife. 

Etre  asservi  a.    lis  sont  asservis  aux  Turcs.     They  are  enslaved  to  the  Turks. 

Assi^ger  (tr.).  To  besiege;  to  lay  siege  to;  to  beset  with.  On  I'a  assi^gS  de  demandes.  He 
has  been  beset  with  requests. 

Etre  assi6g6  par,  by  ;  de,  with. 

Assigner  (tr. )  a  (b.  ind.  obj.).  On  ne  peut  assigner  de  limites  a  Tart.  Limits  cannot  be  as- 
signed to  art. 

Assimiler  (tr.).    To  assi?nilate;  to  liken ;  k,  to.    Ces  penchants  assimilent  Thomme  a  la  brute. 

S'assimiler  k.  Nous  nous  assimilons  volontiers  aux  hommes  superieurs  a  nous.  We 
willingly  liken  ourselves  to  men  superior  to  us. 

Assister  (tr.).  To  assist.  As  in  Eng.  II  est  assists  de  tous  ses  amis.  He  is  assisted  by  all 
his  friends.    See  aider. 

Assister  (intr.).  To  be  present;  a,  at.  Avez-vous  assists  a  I'ouverture  de  cet  6tablisse- 
ment?  Were  you  present  {among  those  present)  at  the  opening  day  of  that  establish- 
ment? But,  Etiez-vous  la  au  commencement  du  spectacle?  Were  you  there  at 
the  beginning  of  the  play  ?     Dans  I'assistance.     Among  those  present. 

Associer,  avec,  with  (in  sense  of  associating  one  idea  or  thing  with  another).  Je  I'avais 
associ§  avec  vous  dans  mon  6sprit.  /  had  associated  him  with  you  in  my  mind. 
A  in  sense  shown  in  following  sentences :  Vous  a-t-il  associ6  au  benefice  de  cette 
affaire?  Did  he  admit  you  to  a  participation  in  the  profits  of  that  affair  (or  deal)  ? 
N'associez  pas  le  nom  de  mon  frere  k  cette  affaire.  Do  not  connect  my  brother's 
name  with  that  matter.  N'associez  pas  mon  frere  k  vos  intrigues.  Don't  make  my 
brother  a  party  to  your  intrigues. 

S'associerll,  avec.  As  above.  Je  me  suis  associfi  avec  lui.  I  have  entered  into  a  partnership 
with  him  {associated  myself  with) . 

Etre  associ6  k,  avec.     As  above.     Note :   This  verb  is  not  used  as  is   the  verb  to  associate 


THE  FRENCH  VERB  2/5 

with  in  English,  in  the  sense  of  frequenting^  keeping  company.  See  frequenter  for 
those  meanings. 

Assomer  (tr.).  To  knock  down;  to  wear  out,  etc.  Etre  assom6  de  travail.  To  be  worn  out 
with  work. 

Assouvir  (tr).  To  glut;  to  satisfy ;  de,  with.  II  a  assouvi  son  ambition;  sa  cole  re;  son 
appetit,  etc.  He  has  glutted  his  ambition^  his  anger,  his  appetite,  etc.  See  rassasier. 
To  glut  the  eyes,  repaitre  les  yeux. 

Etre  assouvi,  de. 

S'assouvir.      To  glut  one's  self;  de,  with,  of  {blood,  carnage,  etc."). 

Assujettir  (tr.).  7^o  enthrall ;  to  bind,  etc.;  a  (b.  n.  or  b.  i.).  Le  roi  les  a  assujettis  a  tra- 
vail p6nit)le.      The  king  has  subjected  them  to  hard  labor. 

Etre  assujetti  a,  to  ;  par,  by.    As  above. 

S'assujettir  a,  to.  As  above.  II  s'est  assujetti  a  finir  ce  travail.  He  has  forced  himself  to 
finish  that  work.  ^ 

Assurer  (tr.).  To  guarantee,  to  insure;  to  assure.  J'ai  assur§  ma  maison  (contre  I'in- 
cendie). 

S'assurer  de,  of  (b.  n.  or  b.  i.)'.  To  assure  one^s  self,  to  take  precaution  to  insure  that.  Je 
me  suis  assure  d'y  arriver  avant  la  nuit.  /  have  taken  precautions  to  insure  arriving 
before  night.  Je  m'assurerai  de  I'execution  de  mes  ordres.  I  shall  assure  myself  of 
the  execution  of  my  orders. 

Astreindre  (tr.).  To  oblige,  to  compel.  Not  so  strong  as  assujettir.  See  also  forcer,  obliger. 
A  (b.  i.).  II  a  astreint  les  eldves  a  6crire  cet  exercice  latin.  He  compelled  the  pupils 
to  write  this  Latin  exercise. 

S'astreindre.    As  above. 

Attacher  (tr.).  Most  common  word  to  express  to  fasten,  attach  to.  Avec,  with  (a  nail,  cord,  pin, 
etc.);   al,  to ;  to  fasteii,  attach,  to.    C'est  un  livre  qui  attache.    It  is  an  interesting  book. 

Etre  attache  a.  As  above.  II  est  fortement  attache  a  mon  frere  (fig.)-  He  is  warmly 
attached  to  my  brother. 

S 'attacher  a.  As  above.  To  become  luedded  to  anything.  Idiom :  Qui  attachera  le  grelot  ? 
Who  tuill  take  the  initiative  ?     (Lit.,  Who  will  attach  the  bell  to  the  cat?) 

Attaquer  (tr.) .  To  attack.  Attaquons  nos  le90ns.  Let''s  set  about  (^attack)  our  lessons.  Idiom : 
Attaquer  le  taureau  par  les  comes.     To  take  the  bull  by  the  horns. 

S'attaquer  a.  To  hound.  II  s'attaque  a  mon  frdre.  He  hounds  (^persistently  attacks, 
harasses,  or  annoys')  my  brother. 

S'attarder.     To  be  belated;  a  (b.  i.). 

Etre  attard6.  To  be  belated;  a  (b.  i.).  II  a  htk  attard6  k  faire  son  tour.  He  was  belated  in 
making  his  round. 

Atteindre  (tr.).  To  reach  a  place ;  to  attain  honors  ;  to  affect,  to  get  at  a  person,  etc.  Cette 
loi  atteint  bien  des  personnes.     That  law  affects  many  people. 

Atteindre  (intr.)  h.  (b.  n.).  II  a  atteint  au  plafond.  He  reached  the  ceiling.  L'artiste  a 
atteint  4  la  perfection  dans  ce  tableau.  The  artist  has  attained  perfection  in  that 
picture.  The  intr.  verb  atteindre  with  a  implies  an  effort  in  attainment,  whereas  the 
tr.  verb  does  not.  Pouvez-vous  toucher  (or  atteindre)  le  fond  ?  Can  you  reach  to  the 
bottom?  Pouvez-vous  prendre,  toucher  ce  livre?  Can  you  reach  that  book?  (De- 
pending on  exact  meaning.)  Voulez-vous  me  passer  ce  livre  ?  Will  you  reach  me 
that  book?  Cette  ferme  s'^tend  jusqu'a  la  riviere.  This  farm  reaches  to  the  river. 
Le  poignard  a  atteint  (a  pSn^tre  dans)  son  cceur.  .  The  knife  reached  his  heart. 


2/6  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

Atteler  (tr.).  To  hitch  (horses  to  a  carriage,  etc.).  Idiom :  C'est  une  charrette  mal  attelee. 
They  are  a  badly  matched  pair. 

Attendre  (tr.).  To  wait  for,  to  await.  J'attends  mon  frere,  le  tramway,  etc.  Pour  before 
the  inf.,  but  notice  the  following:  J'attends  de  voir  le  tableau  pour  former  mon 
opinion.    I  am  waiting  to  see  the  picture  to  form  my  opinion. 

S'attendre  a.  To  expect,  to  look  forward  to.  Je  m'attends  a  votre  visite.  Pm  looking 
forivard  to  your  visit.  Je  m'attends  a  ce  qu'il  arrive  demain.  I  expect  him  to  arrive 
to-morrow.    Je  m'attends  a  le  voir  demain. 

Idioms :  Une  question  n'attendait  pas  I'autre.  Question  quickly  followed  after  ques- 
tion. Je  m'y  attendais.  That  is  just  zvhat  I  expected.  Attendez-vous-y.  You  may 
depend  upon  it;  (also,  ironically)  Don't  you  wish  you  may  get  it!  Tout  vient  a  point 
i  qui  sait  attendre.  Everything  comes  to  the  man  who  waits.  On  pent  s'attendre  a 
tout,  surtout  a  I'inattendu.  One  may  expect  anything,  especially  the  unexpected.  Le 
chemin  de  fer  et  la  marie  n'attendent  pas.  Time  and  tide  vi^it  for  no  man.  Atten- 
dez-moi  sous  I'orme.  (Lit.,  Wait  for  me  under  the  elm.^  Yoti  can  wait  till  doomsday. 
Wait  till  I  do  I  {i.e.  wait  forever). 

Attenter  (intr.)  H.  To  make  an  attempt  upon.  II  a  attenti  a  ma  vie,  a  mes  biens.  II  a 
attenti  a  cela  (II  a  essay!  cela).    He  attempted  that. 

Attester  (tr.).  To  attest,  to  testify,  etc.  II  a  attest!  ce  fait  au  juge.  He  attested  that  fact  to 
the  judge.  II  a  atteste  le  ciel  qu'il  disait  la  v!rit6.  He  called  heaven  to  witness  that 
he  was  telling  the  truth,  II  en  a  attest!  le  ciel.  He  called  heaven  to  witness  it.  See 
t6moigner  de. 

Attirer  (tr.).     To  attract,  to  draw ;  H,  to. 

S'attirer.    Qui  remplit  ses  devoirs  s'attire  I'estime.    He  who  does  his  duty  wins  esteem. 

Attraper  (tr.).  To  catch,  etc  Attraper  le  train.  To  catch  the  train.  Attraper  un  lidvre. 
To  catch  a  hare.  Idiom :  Attrape  qui  pent.  Scramble  for  {catch)  it.  Attrape  !  Catch  ! 
Take  that!    Tacher  de  saisir.     To  catch  at. 

Attribuer  (tr.).  To  attach  ;  to  assign  ;  to  attribute  ;  to  ascribe  ;  k,  to.  A  qui  attribuez-VOUS 
cette  histoire  ?  To  whom  do  you  attribute  that  story  ?  On  a  attribu!  des  emoluments 
a  cet  office.     Some  emoluments  have  been  attached  to  that  position. 

Autoriser  (tr.)  a  (b.  i.).     II  m'a  autoris!  a  faire  cela.    He  authorized  me  to  do  that. 

S'autoriser,  de,  by  (b.  n.);  pour,  in,  to  (b.  i.).  Je  m'autorise  de  votre  negligence  pour 
VOUS  renvoyer.     /  am  warranted  by  your  negligence  in  sending  {to  send)  you  away. 

Avaler  (tr.).  To  swallow.  Idiom:  On  lui  fait  avaler  des  couleuvres.  He  believes  everything 
he  is  told.  Faire  avaler  des  couleuvres  a  quelqu'un  also  means.  To  say  hujjiiliating 
things  to  one  obliged  to  put  up  with  them  ;  to  make  to  swallozu  bitter  pills. 

Avancer  (tr.).  To  advance,  to  promote,  etc.;  sur,  upon,  on.  L'ennemi  avance  sur  Paris. 
The  enemy  is  advancing  on  Paris.  Cette  maison  avance  sur  la  rue.  That  house  pro- 
jects into  the  street.  See  saillir.  Idioms :  Vous  etes  (or  vous  voila)  bien  avanc!  ! 
You're  in  a  pretty  mess!  or  What  have  you  gained  by  that?  Cela  -m'avance  bien. 
What  good  is  that  to  me  !  Je  n'en  suis  pas  plus  avanc!  !  /  am  none  the  wiser  (or 
nearer).     Votre  montre  avance  de  dix  minutes.      Your  watch  is  ten  minutes  fast. 

Avantager  (tr.).  To  favor,  to  give  advantage  to  ;  de,  with.  La  nature  vous  a  avantag!  de 
ses  dons.     Nature  has  favored  you  with  her  gifts. 

Aventurer  (tr.).  To  venture,  risk,  etc.  Shows  less  thought,  more  recklessness,  than  hasarder 
or  risquer.  II  a  aventur!  sa  fortune  dans  cette  entreprise.  He  has  risked  his  fortune 
in  that  undertaking. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  2^7 

S'aventurer.  To  venture;  ^,  to.  II  s'est  aventurfi  ^  dire  quelques  mots.  He  ventured  to 
say  a  few  words. 

Avertir  (tr.).  To  inform,  apprize,  of;  to  warn, etc.;  de  (b.  n.).  J'ai  averti  mon  ami  de  votre 
arriv6e.  I  have  informed  my  friend  of  your  arrival.  Idiom:  un  bon  averti  (un  bon 
pr6"venu)  en  vaut  deux.    A  man  well  warned  is  twice  a  man.    Forewarned,  forearmed, 

Aveugler  (tr.).      To  blind,  to  dazzle,  to  delude.     Etre  aveugl^  par  ...     To  be  blinded  by. 

S'aveugler,  sur.    To  be  blind  to.   S'aveugle-t-il  sur  vos  actions  ?    Is  he  blind  to  your  actions  ? 

Avilir  (tr.).      To  debase,  to  degrade,  etc. 

S'aviiir  a  (b.  n.  or  i.).  S'avilit-il  a  vous  expliquer  cela  ?  Did  he  degrade  himself  {ox  stoop 
to')  explaining  that  to  you  ? 

Aviser  (tr.).  To  advise,  etc.  See  conseiller.  Proverb  :  Un  verre  de  vin  avise  bien  un 
homme.  A  glass  of  wine  puts  wit  into  a  man.  Un  fou  avise  bien  un  sage.  Good 
advice  often  comes  whence  we  least  expect  it.     Nous  aviserons.      We'll  think  it  over. 

S'aviser  de  (b.  i.  or  n.).  S'est-il  avis6  de  partir  de  suite  ?  Has  he  taken  it  into  his  head  to 
leave  immediately?  Proverbs  and  idioms:  II  ne  s'avise  jamais  de  rien.  He  never 
thinks  of  anything.  He  has  no  initiative.  On  ne  s'avise  jamais  de  tout.  One  never 
thinks  of  everything.    Ne  VOUS  en  avisez  pas.      You'd  better  not!     Don't  think  of  it! 

Aviser  (intr.)  a  (b.  n.)  (pron.).  To  take  into  consideration.  J'aviserai  a  Cela.  /  will  think 
it  over.    On  y  avisera.     We  will  see  to  it. 

B 

Bailler  (intr.).     To  gape,  to  yawn  ;  de  (b.  n.^.^  from,  with. 

Bailler  (tr.),  to  lease,  to  give,  is  used  only  in  a  few  sayings  or  proverbs.  La  bailler  belle  "k 
quelqu'un.  En  bailer  belle  a  quelqu'un.  To  want  to  impose  upon,  to  deceive,  som-e  one. 
Bailler  le  lidvre  par  I'oreille.  To  make  fine  but  vaitt  promises.  For  to  lease,  to  give 
in  lease,  see  donner  a  bail. 

Baiser  (tr.).  7^o  kiss.  Not  used  unless  a  part  of  the  body  is  mentioned;  as,  the  hand,  the 
forehead.  See  poser  un  baiser  a.  II  lui  baisa  la  main.  He  kissed  her  hand.  Some- 
times sur  is  used  II  la  baisa  sur  le  front.  Embrasser  is  generally  used  for  to  kiss  (or 
poser  un  baiser  a).  Idiom:  II  y  a  toujours  Tun  qui  baise  et  I'autre  qui  tend  la 
joue.     Love  is  never  exactly  reciprocal. 

Baisser  (tr.).  To  lozver.  Baisser  is  used  of  things  to  be  put  lower;  abaisser  may  be  used  in 
sense  of  to  lower  curtains,  etc.,  which  cover  other  things,  but  the  latter  is  now  generally 
used  with  the  idea  of  humiliating.  Rabaisser  used  preferably  in  figurative  with  reference 
to  pride,  etc.  Baisser  les  yeux,  le  voile,  la  voix,  etc.  Idioms  or  sayings:  Baisser 
I'oreille.  To  look  confused,  sheepish.  Ma  vue,  ma  m^moire,  etc.,  baisse.  My  sight,  f?iy 
memory,  etc.,  is  failing.  U  a  donn§  tete  baiss6e  dans  le  piege.  He  ran  headlong  into 
the  trap.  Je  lui  ai  fait  baisser  les  yeux.  /  stared  him  out  of  countenance.  II  n'a 
qu'a  se  baisser  pour  en  prendre.  He  has  only  to  stoop  and  pick  it  up.  He  has  only  to 
ask  for  it  to  get  it. 

Se  baisser  a  (b.  i.).     To  stoop  {to).    Se  baisser  jusqu'au  point  de  is  more  frequent. 

Balancer  (intr.).  To  hesitate,  to  scruple;  i  (b.  i.),  to.  Je  ne  balancerais  a  dire  ce  que  j'en 
pense.  I  should  not  scruple  to  say  xvhat  I  think  of  it.  II  n'y  a  pas  a  balancer.  We 
must  not  hesitate  {but  act).     See  also  h6siter. 

Bannir  (tr.).      To  banish;  ^^,  from ;  H,  to.     As  in  Eng. 

Baptiser  (tr.).  To  baptize.  Idiom:  Voila  un  enfant  bien  dif&cile  a  baptiser.  That  is  no 
easy  matter. 


2/8  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

Barbouiller  (tr.).      To  daub,  besmear;  de,  with. 

Barioler  (tr.).    To  cover,  to  checker  (with  paint  or  motley  colors) ;  de,  with.    Un  habit,  un  mur, 

bariol6  de  rouge  et  de  bleu.    A  coat,  a  zvall,  checkered  with  red  and  blue.    See  bigarrer. 
Barrer  (tr.).     To  bar,  to  bar  up  (as  a  door,  a  road,  etc.).     Cela  rempechait  de  me  porter 

secours.      That  barred  me  from  his  aid.     Excepts  cela.     Barring  that.     Lesfauxjeux 

sont  d^fendus  (interdits).     Foul  plays  are  barred. 
Baser  (tr.).     7^o  base ;  s\xx,  on,  upon.    As  in  Eng.    Etre  bas6  sur. 
Se  baser  sur.     7o  be  founded  upon  ;  to  take  as  a  groundwork. 
Battre  (tr.).     To  beat,  to  defeat ;  to  beat  against.    Les  vagues  battaient  les  rochers.     The 

waves  beat  against  the  rocks.     Battre  des  mains.      To  clap  the  hands. 
Etre  battu  par,  de,  by ;  de,  with. 

Idioms  and  sayings :  II  lui  a  battu  froid.     He  gave  him  the  cold  shoulder.     Battre  la 

Campagne.      To  scour  the  country ;   (fig.)    To  talk  nonsense;  to  beat  about  the  bush; 

to  wander  in  one's  mind  (of  invalids) ;   to  be  delirious.      Battre  la  breloque.      To  talk 

nonsense.     Battre  le  pav6.      To  loaf  about;  to  wander  about  in  search  of  work ;   to 

^  tramp  it.     Tout  battant  neuf.     All  brand  neiu.    Battre  le  chien  devant  le  loup. 

Vi*  vV^-'*-  To  pretend  to  be  angry  with  one  person  to  deceive  another.     II  s'en  bat  I'oeil.      He 

^  p\*.,o         doesn't  trouble  himself  abotit  it  {he  winks  at  it).     Avoir  les  yeux  battus.      To  look 

tired  about  the  eyes.     La  fete  battait  son  plein.      The  entertaimnent  was  at  its  height 

{was  in  full  swing).     Battre  quelqu'un  H  plates  coutures.      To  beat ^some  one  all 

hollo7v  (\\\..,  to  flat  seams).     Les  battus  payent  I'amende.      The  weakest  go  to  the  wall. 

The  losers  pay.    L'un  bat  les  buissons,  et  I'autre  prend  les  oiseaux.     One  does  the 

work  and  the  other  reaps  the  advantage.     Autant  vaut  bien  battu  que  mal  battu.     As 

well  to  be  hanged  for  a  sheep  as  for  a  lajnb.     In  for  a  penny,  in  for  a  pound. 
Bayer  (intr.).      To  gape  at.     Hardly  used  except  in  the  expressions:   II  baye  (or  baie)  aux 

COrneilles  (or  aux  mouches).     He's  gaping,  staring  vacantly  into  the  air.     Bayer  aux 

chimdres  (bad  sense).     To  be  off  in  one''s  mind. 
Becher.      Tic?  «Yf  (with  a  spade,  etc.).     Becher  quelqu'un.      To  pick  some  one  to  pieces. 
B^n^ficier.      To  make  a  profit;  sur,  on.     II  a  b6ndfici6  sur  cette  vente.     He  made  a  profit  on 

that  sale. 
B6n6ficier  de.     To  profit  by.    II  a  b^n6fici6  d'une  bonne  Education.     He  has  profited  by  a 

good  education. 
B^nir  (tr.).      To  bless ;  to  consecrate.     Has  two  participles,  b^ni,  b6nit.     Par,  de.    Used  in 

passive  for  by,  of.     See  p.  75. 
Bercer  (tr.).      To  rock ;  to  lull ;  to  delude  (fig.).     De,  tvith,  in,  to.     II  m'a  berc6  de  vaines 

esp6rances.     He  has  lulled  {deluded)  me  zvith  vain  hopes. 
Etre  berce  de.     As  above.     Get  enfant  a  §t6  berce  d'id§es  g^n6reuses.     That  child  has 

been  reared  from  infancy  to  generous  ideas.     J'ai  6t§  berce  de  cela.     I've  heard  that 

from  my  cradle. 
Se  bercer  de.      To  lull,  delude  one's  self,  with. 
Biaiser  (intr.).      To  slope,  to  slant.     Du  c6t6  de,  vers,  toward.      To  quibble.     Get  homme 

biaise  tou jours.      That  man  is  always  quibbling. 
Bigarrer  (tr.).      To  make  motley  colored;  to  checker.     (See  barioler,  whtch  is  used,  however, 

only  in  literal  sense  of  clothing,  walls,  etc.)     Des  plaques  de  nuages  violac^s  bigar- 

raient  le  ciel.      Patches  of  purpled  clouds  checkered  the  sky. 
fetre  bigarr§  de.     Les  oeuvres  de  cet  auteur  sont  bigarr^es  de  citations.     The  works  of  thai 

author  are  interspersed  with  quotations. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  279 

Blimer  (tr.).  Je  vous  blime.  /  bla?ne  you;  de  (b.  \.),for.  II  m'a  bltm§  d'avoir  fait 
cela.  He  blamed  me  for  having  done  that.  Note :  that  the  French  apply  blimer  tj 
conduct,  actions,  etc.,  whereas  in  Eng.  we  must  say  to  blame  for.  Avez-vous  bla.ne 
ma  COnduite  ?     Did  you  blame  me  for  my  conduct? 

Etre  bltmd  de  or  par,  by.   II  est  blimd  de  ses  meilleurs  amis.   He  is  blamed  by  his  best  friends. 

Blanchir  (tr.).  To  whiten,  to  bleach,  etc.;  to  wash  for.  Also  used  as  intr.  and  as  reflex, 
verb.     Cette  blanchisseuse  blanchit  Mme.  C.      I'hat  laundress  washes  for  Mrs.  C. 

Blaser  (tr.).     To  pall,  to  surfeit.     Cela  blase  (le  gout).      That  palls  {the  taste). 

Etre  blas6.  Se  blaser  sur.  II  est  blas§  sur  la  vie.  Life  has  palled  on  him.  II  est  bias ^ 
sur  les  plaisirs  du  monde.     He  is  surfeited  with  the  pleasures  of  society. 

B14mir  (intr.).     To  become  wan. 

Blesser  (tr.).  To  wound.  Blesser  quelqu'un  de  quelque  chose.  To  wound  {hurt)  any  one 
with  anything.  Blesser  quelqu'un  k  la  tete,  au  coeur,  etc.  To  zuound  any  one  in 
the  head,  etc. 

Se  blesser.  To  wound,  to  injure,  to  hurt  one's  self;  de,  to  take  offense  at.  De  quoi  vous 
blessez-vous  ?      What  are  you  offended  at  ? 

Bleuir  (tr.,  intr.,  and  refl.).      To  blue,  to  make  blue. 

Bleuter  (tr.).      To  blue  lightly  (as  to  blue  linen  in  laundering). 

Blondir.      To  assume  a  golden  hue.     Intr.  only.     Active  form  is  rendre  blond. 

Se  blottir.  To  take  refuge,  to  cower ;  dans,  in.  Has  idea  of  squatting,  doubling  up.  Se 
tapir  is  to  crouch  by  flattening  out. 

Boire  (tr.  and  intr.).  To  drink.  See  142.  Boire  dans  un  verre.  To  drink  out  of  a  glass. 
Boire  a  une  bouteille.  To  drink  out  of  a  bottle.  Idioms :  Qui  a  bu  n'a  point  de  secrets. 
When  wine  sinks,  words  swim.  He  who  has  drunk,  tells  all  he  knoivs.  Le  vin  est  tir6, 
il  faut  le  boire.  You  have  gone  too  far  to  go  back.  Plus  il  boit,  plus  il  a  soif.  l^he 
more  he  drinks,  the  thirstier  he  gets.  Ce  n'est  pas  la  mer  ^  boire.  That  is  no  very 
difficult  matter.  Qui  a  bu,  boira.  Habit  is  second  nature.  Boire  sec.  To  drink  hard; 
to  drink  wine  or  tvhisky  straight.  Boire  le  calice  jusqu'a  la  lie.  To  drink  the  cup 
to  the  dregs.  Qui  fait  la  faute  la  boit.  As  you  have  brezued,  so  you  must  drink.  As 
you  have  sown,  so  must  you  reap.  Croyez  cela  et  buvez  de  I'eau  (fam.).  Believe 
that  and  wait  till  it  comes  true  (it  never  will).  Boire  un  bouillon.  To  swallow  water 
while  swimming.  To  swallow  a  bitter  pill.  To  lose  a  lot  of  money.  Boire  comme  un 
trou  (comme  une  dponge).  To  drink  like  a  fish.  II  boirait  la  mer  et  ses  poissons. 
He  zvould  drink  the  sea  and  all  that''s  in  it.  He  never  gets  etiough  to  drink.  Boire  a 
tire-larigot.      To  drink  excessively. 

Bombarder  (tr.).  To  bombard.  Idiom:  On  I'a  bombard^  membre  de  ce  club.  He  has 
been  pitch-forked  into  that  club  (over  heads  of  more  deserving  people).  Ses  amis  I'ont 
bombard^  g§n§ral  (d6put^,  etc.). 

Bondir  (int.).  To  spring,  to  leap,  etc,  sur,  on,  upon.  Le  lion  a  bondi  sur  sa  proie.  Da, 
with.  L'enfant  a  bondi  de  joie.  The  child  leaped  {skipped)  for  {with)  joy.  Son 
coeur  lui  bondit  de  joie.     His  heart  leaped  for  joy. 

Bonifier  (tr.).      To  improve.     Said  particularly  of  wines. 

Se  bonifier.    Le  vin  se  bonifie.      Wine  improves  (with  age). 

Border  (tr.).  7"^ /^^/?2  (as  a  dress).  See  also  ourler  (more  common).  De,  with.  Le  chemin 
est  bord^  de  fleurs.  The  road  is  bordered  with  flowers.  La  foule  bordait  le  chemin. 
The  crowd  lined  the  road. 

Boriier  (tr.).      To  limit,  to  confine,  to  restrict;  a,  to. 


28o  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

Se  borner.    To  confine  one's  self,  etc. ;  a  (b.  n.  or  i.) ,  to.    II  s'est  born6  a  lire  quelques  pages 

Saying :  II  faut  savoir  se  borner.     One  nmsi place  limits  on  one's  desires. 
Botteler  (tr.).     Like  appeler.      'Jo  tie  into  bottes  {bundles\  as  hay. 
Boucher  (tr.).     To  cork  (bottles);  to  stop  up;  to  block  up;  avec,  with.    Bouchez  ce  trou. 

Idioms  or  sayings :  Ce  gar90n  est  bouch§.     That  hoy  is  dense  (slang).     En  bouch6  un 

coin  a  quelqu'un.      To  silence  any  one ;  to  make  any  one  shut  up  (slang). 
Bonder  (tr.  and  intr.).      To  sulk,  to  pout.     Contre  sometimes  used  in  sense  of  with.     Elle 

boude  (contre)  son  meilleur  ami.     Bonder  contre  son  ventre  (fam.).     To  be  at  outs 

with  one's  stomach. 
Se  bonder.     Used  in  plural.      To  pout  with  one  another  ;  to  be  at  outs. 
Bouffer  (intr.).       'To  puff  up,  to  sivell ;    de,  with.      To  eat  with  voracity  (argot).      Voyez 

comme  ces  enfants  bouffent. 
Bouffir  (tr.).     To  swell,  to  bloat;  de,  with.    L'hydropisie  lui  a  bouffi  tout  le  corps.    The 

usual  verbs  for  to  swell,  etc.,  are  enfler,  gonfler,  and  boursoufler.     The  last  is  used  in 

fig.  style  in  sense  of  to  be  bombastic. 
Bouillir,  to  boil.     See  133. 

Bouleverser  (tr.).      To  throw  down;  to  upset;   (fig.),  to  distract,  disturb,  upset. 
Etre  boulevers§  de,  par,  over,  by.     Elle  est  tout  bouleversee  de  cette  nouvelle.     She  is 

quite  disturbed  over  that  news.     Elle  a  6t6  boulevers§e  par  cette  nouvelle.     She  has 

been  upset  by  that  ne7vs. 
Bourrer  (tr.).     To  stuff ;  ^q,  ivith.     To  fill  a  pipe.    II  a  bourri  sa  pipe. 
Se  bourrer.     To  stuff  one's  self;  de,  7vith.    L'enfant  se  bourre  de  friandises.    Le  cheval  a 

bourr6.     The  horse  started  {bolted^. 
Braire.     See  p.  210. 
Branler  (intr.).      To  swing,  to  shake,  to  totter.     Mil.  (of  troops),  to  give  way.     Saying:  Tout 

ce  qui  branle  ne  tombe  pas.      The  weakest  sometimes  show  great  strength. 
Branler  (tr.).    To  sxving;  as,  the  arms,  the  legs,  etc.     See  also  balancer,  faire  vibrer,  secouer. 
Braquer  sur  (tr.).      To  point  at,  to  train  on,  to  turn  on;  as,  a  telescope,  a  gun,  the  looks. 
Braver  (tr.).     To  brave,  to  set  at  naught.    Also  affronter. 
Briller  (intr.).     To  shine,  to  glitter.    Le  soleil  brille  an  ciel.     See  luire,  168.     Tout  ce  qui 

brille  n'est  pas  or. 
Briser  (tr.).    'To  break.     Briser  en  morceaux.    To  break  to  pieces.    Briser  le  coeur,  la  volont^, 

a  quelqu'un.    To  break  any  one's  heart  (will).    See  also  casser,  rompre.    Brisons  cela 

(brisons  9a).     Enough  of  that.     Let's  drop  the  subject. 
Broder  (tr.).     Broder  quelque  chose  de  sole  (etc.)  avec  une  aiguille  (on  autre  instrument). 

To  embroider  something  of  silk  {etc.)  with  a  needle  {etc.).     II  brode  bien.     He's  good 

at  romattcing,  drawing  the  long  bozv. 
Broncher  (intr.)  (of  animals).      To  stumble.     See  tr6bucher,  referring  to  persons. 
Brosser,  to  brush.     Brosser  les  cheveux  a  quelqu'un.     To  brtish  any  one's  hair. 
Se  brosser.     II  se  brosse  les  dents.      He  is  brushing  his  teeth. 
Brouiller  (tr.).      To  mingle,  to  7?iix  tip,  to  disarrange,  etc.    Brouiller  des  choses,  brouiller 

des  personnes. 
Se  brouiller  avec  quelqu'un.     To  fall  out  ivith  any  one.    Nous  nous  sommes  brouill^s.     IV e 

are  no  longer  friends.     II  s'est  brouill6  avec  la  justice.     He  has  been  punished  by  the 

law,  i.e.  he  has  fallen  out  %vith  the  courts. 
Brouir  (tr.).      To  blight  (flowers,  plants,  etc.).     Said  of  the  sun.     Fl^trir  is  used  with  refer- 
ence to  the  wind, 


THE  FRENCH    VERB  28 1 

Brouter  (intr.  and  tr.),  to  browse;  to  broivse  on.  Ou  la  chdvre  est  attach^e  il  faut  qu'elle 
broute.      IVe  must  take  things  as  we  find  them. 

Broyer  (tr.).  To  grind,  to  crush.  Un  boulet  lui  a  broy6  la  tete.  Idiom :  II  broie  du  noir. 
He  is  discouraged. 

Bruiner  (impers.)-  To  drizzle.  It  is  used  in  passive  form  of  things  ruined  by  drizzling  rain. 
Le  bl6  est  bruin6.     The  tvheat  is  spoiled  {by  the  drizzle'). 

Bruire.     See  p.  211. 

Briiler  (tr.  and  intr.).  To  burn.  Je  me  suis  brfil6  le  doigt.  Pv^  burnt  my  finger.  Cela 
ne  veut  pas  prendre.  That  won't  burn.  Cela  a  un  gout  de  brul6.  That  tastes  as 
if  burnt.  Cela  sent  le  briil§.  That  smells  as  ifbiD-nt.  Briiler  de  fidvre,  de  colere,  etc. 
To  burn  with  fever.,  with  anger,  etc.  L'herbe  est  dessech^e.  The  grass  is  burnt  up. 
De  (b.  i.).  Je  brfile  de  vous  voir.  I  am  eager  {anxious)  to  see  yoti.  Idioms  and  say- 
ings: Bruler  le  pave.  To  **  scorch,^^  to  travel  fast.  Ce  cheval  brule  le  pav6.  That 
horse  is  a  traveler.  Briiler  une  station  (of  trains,  etc.).  To  run  through  without 
stopping  at  a  station.  Nous  avons  brfile  nos  vaisseaux.  We  mean  to  fight  to  the  last. 
No  going  back.  Briiler  a  petit  feu.  To  be  on  thorns ;  on  pins  and  needles.  Cherchez 
bien,  vous  briilez.  Search  well,  you  are  getting  warm.  II  s'est  briil^  la  cervelle. 
He  has  blown  out  his  brains.  II  m'a  pose  cette  question  a  brule-pourpoint.  He 
asked  me  that  question  point-blank.  lis  ont  tir6  sur  lui  a  brule-pourpoint  (a  bout 
portant  more  usual).      They  fired  at  him  at  point-blank  range. 

Brunir  (tr.,  intr.,  and  reflex.).      To  brown,  to  become  brown,  etc. 

Buter  (tr.  and  intr.).  To  prop  up,  to  buttress.  Mil.  (target  practice),  to  hit  the  mark.  See 
mettre  dans  le  noir,  dans  le  but  (more  common). 

Se  buter  a.  To  be  bent  on,  determined  upon  (not  used  b.i.).  Contre.  To  be  opposed  to  (b.  n.). 
Not  very  commonly  used. 

Butiner  (tr.  and  intr.).     To  pilfer  ;  sviX,from.     Les  abeilles  butinent  sur  les  fleurs. 

C 

Cabler  (tr.).     To  cable.    II  a  cable  cela  a  sa  mdre. 

Cacher  (tr.).  'To  hide;  k,from.  II  a  cach^  son  ambition  a  sa  femme.  He  concealed  his 
ambition  from  his  wife.     II  a  cache  le  livre  de  son  fr§re.     He  hid  his  brother's  book. 

Se  cacher.  To  hide,  to  conceal  one's  self;  de  (or  a.),  from.  II  s'est  cache  de  (or,  less  com- 
monly, a)  sa  soeur. 

Cadrer  (intr.).  To  agree,  to  tally,  to  square ;  avec,  ivith.  (Not  said  of  persons.)  Ce  tableau 
cadre  bien  avec  le  papier.  That  picture  matches  the  paper  -well.  See  also  aller  bien 
avec,  assortir.  To  match  colors  is  assortir.  To  match  gloves,  horses,  shoes  (things 
that  go  in  pairs)  is  apparier.  To  match  like  things  —  cloths,  vases,  horses,  not  in 
pairs  —  is  appareiller. 

Camper  (tr.  and  intr.)  (mil.).  To  camp;  to  encamp.  Camper  la  quelqu'un.  To  leave  any 
one  in  the  lurch. 

Capituler  (intr.).  To  capitulate.  Capituler  avec  sa  conscience.  To  compromise  with  one's 
conscience.  For  general  meanings  of  to  comproi7iise,  see  s' entendre  sur  and  compro- 
mettre. 

CaptiVer  (tr.).  To  captivate,  etc.  Vouloir  captiver  quelqu'un  (of  women).  To  set  one's  cap 
for  sojne  07ie. 

Capturer.      To  capture.    Not  used.     See  prendre  and  arreter. 

Casser  (tr.).     To  break.    Causer  le  bras,  la  Jambe,  etc.,  a  quelqu'un.     To  break  any  one's 


282  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

arm,  leg,  etc.  Casser  is  applied  to  things  unelastic  or  brittle  that  break  from  shock,  as 
glass,  porcelain,  marble,  etc.,  and  to  things  that  snap,  as  canes,  limbs  of  a  person,  etc. 
Briser  is  applied  to  things  that  do  not  break  easily  (requiring  perhaps  several  blows  or 
efforts),  but  which  may  be  broken  into  fragments,  as  a  stone,  a  statue,  etc.  It  generally 
has  the  idea  of  breaking  completely  or  into  small  pieces.  Un  COBUr  bris6.  Une 
volont6  bris§e. 

Rompre  is  applied  to  things  having  elasticity  which  do  not  break  to  fragments,  as 
bread,  green  branches,  etc.  Rompre  avec  quelqu'un.  To  break  with  any  one. 
Rompre  un  engagement.  To  break  an  engagement.  Rompre  une  veine.  To  ruptiire 
a  vein. 

The  carriage  broke  dozvn.  La  voiture  a  vers§.  To  break  the  thread  of  a  speech  or 
discourse.  Perdre  le  fil  d'un  discours.  To  break  in  (a  cask,  door,  etc.).  Enfoncer 
une  barrique,  etc.  To  break  in  a  house.  Entrer  dans  une  maison  (de  force).  To 
break  off  (a  piece  or  portion).  Detacher,  rompre,  un  morceau,  etc.  To  break  open. 
Ouvrir  (de  force).  To  break  through.  Percer.  To  break  up:  se  s6parer,  to  separate; 
se  disperser,  to  disperse.  L'assembl^e  se  dispersa,  the  meeting  broke  up.  Demolir. 
To  demolish.  To  break  a  bank.  Faire  sauter  une  banque.  To  break  a  journey.  Frac- 
tionner  un  voyage.  To  break  news.  Annoncer  une  nouvelle  (menagement,  ^<?«//j'). 
To  break  down  in  a  speech.     Demeurer  court. 

Idioms  and  sayings  with  casser :  lis  ont  cass^  du  sucre  sur  votre  dos.  They  have 
gossiped  about  you.  Payer  les  pots  casses.  To  stand  the  racket;  to  stand  the  costs.  Je 
ne  me  casse  pas  la  tete  avec  (or  pour)  de  telles  bagatelles.  /  donU  zvorry  my  head 
{rack  my  brains)  over  such  trifles.  J'ai  Cass6  une  croute.  Pve  just  had  a  snack.  Les 
fatigues  ont  cass6  cet  homme.  Hardships  have  broken  down  that  man.  On  ne  fait 
pas  d'omelette  sans  casser  des  ceufs.  Nothing  is  done  without  trouble  and  sacrifice. 
Ce  monsieur  casse  les  vitres.  That  gentleman  is  not  afraid  to  say  what  he  thinks.  II 
nous  cassait  Fencensoir  sur  le  nez.     He  was  smothering  us  with  flatteries. 

Cautionner  (tr.).  To  be,  to  beco?ne,  surety  for,  to  bail  (law).  Se  porter  caution  pour,  usual 
form.  Mon  frdre  a  ete  caution  pour  lui.  My  brother  bailed  hifn  out  (fam.).  To  be 
out  upon  bail.     Etre  en  liberty  sous  caution. 

C^der  (tr.).  To  yield;  a,  to.  Le  c^der  a  quelqu'un.  To  be  second  to  some  one.  Quant 
h.  la  musique  il  ne  le  c^de  a  personne. 

Ceindre*(tr.).     To  surround,  to  encompass.     Like  craindre. 

Etre  ceint  de.     To  be  girded  zuith.    Not  used  in  sense  of  entourer  de. 

C616brer  (tr.).  7^o  celebrate,  to  extol.  Note  that  past  part,  is  not  used  in  sense  of  the  adjec- 
tive c61dbre,  celebrated. 

C61er  (tr.).  7o  conceal,  to  hide.  Like  acheter.  A,  from.  II  m'a  c616  son  opinion.  But 
we  cannot  say,  II  m'a  c61§  le  livre.     See  cacher. 

Cesser  (tr.  and  intr.).  To  cease,  to  stop.  Aux.  avoir;  but  etre  is  used  if  state  is  denoted. 
L'orage  est  cess6.  The  storm  has  stopped  (is  over).  De  (b.  i.).  II  n'a  (pas)  CGSs6 
de  travailler. 

Se  chagriner.  To  grieve,  to  sorroiv;  de,  over,  at.  Provincial  expression  for  se  tourmenter 
de,  s'afQiger  de. 

Se  chamailler.  To  wrangle,  to  squabble ;  de,  about,  over.  lis  se  chamaillent  toujours  de 
leur  argent. 

Chanceler  (intr.).  I'o  stagger,  to  totter.  Like  appeler.  His  question  staggered  me,  Sa  ques- 
tion m'a  donn^  a  r^fl^chir. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  283 

Chancir  (intr.)  and  se  chancir.  To  get  moldy.  Used  if  mold  is  just  beginning;  otherwise 
se  moisir  —  the  more  usual  term  —  is  employed. 

Changer  (tr.).     To  change  {to  transform,  to  alter). 

Changer  (intr.)  de.  Changer  d'habit.  7^o  change  clothing.  (Changer  de  vetements.) 
Changer  de  conduite.  To  change  one's  condtcct.  En.  To  change  into.  II  a  chang§ 
ce  livre  pour  (centre)  un  autre  (like  things).  II  a  echange  ce  livre  centre  un 
porte-cigare  (unlike  things).  Changer  son  cheval  borgne  contre  un  aveugle.  To 
lose  in  an  exchange.  (  To  trade  a  one-eyed  horse  for  a  blind  one.')  La  campagne  VOUS 
Changera.      The  country  air  will  be  a  good  change  for  you. 

Chanter  (tr.).  To  sing.  Idioms  and  sayings  :  Chanter  toujours  la  mems  chanson.  To  be  al- 
ways harping  on  the  same  string.  Tel  chante  qui  ne  rit  pas.  The  heart  may  be  sad 
though  the  face  be  gay.  C'est  comme  si  je  chantais.  If  s  like  talking  to  the  air  {blowing 
against  the  wind).  Je  lui  ai  chante  sa  gamme.  /  lectured  him  severely.  Une  porte 
mal  graissle  chante.  One  must  pay  well  to  keep  people  quiet.  Elle  chante  a  faire 
pitie.  She  sings  most  wretchedly.  Chanter  juste.  To  sing  in  tune.  Chanter  faux. 
To  sing  out  of  tune.     Si  9a  VOUS  chante  (fam.).     If  you're  in  the  mood  for  it. 

Charger  (tr. ).  To  load;  de,  with.  To  charge  with  a  crime  =  accuser  d'un  crime.  On  m'a 
chargi  de  cette  commission.  I^ve  been  intrusted  with  this  mission  {errand).  Je  vous 
charge  de  I'ordre.  I  make  you  responsible  for  order.  II  a  la  langue  charg6e.  He  has 
a  coated  tongue.  Cela  charge  mon  budget.  That  increases  my  expenses.  Je  vous 
charge  de  me  remplacer.  /  choose  you  as  my  substitute.  II  a  charge  son  r^cit.  He 
has  exaggerated  the  facts.  To  charge  (a  price  for)  =  demander,  prendre,  faire  payer. 
Vous  demandez  trop.     Combien  prenez-vous  par  le?on  J 

Se  charger.  De,  with.  Cet  homme  ne  pent  se  charger  seul.  Je  m'en  charge.  Til  take 
it  upon  myself.     {Til  be  responsible.) 

Charmer  (tr.).  To  charm;  de,  to  (b.  i.).  Elle  sera  charmee  de  I'entendre.  She  will  be 
charmed  to  hear  it. 

Etre  charm§  de.      To  be  charmed  with,  to  ;  par,  by.      To  be  charmed  by. 

Chasser  (tr.).     To  drive  out,  to  expel,  etc.;  diQ.,  from.     II  a  chass§  I'ennemi  du  pays. 

Chasser(intr.).  To  hunt.  Chasser  aux  perdrix,  renards.  To  hunt  partridges,  foxes.  Idiom: 
Chassez  le  nature!,  il  revient  au  galop.  What  is  bred  in  the  hone  zvill  never  come  out 
of  the  flesh.  Qui  deux  choses  chasse,  ni  I'une  ni  I'autre  ne  prend.  Between  two 
stools  one  falls  to  the  ground.  Doti^t  have  too  many  irons  in  the  fire.  Also,  Ne  chassez 
pas  deux  lidvres  a  la  fois.  Un  clou  chasse  I'autre.  One  idea  drives  away  atiother. 
II  chasse  de  race.     He's  a  chip  of  the  old  block,  v 

Chatouiller  (tr.).     To  tickle.    Chatouiller  quelqu'un  aux  c6t6s.     To  tickle  any  ohe's  ribs. 

Chauffer  (tr.).     To  ivarm,  to  heat. 

Se  chauffer.  Je  me  suis  chauff6  les  mains.  I  warmed  my  hands.  Se  chauffer  (a).  To 
bask  {in). 

Chauffer  (intr.).  Ce  bois  ne  chauffe  pas.  This  wood  throivs  out  no  heat.  II  chauffe  un 
pen.  Ifs  gettting  rather  warm.  Ca  (cela)  chauffe.  That's  getting  ready  {being 
prepared).  Things  are  getting  warm.  There's  a  hot  fight  on.  C'est  un  bain  qui 
chauffe.  That's  a  wetting  {a  shower)  coining  on.  Ce  n'est  pas  pour  vous  que  le  four 
chauffe.  All  these  preparations  are  not  being  made  for  you.  Le  four  chauffe  poui  VOUS 
(slang).      You're  in  for  it. 

Chausser  (tr.).  To  put  shoes  and  stockings  on  some  one,  to  fit  with  shoes  or  stockings.,  to  make 
shoes  and  stockings  for  some  one,  to  be  bootmaker  for  some  one.     Qui  est-ce  qui  VOUS 


284  '^^^  FRENCH   VERB 

chausse?      Who  is  your  bootmaker?    II  est  toujours  bien  chausse  ?     He  is  always 

neatly  shod. 
Se  chausser.      To  put  on  shoes  and  stockings. 
Chauvir  de  (of  horses).      To  prick  up  the  ears  (rarely  used).     See  dresser.     Au  bruit  le 

cheval  a  chauvi  des  oreilles. 
Chercher  (tr.).    Chercher  quelque  chose.     To  look  for  something.    Aller  chercher  quelque 

chose.      To  go  and  get  something.    A  (b.  i.).     Chercher  a  faire  quelque  chose.      To 

try  to  do  something.    Sayings :  Chercher  une  aiguille  dans  une  botte  de  f oin.     I'o  look 

for  a  needle  in  a  haystack.     Chercher  une  querrelle  d'allemand.      To  be  looking  for 

trouble.     (Se  chercher.      To  study  one's  self.     In  old  French,  to  isolate  one's  self) 
Chiffonner  (tr.).     7^o  rumple,  to  crumple,  to  tumble  (linen).     Vous  avez  chiffonn^  la  cravate. 

You  have  rumpled  the  tie.     Qu'est-ce  qui  VOUS  chifonne?   (fam.).      What  is  bothering, 

puzzling,  you  ? 
Choir  (intr.,  irr.,  def.).     See  p.  212. 
Choisir  (tr.).     To  choose ;  pour,  as.     On  I'a  choisi  pour  gouverneur  de  cet  6tat.     He  has 

been   chosen   as  governor  of  that  state.     De  (b.  i,).     Choisir  de  partir  ou  de  rester. 

Entre  deux  maux,  il  faut  choisir  le  moindre.      One  must  choose  the  lesser  of  two  evils, 
Chomer  (tr.  and  intr.).      To  stand  still  {for  7vant  of  work)  ;  to  be  not  working.     Les  OUvriers, 

les  moulins  choment  k  present.      The  workmen,  the  mills,  are  idle  at  presejit.     De. 

lis  ch6ment  de  besogne,  de  travail.     They  are  out  of  work.     Chomer  une  fete, 

un   jour   de   fete,   le    dimanche.      To  keep  {observe)  a  holiday   {Sunday).     Idioms: 

Ch6mer  les  fetes  avant  qu'elles  ne  soient  venues.     To  count  chicke?is  before  they  are 

hatched.     C'est  un  saint  qu'on  ne  ch6me  point.     He  is  in  no  great  repute  {favor). 
Se   choquer  de.       To  take  offense  at.      Hardly  used  in  this  sense.      See   se  f^cher  de, 

s'offenser  de. 
Chuchoter  (tr.).     7^  zuhisper.    Chuchotez  cela  a  I'oreille  a  (de)  votre  frdre.     Whisper  that 

in  your  brother's  ear. 
Circoncire  (tr.,  irr.).     To  circumcise.     See  p.  177. 
Circonscrire  (tr.).     To  circui7iscribe.     Like  6crire. 
Circonvenir  (tr.).      To  circumvent.     Like  tenir. 
Circuler  (intr.).      To  circulate.     Intransitive  form  is  faire  circuler.     Cela  circule.      That  is 

being  circulated.    II  fait  circuler  cette  rumeur.    He  is  circulating  that  rwnor.    Circulez 

messieurs  !     Move  on,  please!  (policemen's  cry). 
Citer  (tr.).      To  cite,  to  quote. 

Citer  k.     To  summon  to.    II  a  cit6  mon  frdre  k  paraitre  devant  le  tribunal  la  semaine 
prochaine. 

Clapir  (tr.).      To  squeak  (oi  r3.hh\t?,) . 

Claquer  (intr.)  de.      To  snap.  etc.     II  claque  des  dents.     Ses  dents  claquent.    His  teeth  are 

chattering.     II  claque  des  doigts.     He  snaps  his  fingers.     Faire  claquer  (trans,  form). 

Le  coche  faisait  claquer  son  fouet. 
Cligner  (tr.).     Cligner  Tceil.     To  wink.     Faire  un  clin  d'ceil  i  quelqu'un.     To  give  a' 

wink  to  some  one. 
Clignoter  (intr.).     Clignoter  d'oeil.     To  wink.     Faire  signe  de  Tceil  a  quelqu'un.     To 

give  a  wink  to  some  one.      To  wink  at  {to  pass  over)      Fermer  les  yeux  sur. 
Clocher  (intr.).    To  limp,  to  be  lame.    Idioms  •■  Ce  n'est  pas  mal,  mais  il  y  a  encore  quelque 

chose  qui  cloche.     It's  not  bad,  but  there's  still  something  wrong.     Toute  comparaison 

cloche  (or  pdche).      Comparisons  are  odious. 


THE  FRENCH    VERB.  285 

Clore.     See  p.  213. 

Cogner  (tr.).  To  hammer  on^  as  a  nail,  a  wedge,  a  door,  etc.  Enf oncer.  To  drive  in,  to 
drive  home.  Je  ne  puis  enfoncer  ce  clou.  Cognez  done  plus  dur.  Marteler,  to  ham- 
mer, not  used  with  an  object  in  its  literal  sense.     It  is  so  used  in  fig. 

Coiffer  (tr.).  To  put  on  one's  head,  to  cover  one's  head;  de,  with.  Coiffer  quelqu'un.  To 
dress  any  one's  hair.  Qui  est-ce  qui  vous  coiffe  ?  Who  dresses  (or  does')  your  hair  ? 
Je  me  coiffe  moi-meme.     I  dress  my  own  hair. 

Se  coiffer.      To  luearfor  a  headdress.    De.     Se  coiffer  de  quelque  chose. 

Idioms :  Etre  coiffe  de  quelqu'un.  To  be  smitten  on  some  one.  Se  coiffer  de  quel- 
qu'un. To  get  {become)  smitten  with  (or  on).  Etre  n6  coiffe.  To  be  born  with  a 
silver  spoon  in  one's  mouth.  Coiffer  Sainte  Catherine.  To  remain  an  old  maid. 
EUe  a  coiff§  Sainte  Catherine.     She's  an  old  maid. 

Combattre  (tr.).     To  fight.     Like  battre,  p.  76. 

Combattre  (intr.).  I'o  fight,  etc.  Combattre  de.  To  vie  in  (with  each  other).  lis  combat- 
tent  de  politesse,  de  g§n6rosite. 

Commander  (tr.).  To  command,  to  order  (the  usual  word  for  Eng.  to  order).  Commander 
quelque  chose  a  quelqu'un.  To  order  something  from  some  one.  Commander  a  quel- 
qu'un de  faire  quelque  chose.  To  order  sovie  one  to  do  something.  Commander  que 
quelqu'un  fasse  quelque  chose.  Mil. :  II  est  commande  a  ce  service  (pour  ce  service). 
He  is  detailed  for  that  duty.     II  est  C0mmand6  de  garde.    He  is  detailed  for  guard. 

Se  commander.     II  se  commande  bien  a  lui-meme.     He  has  good  control  over  himself. 

Commencer  (tr.).     To  commence,  to  begin.     Like  avancer. 

Commencer  (intr.)  a  (b.  i.).  II  commence  a  s'impatienter.  He  is  beginning  to  grow  im- 
patient. Par.  II  a  commencer  par  me  louer.  He  began  by  praising  me.  Idioms : 
N'a  pas  fait  qui  commence.  The  beginning  is  not  everything.  A  moiti§  fait  qui  com- 
mence bien.  Well  begun  is  half  done.  Qui  commence  mal  finit  mal.  A  bad  begin- 
ning makes  a  bad  ending.     A  bad  day  never  has  a  good  night. 

Commenter  (tr.).  To  comment  upon.  Commenter  quelque  chose.  Faire  des  commentaires 
sur  quelque  chose. 

Commettre  (tr.).  To  commit.  Like  mettre.  Commettre  quelque  chose  aux  mains  de  quel- 
qu'un. 

Commuer  (tr.).      To  commute ;  en,  for. 

Communiquer  (tr.).     To  communicate ;  a,  to;  avec,  with. 

Comparaitre  (intr.,  irr.).  To  appear  {legal).  Like  paraitre.  Comparaitre  devant  un  tri- 
bunal.     To  appear  before  a  court. 

Comparer  (tr.).  To  compare.  Comparer  deux  choses,  deux  personnes;  comparer  quelque 
chose  (ou  quelqu'un)  a  (ou  avec)  une  autre. 

Comparoir.  (Law  term.)  Used  in  sense  of  comparaitre;  hardly  used  except  in  infin.  and 
in  past  part,  comparu. 

Se  compassionner  de.     To  be  affected  by.    Provincial  (used  by  Montaigne  in  sixteenth  century). 

Compatir  a.  To  sympathize  with  (before  names  of  things  only).  Cette  dame  compatit  tou- 
jours  aux  souffrances  de  ses  amis.  That  lady  always  has  sympathy  for  the  sufferings 
of  her  friends. 

Complaire  (intr.).  To  htimor  {to  take  a  delight  in  .  .  .  with  the  purpose  of  pleasing).  Com- 
plaire  a  quelque  chose,  a  quelqu'un.     Je  complaire  a  ses  demandes  pour  lui  plaire. 

Complimenter  (tr.).  To  compliment;  de  (b.  i.).  Complimenter  quelqu'un  d'avoir  fait 
quelque  chose.      To  compliment  any  one  for  having  done  anything. 


286  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

Comprendre  (tr.,  irr.).      To  comprehend,  to  understand^  to  include  (like  prendre).      Faire 

comprendre  quelque  chose  a  quelqu'un.       To  make  any  one  understand  anything. 

Se  faire  comprendre.      7^o  make  one's  self  understood. 
Compromettre  (tr.,  irr.).     Like  mettre.      To  compromise,  to  implicate.     (Not  used  in  sense 

oi to  make  a  compromise  of;  to  compromise  a  /natter.) 
Se   compromettre,   avec.      To  compromise   one's  self  with.      7'o   make   a   compromise   of  is 

expressed  by  s' entendre  sur,  convenir  de,  arranger. 
Compter   (tr.\       To  count,  to   count  on;   to  expect,  to   intend,  if  before    infin.       Compter 

quelque  chose  a  quelqu'un.      To  pay,  count  out,  something  to  some  one.     Compter  a, 

sur.      To  rely  upon.     Je  compte  sur  vous.     Do  not  disappoint  me.     J'y  compte  bien. 

I  fully  rely  upon  it,  expect  it.     Idioms  and  sayings :  II  lui  compte  les  morceaux.     He 

grudges  him  the  very  food  he  eats.     Qui  compte  sans  son  hote  compte  deux  fois.     He 

who  reckons  without  his  host  must  reckon  again.     Don't  count  your  chickens  before  they 

ar»  hatched.     See   Chomer.     Comptez   dessus.     Depend  upon  it.     Cela   ne   compte 
/  pas.      Ihat  is  not  to  be  taken  into  consideration.     Que  comptez-vous  faire  ?      What  do 

you  intend  to  do  ?     On  ne  VOUS  compte  pas.      You  are  not  reckoned.     You  aren^t  in 

this.     Comptez-vous  faire  fortune  ?     Do  you  expect  to  make  your  fortune  ? 
Conclder  (tr.).     To  concede.     Conc^der  quelque  chose  a  quelqu'un. 
Concevoir  (tr.).       To  conceive,  to  conceive  of.      Like   recevoir.      Je   n'y  conpois   rien.      / 

understand  nothing  about  {in)  it.     La  lettre  est  COncue  en  ces  termes.      The  letter  is 

courhed  in  these  terms. 
Conclure  (tr.,  irr.).     See  151.     To  conclude.    Conclure  un  discours,  un  trait§,  une  affaire, 

etc.     De  (b.  i.).     J'ai  conclu  de  partir. 
Conclure  (intr.).     Cela  conclut.      That  is  conclusive  {proves  something).     Cela  est  concluant 

(more  usual  expression). 
Concourir  (jntr.,  irr.).     Like  courir. 
Concourir  a  (b.  n.  or  i.).       To  contribute  to,  to  cooperate  in.       Les  sciences  concourent  a 

civiliser  la  terre. 
Concourir  pour  (b.  n.  or  i.).      To  compete  for.     Les  Aleves  concourent  (pour  les  prix). 

Concourir  does  not  mean  to  concur  or  to  concur  in,  which  is  expressed  by  s'accorder 

avec,  a. 
Condescendre  (intr.).      7^o  condescend;  a,  to  (b.  n.  and  b.  i.). 
Conduire  (tr.).     To  conduct,  etc.     See  141.     Conduire  des  chevaux,  une  automobile,  etc. 

7<?  drive  horses,  to  run  an  automobile.      Idioms:    II  conduit   bien   sa   barque.     He 

plays  his  hand  zv  ell.    Aucun  chemin  de  fleurs  ne  conduit  a  la  gloire.    No  flowery  road 

leads  to  glory.     Conduire  i  grandes  guides.      To  drive  four-in-hand. 
Conf^rer  (tr.).      To  confer ;  a,  upon,  on.      To  compare  (writings). 

Confesser  (tr.).      To  confess;  a,  to.     C'est  le  diable  a  confesser.     It's  terribly  hard  to  do. 
Confer  (tr.).     To  confide,  to  intrust,  etc.     Confier  quelque  chose  a  quelqu'un.      To  intrust 

something  to  some  one.      To  trust  any  one  with  anything. 
Se  confier.     Se  confier  a  quelqu'un.      To  confide  in  some  one.     Se  confier  en  quelqu'un.'" 

To  trust,  to  place  reliance  in  any  one. 
Confiner  (intr.).      To  border;  \,  on.     Cette  propriety  confine  a  la  notre. 
Confiner  (tr.).     To  confine.    Confiner  quelqu'un  dans.     See  consigner  a,  more  usual. 
Confire  (tr.).     See  p.  177.     Elle  a  confit  bien  des  poires  cette  annle.     She  has  preserved  a 

quantity  of  pears  this  year. 
Confisquer  (tr.).      To  confiscate;  au  profit  de,  to. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  287 

Confondre  (tr.).     Like  rendre.     To  confound. 

Confronter  (tr.  and  intr.).  To  confront;  avec,  with.  Confronter  a,  to  front  on.  (Not 
much  used.     See  donner  sur  and  dominer.) 

Conjoindre.     To  conjoin.     Like  craindre. 

Connaitre  (tr.).  To  be.  acquainted  with,  to  know.  Like  paraitre.  Do  not  confuse  with 
savoir ;  see  p.  169.  Connaitre  quelque  chose  a  quelqu'un.  To  know  any  one  to 
have,  possess,  something ;  as  a  quality,  a  characteristic.  Etre  connu  de  quelqu'un.  To 
be  knotvn  by  any  one.  Se  connaitre  a  en.  To  be  a  connoisseur  in ;  to  understand. 
Idioms  and  sayings:  II  connait  le  dessous  des  cartes.  He's  behind  the  scenes ;  he's 
on  the  inside.  Je  vous  reconnais  bien  la.  That  is  Just  like  you.  II  en  connait  bien 
d'autres.  He  knows  more  than  one  trick.  II  ne  se  connaissait  plus.  He  lost  control 
of  himself  II  est  connu  comme  le  loup  blanc.  He  is  known  to  everybody.  II  gagne 
H  etre  connu.  He  improves  upon  acquaintance.  Je  ne  le  connais  ni  d'Eve  ni 
d'Adam.  /  don't  ktiow  him  from  Adam.  Je  ne  le  connais  ni  de  prds  ni  de  loin. 
/  do  not  know  him  at  all.  En  chiffres  connus.  In  plain  figures  Connu  (fam.), 
Thafs  an  old  story.  Je  la  COnnais  celle-la  (pop.).  7'hat  is  nothing  new  {I am  on 
to  that). 

Conqu6rir  (tr.,  irr.).  Like  acqu6rir.  To  conquer.  Conqu6rir  un  pays  (sur  un  peuple). 
To  conquer  a  country  {against  a  nation). 

Conseiller  (tr.).  To  advise,  to  counsel.  Conseiller  quelque  chose  ^  quelqu'un.  De  (b.  i.). 
Conseiller  quelqu'un  de  faire  quelque  chose.  /  will  advise  with  my  brother,  Je 
consulterai  mon  frdre. 

Consentir  (intr.).  Like  partir.  To  consent;  a,  to.  Donner  son  consentiment  a  is  more 
used  before  a  noun  or  pronoun;  but  consentir  a  is  more  used  before  an  infin.  Elle  a 
consenti  H  partir.    Qui  ne  dit  mot  consent.     Silence  gives  consent. 

Consigner  (tr.).  To  consign,  etc.  Consigner  des  marchandises  a  quelqu'un.  Consigner 
des  soldats  dans  leurs  casernes.  To  confine  soldiers  to  their  barracks.  Consigner  une 
reflexion  sur  un  carnet.  To  record  a  thought  in  a  note-book.  Consigner  a  une  sen- 
tinelle  de  faire  quelque  chose.      To  give  orders  to  a  sentinel  to  do  something  (mil.). 

Consister  (intr.).  To  consist;  en,  dans,  <?/(b.  n.);  a,  in  (b.  i.).  Dans,  used  b.  n.  modified 
by  article;  otherwise,  en.  La  perfection  de  rhomme  consiste  dans  le  bon  usage  de 
la  raison.  Une  chose  qui  consiste  en  plusieurs  parties.  Le  parfait  bonheur  con- 
siste a  rendre  les  hommes  heureux. 

Consoler  (tr.).     To  console;  de,  for. 

Se  consoler.  De,  for.  Pour  se  consoler  de  tout  ce  qu'on  souffre,  il  faut  songer  a  ce  qu'on 
ne  souffre  pas.    Elle  s'est  consol6e  d'avoir  perdu  sa  fortune. 

Conspirer  (intr.) .  To  conspire  ;  contre,  against  (a  person,  the  state) ;  a,  to,  against  (a  thing). 
Tout  conspire  a  vous  rendre  heureux,  k  votre  bonheur.  Everything  conspires  to  make 
you  happy,  for  your  happiness.  lis  conspirent  ensemble  pour  retablir  ordre.  They 
conspire  together  to  restore  order. 

Constituer  (tr.).  To  constitute,  to  appoint,  to  place,  etc.  Constituer  quelqu'un  H  une  situa- 
tion. To  place  any  one  in  a  position.  (Placer  or  mettre  more  used.)  Constituer' 
quelqu'un  en  un  6tat  de  suspicion,  etc.  Constituer  une  dot,  une  rente,  des  fonds, 
k  quelqu'un.      To  assign  a  dowry,  an  income,  some  funds,  etc.,  to  some  one. 

Se  constituer  en  perte,  en  d6pens,  en  frais.     To  take  upon  one's  self  the  loss,  expense,  etc. 

Construire  (tr.).     To  construct.     Like  conduire. 

Contenir  (tr,).     To  contain.     See  124. 


288  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

Se  contenir.  To  suppress  one's  feelings  {to  contain  one's  self).  II  y  avait  de  quoi  ss  ficlier, 
mais  il  s'est  contenu.    See  retenir. 

Contenter  (tr.).  To  content;  de,  %vith  (b.  n.);  en,  by  (b.  vb.).  H  I'a  contents  en  lui  promet- 
tant  ce  qu'il  demandait. 

Se  contenter  (de).    EUe  sest  content6e  de  prendre  quelques  fleurs. 

Center  (tr.).  To  relate,  to  tell  (stories).  Idiom:  II  vous  en  conte  de  belles.  He  is  deceiv- 
ing you  nicely  {telling  you  fine  tales). 

Continuer  (tr.).  To  continue.  EUe  a  continue  a  chanter.  She  kept  on  singing  {ivithout 
stopping).  EUe  a  continue  de  chanter.  She  kept  up  {her)  singing.  In  impersonal 
form  there  is  no  distinction :  II  continue  de  (or  a)  pleuvoir.  Je  I'ai  continu6  dans 
son  emploi.     /  kept  him  in  his  position. 

Contraindre  (tr.).    Like  craindre.     To  force,  to  cotnpel ;  a,  to.    On  I'a  contraint  a  faire  cela. 

Se  contraindre,  a.     To  force  one's  self  to  (b.  i.). 

Contrarier  (tr.).  To  thwart,  to  oppose  ;  to  cross,  vex,  annoy.  Cela  contrarie  tous  mes  projets. 
That  thzvarts,  crosses,  all  my  plans.     Contrecarrer  also  used. 

Etre  contrari§  (de,  at).  Je  suis  tres  contrarie  de  ce  qui  vous  arrive.  I  am  greatly  annoyed 
at  what  is  happening  to  you.  Eileen  dtait  contrariee  (ennuyde).  She  was  annoyed 
at  it.    See  ennuyer. 

Contraster  (tr.).  To  contrast.  Rarely  used.  See  faire  contraster  and  mettre  en  contraste 
(avec). 

Contredire  (tr.).  To  contradict,  to  be  in  contradiction  with.  See  136.  Intr.  form  contre- 
dire  a,  but  rarely  used. 

Contrefaire  (tr.).     To  imitate,  to  counterfeit,  to  mimic.     Like  faire. 

Contrevenir  (intr.).  To  act  contrary  (a)  to.  Aux.  avoir;  like  venir.  Contrevenir  aux 
ordres  qu'on  a  recus.      To  break  {act  contrary  to)  orders  received. 

Contribuer  (intr.).  To  contribute;  a,  to.  II  a  contribud  de  son  argent,  de  ses  soins  a  cette 
affaire.  He  contributed  his  money,  his  paints,  to  that  affair.  II  y  a  contribue  pour 
cent  dollars.  He  contributed  one  hundred  dollars  to  it.  II  a  donn§  cent  dollars  pour 
sa  part.  II  a  contribu^  au  succes  de  cela.  Les  evenements  ont  contribue  a  affaiblir 
sa  puissance  (or  i  Taffaiblissement  de  sa  puissance).  Contribuer  has  been  used 
transitively  by  good  writers,  but  generally  different  locutions  are  used  to  translate  the 
transitive  form.  He  commanded  his  ambassador  to  contribute  his  utmost  endeavors  to.  II 
a  command^  i  son  ambassadeur  de  concourir  de  tout  son  pouvoir  a.  He  has  con- 
tributed his  testimony  to.    II  est  venu  ajouter  son  t^moignage  i. 

Convaincre  (tr.).     To  convince ;  de,  of.  '  Like  vaincre. 

Convenir  (intr.,  irr.).  Like  venir.  See  72  and  loi  for  discussions.  See  consentir  and 
s'accorder.  With  avoir  (as  aux.)  convenir  means  to  suit,  to  please,  requires  k  before 
noun  (person).  Cette  maison  lui  a  convenu.  With  etre,  convenir  means  to  agree,  to 
be  agreed,  to  admit,  to  acknoivledge ;  requires  de  (or  sur)  before  noun  and  de  before 
an  infin.  Nous  sommes  convenus  des  conditions.  We  have  agreed  as  to  the  con- 
ditions, lis  sont  convenus  de  partir.  They  have  agreed  to  set  out.  II  est  convenu  de- 
son  erreur.  He  has  confessed  {admitted  his  error).  For  discussion  as  impersonal  verb, 
see  loi. 

Convertir  (tr.).  To  convert;  en,  into;  a,  to.  Convertir  au  christianisme.  Vous  prechez 
un  converti.      You  are  talking  to  a  man  who  thinks  with  you. 

Convier  (tr.).  To  invite.  Convier  quelqu'un  a  une  fete.  Convier  quelqu'un  de  faire 
quelque  chose.    See  inviter. 


OF    THE 

UNIVERSITY 

C/iLIFOB#^      ^^^  FRENCH   VERB  289 

Convoler  (intr.).  To  remarry.  Convoler  en  secondes,  troisidmes  noces.  To  marry  for  the 
second,  third,  time.     Se  remarier. 

Coop^rer  (intr.).  7^o  cooperate;  a,  to,  in.  Coop6rer  a  une  entreprise,  a  la  fondation  de 
quelque  chose.  Concourir,  contribuer,  a  faire  quelque  chose.  7'o  cooperate  in  doing 
something. 

Copier  (tr.).     To  copy.    Copier  un  tableau.    Copier  sur.     To  copy  from. 

Copier  (intr.).     Copier  d'aprds  la  nature,  to  copy  from  life.     To  copy  after,  imiter. 

Corner  (intr.).  To  trtanpet,  to  blow  a  horn.  See  also  sonner  du  cor,  to  blow,  to  wind  a  horn. 
Corner  is  used  of  the  ears  in  sense  of  to  tingle.  Les  oreiUes  me  cornent.  My  ears 
tingle.  Les  oreilles  ont  du  vous  corner  (on  a  beaucoup  parle  de  vous).  Your  ears 
must  have  burned  {you  were  much  talked  about').  To  draw  in  one'^s  horns,  battre  en 
retraite;  rentrer  dans  sa  coquille. 

Correspondre  (intr.).  To  correspond ;  a,  to.  See  also  ripondre  a  and  etre  conforme  a 
(d'accord  avec).  Cette  chambre  correspond  au  salon.  This  room  communicates  with 
the  drawing-room.  Ces  chambres  correspondent  entre  elles.  These  rooms  all  com- 
municate with  one  another.  Correspondre  a  Faffection  (au  sentiment)  de  quelqu'un. 
To  reciprocate  any  one's  affection.  Les  actions  doivent  r^pondent  (etre  conformes) 
aux  paroles.  Correspondre  avec,  to  correspottd  -with  (avoir  un  commerce  de  lettres 
avec).     Je  corresponds  avec  elle.     I  correspond  with  her. 

Se  correspondre.      To  be  similar,  symmetrical ;  to  correspond  to  each  other. 

Corrompre  (tr.).      To  corrupt.     See  68,  5. 

Costumer  en  (tr.).      To  dress  in  the  costume  of.      To  dress  is  vetir. 

Coucher  (tr.).      To  lay  down;  to  put  to  bed. 

Coucher  (intr.).      To  lie  down;  to  pass  the  night. 

Se  coucher.     To  go  to  bed. 

Etre  couche.  To  be  in  bed,  to  be  stretched  out.  See  etre  6tendu,  to  be  lying.-  To  lie  on  the 
grass,  etre  ^tendu,  couchd,  sur  Therbe.  To  lie  in  bed,  etre  au  lit  (rester  au  lit). 
'1 0  lie  west  of,  etre  situe  a  I'ouest  de.  My  taste  lies  in  that  direction,  mon  gout  me 
porte  de  ce  cote.  To  lie  in  state,  etre  expose  sur  un  lit  de  parade.  His  estate  lies 
all  around  us,  son  domaine  etend  autour  de  nous.  Lying  to  (mar.),  etre  en  panne. 
Idioms:  Comme  on  fait  son  lit  on  se  couche.  As  you  make  your  bed,  so  you  must 
lie  on  it.  On  est  plus  C0UCh6  que  debout.  Life  is  short  compared  with  eternity. 
{One  is  a  long  time  dead.)  Coucher  dans  son  fourreau.  To  go  to  sleep  without 
undressing.  Se  COUCher  COmme  les  poules.  To  go  to  bed  early  (with  the  chickens). 
Coucher  sur  la  dure.  To  He  on  the  ground  {on  the  floor) .  Coucher  a  la  belle  etoile. 
To  sleep  in  the  open  air.  J'ai  C0uch6  dans  cette  ville.  L  passed  the  night  in  that 
city.  II  a  couche  dehors  (or  en  ville)  cette  nuit.  He  slept  out  {passed  the  night  out) 
last  night.  Coucher  used  for  to  sleep  in  sense  of  to  pass  the  night;  dormir  with 
reference  to  act  of  sleeping.  Vous  dormirez  mieux  cette  nuit.  You  will  sleep  better 
to-night.     Je  Tai  COUCh§  en  joue.     L  aimed  at  him. 

Coudfe  (tr.  and  intr.).  To  sezu.  Generally  carries  idea  of  sewing  something  to  something 
else.  Coudre  quelque  chose  a  quelque  chose.  Coudre  une  plaie.  To  sew  up  a  wound. 
L  was  sewing  my  coat,  je  recousais  mon  habit.     See  recoudre. 

Couler  (intr.).  To  flow,  to  run,  to  leak  (of  liquids).  To  sink  (of  vessels).  Les  larmes  lui 
coulent  des  yeux ;  les  yeux  lui  coulent.  LLis  eyes  water.  II  a  la  larme  a  I'ceil. 
LLe  has  tears  in  his  eyes.  Le  nez  lui  coule.  LLis  nose  runs.  Le  temps  coule  (or 
s'6coule).      Time  passes. 

martin's    FRENCH    VERB I9 


290  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

Couler  (tr.).  To  strain  (liquids,  as  soup,  etc.).  Couler  a  quelqu'un  de  Targent  dans 
la  main.  To  slip  money  into  any  one's  hand.  Idioms  and  sayings :  II  faut  laisser 
couler  I'eau.  What  can^t  be  cured  must  be  endured.  Ce  qu'il  dit  coule  de  source. 
What  he  says  comes  from  his  heart  {comes  fiiiently  from  his  lips).  Cela  COUle  de  source. 
That  follows  naturally.  Couler  a  fond.  To  founder  (of  ships).  To  be  ruined  (of 
persons).     C'est  un  homme  coul6. 

Couper  (tr.).  To  cut,  to  intersect,  etc.  Couper  le  doigt  a  quelqu'un.  To  cut  some  one's  finger. 
Couper  en  morceaux.  7b  cut  to  pieces.  Couper  du  vin  avec  de  I'eau.  To  dilute  wine 
with  water.  To  cut  up  {carve,  as  a  fowl)  =  decouper.  Se  couper.  II  s'est  C0up6  le 
doigt.     He  has  cut  his  finger. 

Peculiar  uses :  II  s'est  coup§  dans  ses  r6ponses.  He  contradicted  himself  in  his 
answers.  II  lui  a  coup§  la  parole.  He  interrupted  him.  Son  pere  lui  a  coup§  les 
vivres.  His  father  stopped  his  allowances.  Ce  verre  de  biere  m'a  coupe  les  jambes. 
That  glass  of  beer  has  made  me  feel  shaky.  Couper  un  cheveu  en  quatre.  To  split  hairs. 
Coupons  le  cable.  Let's  take  the  decisive  step.  On  lui  a  coupe  I'herbe  sous  les  pieds. 
They  have  supplanted  him,  taken  the  wind  out  of  his  sails,  cut  the  grass  from  under  his  feet. 
Ca  vous  la  coupe.  You  can't  answer  that.  Cela  m'a  coupe  bras  et  jambe.  /  7vas 
dumfounded.  Je  n'y  coupe  pas.  /  do  not  believe  7vhat  you  say.  Coupons  court  a 
cela.  Let' s  waive  that  subject.  Let's  ctU  this  short.,  II  a  COupe  au  court.  He  took  the 
short  cut.  Slang:  Cela  lui  a  coup6  le  sifflet.  That  stopped  him  short  {shut  him  up). 
Je  vais  y  couper.     /  am  going  to  cut  that  {cut  it  out). 

Courir  (tr.  and  intr.).  To  run.  II  court  a  moi,  a  elle,  etc.  He  runs  to  me,  to  her,  etc. 
One  cannot  say,  II  me  (lui)  court.  Idioms  and  sayings:  Par  le  temps  qui  court. 
Nowadays ;  as  times  go.  Nous  courons  meme  fortune.  We  are  in  the  same  boat. 
Etre  fou  a  courir  les  champs.  To  be  as  mad  as  a  March  hare.  Le  bruit  court  que. 
There  is  a  report  that.  II  court  sur  mes.brisees.  He  is  competing  with  me,  trying  to 
cut  me  out,  to  get  ahead  of  me.  Also  aller,  marcher  sur,  etc.  Je  vais  voir  courir.  /  am 
going  to  the  races.  II  court  les  cafes,  les  theitres,  etc.  He  frequents  the  bars,  etc. 
Etre  au  courant  de.  To  be  well  informed  of  {posted).  Cette  pidce  est  trds  courue. 
That  play  is  very  popular.  II  court  les  chemins.  He  rambles  about.  To  run  a  race, 
voir  a  qui  courra  le  plus  vite ;  faire  assaut  de  vitesse.  Voyons  a  qui  courra  le 
plus  vite.  lis  ont  fait  assaut  de  vitesse.  (Note  that  to  run,  said  of  machines,  car- 
riages, engines,  etc.,  is  expressed  by  aller,  marcher,  rouler,  etc.,  according  to  the  sense.) 
La  machine  marche  (or  va)  bien.  To  run  a  rope  through  a  ring,  etc.,  or  a  sword 
through  one's  body  is  expressed  by  passer,  etc.  To  run  a  risk,  a  danger,  courir  un 
risque,  un  danger. 

Couronner  (tr.).     To  crown.    II  a  h\.k  couronn6  de  laurier  par  les  enfants. 

Coiiter  (intr.).  To  cost,  to  be  an  effort  to,  etc.  Le  diamant  COUte  fort  Cher.  A  used  before 
infin. :  C'est  un  sacrifice  qui  coiite  a  faire.  Lt's  a  sacrifice  which  it  costs  an  effort  to 
make.  De  required  with  impersonal  form :  II  lui  en  coute  de  faire  cela.  //  is  pain- 
ful {costs  him  something)  to  do  that. 

Coiiter  (tr.).  Coflter  la  vie.  coflter  de  la  peine.  Rien  ne  lui  coute.  He  sticks  at  nothing 
{spares  no  trouble).  Coiite  qui  coflte.  Cost  what  it  may.  Couter  les  yeux  de  la  tete. 
To  cost  a  small  fortune  {a  fearful  lot) . 

Couvrir  (tr.).      To  cover ;  de,  with.     See  126. 

Cracher  (tr.  and  intr.).     To  spit.     II  ne  crache  pas  dessus.     He  doesn't  despise  it. 

Craindre  (tr.).     To  fear.     See  150  and  177.    Etre  craint  de  quelqu'un. 


THE  FRENCH  VERB  291' 

Cramponner  se.  To  ding;  ^,  to.  Se  cramponner  (s'accrocher)  a  tout.  To  cling  to 
everything.     S'attacher  fortement  a  also  used. 

Creuser  (tr.).     To  dig;  dans,  out  of.    See  approfondir. 

Crevasser  (tr.).     To  crevice.    Crevasser  les  mains  a  quelqu'un.     To  chap  any  one's  hands. 

Crever  (tr.).  To  burst,  to  stave  in  (casks);  to  kill.  Crever  les  yeux  a  quelqu'un.  To  put 
out  any  one's  eyes.  Je  ne  voyais  pas  mon  livre,  cependant  il  me  crevait  les  yeux. 
/  did  not  see  my  book,  yet  it  was  staring  me  in  the  face  {ivas  right  under  77iy  nose'). 

Crever  (intr.).  To  die  (said  of  animals);  de,  with,  of.  Les  animaux  crevaient  de  faim,  de 
soif,  etc.  Also  used  very  familiarly  of  persons  :  II  crevait  de  rire.  He  was  dying 
{bursti7ig)  of  laughter.    Crever  d'orgueil,  de  d§pit. 

Cribler  (tr.).  To  riddle,  to  pierce;  de,  with.  Crible  de  mitraille.  Riddled  with  grapeshot. 
Etre  cribl^  de  dettes.     To  be  head  over  heels  in  debt. 

Crier  (intr.).  To  cry  out,  to  shout  (not  to  weep).  Crier  a  (centre).  To  cry  out  against.  Crier 
pour  avoir  quelque  chose.      To  cry,  call,  for  something. 

Croire  (tr.).  To  believe.  See  135.  Croire  a  une  personne,  a  la  magie,  i  quelque  chose. 
Croire  a  means  to  believe  in  the  existence  of  or  possibility  of.  Croire  en  Dieu,  en 
quelqu'un,  en  les  sciences,  etc.  Croire  en  includes  believing  in  the  existence  of  and 
also  having  complete  faith  and  confidence  in.  Croire  quelque  chose  de  quelqu'un. 
To  believe  something  of  some  one.  Je  la  croyais  a  Paris,  /  believed  her  to  be  at  Tar  is. 
Je  la  croyais  heureuse.  I  believed  her  to  be  happy.  Idioms:  II  s'en  croit  beaucoup. 
He  thinks  a  great  deal  of  himself.  C'est  a  n'y  pas  croire.  It  is  unbelievable  {not  to  be 
believed).  A  Ten  croire,  etc.  If  he  is  to  be  believed  {to  hear  him  tell  it),  etc.  Et 
chacun  croit  fort  ais^ment  ce  qu'il  craint  et  ce  qu'il  desire.  The  7vish  is  father  to 
the  thought.  Je  crois  Men!  I  should  think  so!  Je  crois  que  oui.  I  think  {it  is)  so. 
Faire  croire  and  faire  accroire  (a)  both  mean  to  cause  to  be  believed;  but  the  first 
may  mean  justly,  the  second  always  means  unjustly,  without  foundation.  Ne  lui  faites 
pas  accroire  cela.  Vous  savez  bien  que  ce  n'est  pas  vrai.  Don't  make  him  believe 
that.      You  know  very  well  it  is  not  true. 

Croiser  (tr.).  To  cross,  to  fold  (the  arms),  etc.  Has  also  meaning  of  to  meet,  pass  on  same  path 
from  opposite  directions;  to  cross  the  path  of.  Je  I'ai  croise  aujourd'hui.  I  passed 
him  to-day.  On  se  croise  souvent  sans  se  rencontrer.  Teople  often  pass  without 
meeting. 

Croiser  (intr. ).      To  cruise.     Croiser  sur  les  cotes.      To  cruise  {along)  the  coasts. 

Croitre  (intr.).  To  groiv.  See  153.  Auxiliary  is  avoir,  to  express  action;  etre,  to  express 
state. 

Croquer  (tr.).  To  crunch  (with  the  teeth),  to  crush,  etc.  ;  to  sketch,  to  paint.  Elle  est  gentille 
(jolie)  a  croquer.  She  is  charming  {pretty  enough  to  be  painted).  Croquer  le  mar- 
mot.     To  dance  attendance  {to  cool  one^s  heels). 

Crotter  (tr.).     To  dirty  (with  street  dirt).    La  boue  a  crotte  ma  jupe.     Etre  crott6  (de). 

Cueillir  (tr.).     To  gather.     See  129. 

Cuire  (tr.).  To  cook.  See  141.  Les  cuisiniers  cuisent  (or  font  cuire)  de  la  viande,  des 
legumes,  etc.  Les  boulangers  ne  cuisent  pas  les  dimanches.  Bakers  do  not  bake  on 
Sundays. 

Cuire  (intr.).    Les  choses  cuisent  sur  le  feu.     Le  feu  fait  cuire  les  choses. 

Idioms :  Vous  viendrez  cuire  a  mon  four.  You  zvill  some  day  need  my  assistance , 
I  shall  be  revenged  on  you.  II  vous  en  cuira  (impersonal).  You  will  smart  for  it. 
Avoir  son  pain  CUit.      To  have  one's  bread  and  butter  {a  competence) . 


292  THE  FRENCH   VERB 


D 

Darner  (tr.).  To  puddle^  to  ram  (building);  to  crown  (at  checkers).  Damer  un  pion.  To 
crown  a  man  (at  checkers).     Damer  un  pion  a  quelqu'un.      To  outwit  some  one. 

Damner  (tr.).  To  damn.  Cet  homme  est  son  iime  damn^e.  That  man  is  his  tool,  does  his 
dirty  7vork  for  him. 

Danser  (intr.).  To  dance.  Danser  avec  quelqu'un  (faire  danser  quelqu'un).  To  dance 
with  any  one.  II  danse  avec  ma  soeur,  Faire  danser  les  6cus  de  quelqu'un.  I'o 
spend  any  one's  money.  Faire  danser  I'anse  du  panier.  To  make  a  profit  from 
marketing  for  any  one.  II  ne  salt  sur  quel  pied  danser.  He  doesn''t  knoiu  which  way 
to  turn  (jiioesnH  know  just  how  or  where  he  stands).  II  eu  dansera  en  I'air.  He  will 
swing  {be  hanged)  for  it.  Danser  devant  le  buffet.  To  have  nothing  to  eat.  Croquer 
le  marmot.  To  dance  attendance  to.  Faire  sauter  un  enfant  sur  les  genoux.  To 
dance  a  child  on  the  knee.  To  lead  one  (such)  a  dance  (that).  Traiter  quelqu'un  d'une 
(telle)  fagon  (que). 

Dater  (tr.  and  intr.).     7o  date  ;  de,  from.    Cela  date  de  loin.    That  happened  a  long  time  ago. 

Debattre  (tr.).      To  debate,  to  discuss.     See  battre. 

Debouter  (tr.).  To  overrule  (a  plea,  etc.).  Debouter  quelqu'un  de  ses  demandes.  Le 
juge  a  d6bout6  le  demandeur  de  ses  pretentions.  The  judge  overruled  the  claims  of 
the  plaintiff.     Rejeter  une  exception.      To  override  an  exception. 

DIbrider  (tr.  and  intr.).  To  unbridle  (a  horse),  etc.  II  a  6crit  vingt  pages  sans  d^brider. 
He  wrote  twenty  pages  at  a  stretch. 

D^ceindre  (rare)  (tr.).     See  150. 

D§chausser  (tr.).  To  take  the  shoes  off  (oi some  one).  Se  d^chausser.  II  ne  faut  pas  se 
dichausser  pour  manger  cela.  //  is  not  worth  zvhile  sitting  down  to  eat  that.  (The 
ancients  ate  barefoot). 

D^cheveler  (tr.).     ^^0  dishevel.     See  58. 

D^choir  (intr.).     See  161. 

Decider  (tr.).  To  decide,  to  settle,  to  determine ;  to  induce,  to  persuade,  etc.  Decider  quelque 
chose.  To  settle,  to  determine  something.  Decider  quelqu'un  a  faire  quelque  chose. 
Decider  quelque  chose  pour  quelqu'un. 

Decider  (intr.).  Decider  de  quelque  chose.  To  decide  on  something.  Le  juge  decide  de  la 
vie  et  des  biens  des  hommes.     Decider  de  faire  quelque  chose. 

Se  decider  pour.     To  decide  in  favor  of;  a,  upon.    Se  decider  a  faire  quelque  chose. 

Etre  d6cid6  h.  quelque  chose,  i  faire  quelque  chose.     See  determiner. 

Se  declarer.      To  declare;  pour  quelqu'un,  for  any  one  (in  favor  of  any  one). 

D^clore  (tr.).  See  161.  To  unclose,  to  take  down  the  barriers  of.  On  a  declos  le  pare.  The 
park  has  been  unfenced,  opened.  On  a  ouvert  le  pare  au  public.  The  park  has  been 
throivn  open  to  the  public. 

D^COiffer  (tr.).  To  undress  hair ;"  to  remove  sealing  wax  from  cork  of  a  bottle.  Idiom: 
DIcoiffer  (d^couvrir)  St.  Pierre  pour  coiffer  St.  Paul.      To  rob  Peter  to  pay  Paul.      '' 

D^confire  (tr.).     Like  confire.      To  discomfit.     Hardly  used.     See  d^router,  ddranger. 

D^conseiller  (tr.).  To  dissuade,  etc.  Deconseiller  quelque  chose  a  quelqu'un.  To  dissuade 
any  one  from  anything.     D6conseiller  quelqu'un  de  faire  quelque  chose. 

Ddconstruire  (tr.).     See  141.      To  raze,  to  pull  down,  to  take  to  pieces,  etc. 

D§corer  (tr.).     To  decorate.     D6corer  quelqu'un  de  quelque  chose. 

D6coudre  (tr.).     Like  coudre. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  293 

D^couvrir  (tr.).  To  uncover,  to  expose,  to  discover.  See  126.  D6couvrir  quelque  chose  ^ 
quelqu'un.     See  exposer. 

Se  d^couvrir.  Se  d§couvrir  ^  quelqu'un.  On  a  d6couvert  le  pot  aux  roses.  They  have 
solved  the  mystery.,  discovered  the  secret. 

D^crire.      To  describe.     Like  6crire. 

D^crocher  (tr.).  To  unhook,  to  take  down,  etc.  D6crocher  une  robe.  D^crocher  un  tableau 
Sayings:  II  a  decroch6  la  timbale.  He  got  the  prize.  Un  d^crochez-moi  9a  (slang). 
A  second-hand  (Jiand-Die-down)  suit. 

D^croire.  To  disbelieve.  Obsolete  except  in  the  one  sentence,  Je  ne  crois  ni  ne  d6crois. 
/  neither  believe  nor  disbelieve. 

D6croitre  (intr.).     To  decrease,  to  diminish.     Like  croitre. 

D^cuire.     Se  d^cuire.     (Of  preserves  and  sirups.)     To  get  thin,  to  thin.    Like  cuire,  but  rare. 

D^daigner  (tr.).  To  disdain.  D^daigner  quelque  chose,  quelqu'un.  D^daigner  de  faire 
quelque  chose. 

Dddier  (tr.).      To  dedicate;  a,  to. 

Dedire  (tr.).  Like  dire  except  2d  pers.  pi.,  pres.  ind.,  and  imper.,  which  are  d6disez.  D^dire 
is  rarely  used  except  in  reflexive  form.  Contredire  is  used  in  sense  of  to  contradict,  to 
gainsay.     Se  dedire  used  in  sense  of  to  retract,  to  unsay,  to  take  back,  etc. 

Se  didire  de.  Si  vous  ne  le  dites  pas  vous  n'aurez  pas  a  vous  en  dedire.  If  you  don't  say 
it,  you  ivon''t  have  to  unsay  it.     II  s'est  d^dit  de  cela.     He  has  retracted  that. 

D6doubler  (tr.).  To  take  the  lining  out  of;  to  make  one  into  two,  or  to  ?nake  two  into  one  (the 
context  showing  meaning). 

Ddduire  (tr.).  To  deduct,  to  deduce ;  de,  from.  Like  conduire.  See  also  inf6rer  for  sense 
of  to  deduce. 

D^faillir.     See  161. 

Defaire  (tr.).  To  undo.  Like  faire.  J'ai  d^fait  ma  malle.  I  have  unpacked  tny  trunk. 
D6faire  un  paquet.     To  undo  a  package. 

Se  defaire.  To  come  undone,  etc. ;  to  rid  one's  self ;  de,  of  To  part  with,  to  dispose  of.  Ne 
se  defaire  de  quelque  chose  a  aucun  prix.  Not  to  part  with  anything  at  any  price. 
•  II  faut  nous  s^parer.  We  must  part.  Abdiquer,  renoncer  k  des  droits.  To  part 
with  rights.  Renoncer  a  des  choses  qui  sont  chdres  a  quelqu'un.  To  part  with 
things  that  are  dear.  See  s6parer.  Cette  difficult!  est  lev^e.  That  difficulty  is  dis- 
posed of  {done  aivay  with).  D^faites-vous  de  cette  mauvaise  habitude.  Get  rid  of 
that  bad  habit.  Pourquoi  ne  vous  ddfaites-vous  pas  de  ce  cheval?  Why  do  you  not 
get  rid  of  that  horse  ?     See  also  se  dessaisir. 

Se  d6f ausser  (de) .  To  discard  (at  cards) .  Se  d6f ausser  du  dix  de  pique.  To  discard  the 
ten  of  spades.     Ecarter  generally  used.     Ecarter  une  carte,  le  dix,  etc. 

D^fendre  (tr.).  To  defend;  to  forbid.  Difendre  contre.  To  defend  from  or  against.  On  lui 
a  d6fendu  Tentr^e  de  la  maison.  Entrance  into  the  house  is  forbidden  him..  D^fendre 
H  quelqu'un  de  faire  quelque  chose.  To  forbid  any  one  to  do  something.  See 
interdire. 

Se  d^fendre.  To  defend  one's  self,  to  resist.  Se  d^fendre  des  tentations.  To  resist  tempta- 
tions. II  n'a  pu  s'en  d^fendre.  He  could  not  resist  it.  See  also  rdsister.  S'en 
d^fendre  d' avoir  fait  quelque  chose.  To  deny  having  done  something.  II  s'en  defend. 
He  denies  it. 

D^ferer  (tr.).     To  bestow,  to  confer ;  h.,  upon. 

/jD§f6rer  (intr.).      To  pay  deference,  to  defer  ;  a,  to.     Do  not  confuse  with  difE6rer,  to  defer  {to 


294  THE  FRENCH    VERB 

delay).  En  d6f6rant  a,  pour  d^f^rer  a.  In  co?/tpliance  tvith.  {fn  compliance  with 
also  expressed  by  pour  se  conformer  a,  conformement  a,  pour  satisfaire  a.) 

D6fier  (tr.).  To  defy,  to  dare.  DIfier  quelqu'un  de  faire  quelque  chose.  To  dare  {defy) 
any  one  to  do  something. 

Se  defier.  To  challenge  each  other.  Se  defier  de  quelque  chose,  de  quelqu'un.  To  suspect 
{to  distrust)  anything,  any  one.  Se  defier  is  not  so  strong  as  se  mefier.  Je  me 
m^fiais  de  lui;  il  m'a  trompe,  et  maintenant  je  me  defierai  de  lui  a  jamais.  /  sus- 
pected him;  he  deceived  me,  and  now  I  shall  distrust  him  forever.     See  SOupQonner. 

D6gager  (tr.).  To  redee?n  (something  bound  or  pawned).  Degager  quelqu'un  d'une  pro- 
messe,  etc.  To  release  any  one  from  a  promise.  Soulager  les  souffrances  de  quel- 
qu'un. To  release  any  one  from  pain.  Tirer  de  peine.  To  release  from  trouble.  II 
lUcha  la  main  a  sa  soeur.    He  let  go  his  sister's  hand. 

Se  degager  (de).     To  get  clear  from,  of 

D6gainer  (tr.  and  intr.).  To  draw,  to  unsheathe  (one's  sword).  Etre  brave  jusqu'au  d§- 
gainer  (n.) .     To  be  brave  until  it  comes  to  blows  (Jo  the  scratch) . 

D^garnir  (tr.).      To  strip,  to  take  off  the  decorations,  etc. 

Se  degarnir  (de).  To  lose ;  to  become  empty,  etc.  Les  arbres  se  degarnissent  de  (or  perdent) 
leurs  feuilles.  Les  feuilles  tombent  des  arbres.  Les  bancs  (du  theatre)  se  degar- 
nissent.     The  seats  {of  the  theater)  are  getting  e/npty. 

D^gauchir  (tr.).  To  straighten  (a  bent  twig,  spoke,  wire,  etc.).  Rarely  used.  See  rendre 
droit  and  redresser.  Redresser  un  arbre,  redresser  une  statue  tombee,  redresser  des 
abus. 

Se  d^gauchir.      To  lose  one''s  ajvkwardness. 

Degourdir  (tr.).  To  restore  circulation  to  (benumbed  limbs);  to  unnumb ;  to  sharpest  the 
wits  of. 

Se  digourdir  les  jambes.  To  stretch  one's  legs  ;  to  go  out  for  a  run,  lis  auront  a  se  degourdir 
OU  a  deguerpir.      They  will  either  have  to  wake  up  {to  take  a  brace)  or  clear  out  (fam.). 

D^gouter  (de)  (tr.).  To  disgust,  to  surfeit  {luith).  Degouter  quelqu'un  de  bonnes  choses. 
II  aimait  cela  mais  sa  femme  Ten  a  degout^. 

Se  degouter  (de).      To  take  a  dislike,  distaste  {to). 

Deguerpir  (intr.).     To  give  up,  to  quit,  to  leave. 

Se  dejeter.     (Of  wood.)      To  warp.     Like  jeter. 

DIjoindre  (tr.).     To  disjoin.     Like  craindre. 

D61aisser  (tr.).     To  forsake.    Etre  delaiss§  de  (of  persons).     See  abandonner. 

Se  delecter.  To  take  a  delight;  a,  in.  Se  delecter  a  faire  quelque  chose.  II  se  fait  un 
plaisir  de  me  tourmenter.  He  takes  a  delight  in  teasing  me.  Faire  ses  delices  de 
.  .  .  also  used.      To  be  delighted  —  etre  enchants. 

D616guer  (tr.).  To  delegate.  D61dguer  quelqu'un  pour  examiner,  pour  verifier  quelque 
chose,  etc.    D616guer  ses  pouvoirs  a  quelqu'un. 

D^liberer  (intr.).     To  deliberate.     Sur  quelque  chose. 

D61ier  (tr.).  To  untie;  to  release,  etc.;  de,  from.  See  detacher,  d^faire,  and  dinouer.  Votre 
chaussure  n'est  pas  attach§e.     Your  shoe  is  untied. 

D6livrer  (tr.).  To  deliver;  de,  from;  a,  to.  Used  in  sense  of  to  save  from  and  sometimes  in 
sense  of  to  turn  over  a  person  to  some  one  else. 

Etre  d^livre  des  malheurs  de  la  vie.  To  be  saved  from  the  misfortunes  of  life.  Livrer  des 
marchandises,  etc.  To  deliver  merchandise,  etc.  Porter  un  message,  faire  une  com- 
mission.    7'o  deliver  a  message.    Livrer  une  personne,  une  ville  a  quelqu'un.     To 


THE  FRENCH    VERB  295 

deliver  a  person  or  a  city.     Remettre  une  lettre,  etc.,  entre  les  mains  de  quelqu'un. 

To  deliver  a  letter,  etc,  into  the  hands  of  some  one.    Prononcer  un  discours.      To  deliver 

a  speech. 
D61oger  (tr.).     To  remove,  to  leave  one's  house,  etc.;   to  decamp.     See   d^menager.     Faire 

d^loger.     To  put  out  of  a  house.    D^loger  sans  tambour  ni  trompette.     To  leave  with- 
out beat  of  drum. 
Se  d^mancher.     To  lose  the  handle.    La  C0gn6e  se  d^manche.     The  handle  is  coming  off  the 

ax. 
Demander  (tr.  and  intr.).     To  ask,  to  ask  for.    Demander  quelque  chose  a  quelqu'un.     To 

ask  any  one  for  anything  {anything  of  any  one).     Demander  a  quelqu'un  a  faire 

quelque  chose.     To  ask  any  one  to  do  something.     II  s'est  inform^  de  votre  santd.    He 

asked  after  your  health.    Priez  monsieur  d'entrer.     Ask  the  gentleman  in.     Invitez-le 

a  diner.     Ask  him  to  dinner. 
Demanger  (£l)  (intr.).     To  itch.    La  tete  lui  d^mange.     His  head  itches.    La  langue  lui 

d^mange.     He  longs  to  speak,  is  anxious  (dying)  to  put  in  a  word.     II  brule  d'envie 

de  faire  cela.     He  is  very  anxious  {burning)  to  do  that  {itching  to  do  that,  fam.). 
Demeler  (tr.).     To  unravel,  to  disentangle,  etc.;  d'avec,/r^w.     D^meler  le  vrai  d'avec  le 

faux. 
D§m6nager  (intr.).      To  move  (from  one  house  to  another);  to  move  out ;  to  break  tip  house- 
keeping.    II  d^mlnage  may  also  mean,  he  is  losing  his  good  senses.     (Se  emm^nager. 

To  move  in.)     D6mdnager  a  la  cloche  de  bois.      To  leave  without  paying  one's  rent 

(fam.). 
Dem^riter  (intr.).      To  make  one'^s  self  unworthy ;  de,  aupres  de,   of     Ddmlriter  de  son 

pays,  de  la  bienveillance  de  quelqu'un.    Etre  indigne  de.     To  be  unworthy  of 
D§mettre  (tr.).     Like  mettre.     To  dislocate.     D6mettre  le  poignet,  la  jambe  a  quelqu'un. 

To  dislocate  any  one's  wrist,  leg,  etc.     Demettre  quelqu'un  (quelque  fonctionnaire). 

To  dismiss  some  one  {some  official).     See  chasser,  congedier,  renvoyer.     Se  demettre 

le  poignet,  etc.      To  dislocate  one's  wrist,  etc. 
Demeurer  (intr.).      To  reside  {dwell),  to  remain,  etc.;  a,  at.      Requires  avoir  (as  aux.)  when 

change  of  state  has  taken  place :  II  a  demeure  une  heure  a  faire  cela.     (Change  of 

state:  He  has  now  finished.)     Etre  is  required  when  no  change   of  slate  occurs:  Les 

bataillons  sont  demures  (rest§s)  inebranlables.     See  69-72. 
DIpartir  (tr.).     Like  partir.      To  dispense,  to  distribute ;  2i,  to. 
Se  d^partir.     To  desist,  to  deviate  ;  de,  from.    II  ne  se  depart  pas  de  cette  coutume  (de  son 

impassibility).     He  does  not  deviate  from,  etc. 
D^pecher  (tr.).     To  dispatch.    D^pecher  un  courrier,  un  ordre,  a  quelqu'un.    D^pecher  du 

travail,  etc.      To  expedite  work,  etc. 
Se  d^pecher.     To  hasten  ;  de,  to.    Se  ddpecher  de  faire  quelque  chose. 
Dipeindre  (tr.).     Like  craindre.      To  depict,  etc. 
D6pendre  (intr.).     To  depend,  to  be  dependent;  de,  on.    II  depend  de  nous  de  faire  cela.     It 

depends  upon  us  to  do  that.    Je  depends  de  mon  oncle.    I  am  dependent  upon  my  uncle. 

Notre  bonheur  en  depend.     Our  happiness  depends  upon  it.     Je  compte  sur  vous.     / 

depend  {rely)  upon  you.     Vous  pouvez  y  compter.      You  can  depend  {count)  on  it. 

Distinguish  between  the  meanings  of  the  foregoing  sentences.     Peut-on  ajouter  foi  a 

Ce  bruit?      Can  one  depend  upon  that  report? 
D^penser  (tr.).     To  spend,  etc.    D6penser  de  I'argent  pour  quelqu'un.     To  spend  money 

on  some  one,    D^penser  au  dela  de  ses  reveuus.     To  live  beyond  one's  income.    Pas- 


296  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

ser  du  temps,  un  jour,  la  vie.     To  spend  time,  a  day,  life.    Dissiper,  6puiser  une 
fortune.      To  spend  a  fortune. 

D6p6rir  (intr.).  To  grow  weak,  to  approach  one's  end,  to  wither,  etc.  Hardly  used  except  in 
the  simple  tenses.  Sa  sant§  d§perit.  Cette  fleur  ddp^rit.  Ce  malade  d4p6rit  a  vue 
d'oBil. 

D§petrer  (tr.).     To  disentangle  ;  Qi^,  from.     D^petrez  ce  cheval. 

Se  d^petrer.  To  extricate  one's  self;  de,  from.  Not  much  used  except  as  to  animals.  See 
d^barrasser,  d§gager,  livrer. 

D^plaire  a  (intr.).  See  147.  To  displease,  to  be  displeasing  to,  unpleasant  to,  etc.  D^plaire 
^  quelqu'un  (en  quelque  chose).  To  displease  some  one  {in  anything).  II  lui  deplait 
de  faire  cela.     Cela  lui  d6plait. 

Se  d^plaire  a.  Je  me  d6plais  a  la  campagne.  /  do  not  like  it  in  the  country.  Elle  s'est 
d6plu  a  ma  conversation.  She  was  displeased  rvith  my  conversation.  Ces  plantes  se 
d^plaisent  dans  ce  terrain.  These  plants  do  not  thrive  in  this  soil.  Qu'il  ne  vous  en 
d^plaise.  Ne  vous  en  d^plaise  (fam.).  With  your  permission.  If  you  will  allow  7ne, 
The  last  two  sometimes  ironical:    Whether  you  like  it  or  not. 

D6poser  (tr.).  To  put  {set)  down,  etc.  D^posez  cette  boite.  Put  down  that  box.  II  a  ete. 
ddpos6.  He  has  been  deposed.  Applies  to  a  king.  He  has  been  removed  from  that  posi- 
tion {divested  of  his  dignity)  =  II  a  perdu  sa  place. 

Dipouiller.      To  strip,  to  despoil,  etc. ;  de,  of. 

Se  d§pouiller.  Les  couleuvres  se  dipouillent  (jettent,  muent,  leurspeaux)  chaque  ann6e. 
Snakes  shed  their  skins  every  year.     Se  d^pouiller  de.       To  divest  {strip)  one's  self  of. 

D^pourvoir  (tr.).  To  unprovide,  to  strip,  to  divest,  etc. ;  de,  -with,  of  On  a  d^pourvu  cette 
forteresse  de  munitions.     Used  most  often  in  the  passive. 

D6prendre  (tr.).     To  part,  to  separate.     Like  prendre;  l)ut  little  used. 

Se  d6prendre.      To  extricate  one's  self;  ^%^  from  (from  the  mud,  mire,  etc.). 

D6rober  (tr.).  To  steal;  a,  frojn.  To  rob;  a,  of.  Derober  quelque  chose  a  quelqu'un. 
D6rober  un  secret.  To  steal  a  secret.  Ddrober  un  criminel  a  la  justice.  To  screen 
a  criminal  from  justice.  Derober  corresponds  more  to  the  English  to  steal ;  and  voler, 
to  to  rob ;  it  indicates  less  daring  and  more  skill. 

Se  derober.  To  steal  away  ;  de,/r^w  (a  place).  To  slip  out  of  a  room  is  sortir  doucement. 
See  also  se  sauver.  Se  derober  a  Fadmiration,  aux  recherches  de  quelqu'un,  etc. 
To  avoid  {to  shrink  from)  admiration,  to  slip  azvay  from  some  one's  seeking.  Only  rarely 
used  in  this  way.  See  fuir,  reculer.  Fuir  la  society  de  quelqu'un.  Reculer  devant 
un  danger. 

D^saccoutumer  (tr.).  To  disaccustom  ;  to  break  any  one  of  a  habit.  Sa  femme  I'a  dlsaccou- 
tum^  du  tabac,  de  fumer.  Se  d^saccoutumer  de  quelque  chose,  de  faire  quelque 
chose. 

D§sagr§er  (a)  (intr.).  To  displease.  Cela  d^sagrle  h.  ma  soeur.  That  displeases  my  sister. 
This  verb  is  now  little  used.  See  d^plaire.  To  disagree  is  expressed  by  various  expres- 
sions according  to  the  context.  Ne  pas  s'accorder.  differer,  ne  pas  etre  d'accord,  etc' 
Les  docteurs  different  dopinion.  Les  historiens  ne  sont  pas  d'accord.  Cela  ne  con- 
vient  pas  a  mon  estomac.  That  disagrees  with  7ny  stomach.  Cela  me  fait  mal.  That 
disagrees  with  me.     Refuser  d'acc6der  a  une  proposition.      7'^  disagree  to  a  proposal. 

D§sapprendre  (tr.).    Like  prendre.     To  unlearn.    D^sapprendre  quelque  chose  a  quelqu'un. 

D6sapprouver  (tr.).  To  disapprove,  to  disapprove  of  l^o  disapprove  any  one's  doing  anything. 
P6sapprouver  qu'on  fasse  quelque  chose.    Etre  d6sapprouv6  de  (par)  quelqu'un, 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


297 


Disaveugler  (tr.) .     To  undeceive,  to  open  the  eyes  of.     Etre  d6saveugl§  de  quelque  chose. 

Descendre  (tr.  and  intr.).  To  descend,  to  come  down.  See  auxiliaries,  69-72.  A  (b.  i.). 
Descendre  a  faire  quelque  chose.  To  stoop  {to  condescend)  to  do  something.  II  a  de- 
scendu  la  montagne,  la  coUine.  He  came  down  the  mountaitt,  the  hill.  II  est  descendu 
en  lui-m§ine.  He  examined  his  conscience.  II  est  descendu  h.  ma  chambre  et  m'a 
appell.  II  est  descendu  dans  le  jardin.  II  est  descendu  dans  les  details.  Peculiar 
uses  and  idioms :  II  est  descendu  chez  nous.  He  stopped  {took  up  his  abode)  at  our  house. 
A  quel  hStel  etes-vous  descendu?  At  what  hotel  are  you  staying?  II  est  descendu 
au  tombeau.  //<?  w  ^^a^  (poetical).  Sa  voix  descend  bas.  He  has  a  deep  voice.  II 
descend  des  crois^s.  He  is  a  descendant  of  the  crusaders.  Ses  cheveux  lui  descendent 
a  la  ceinture.  Her  hair  reaches  to  her  ivaist.  II  a  descendu  (abattu)  trois  perdrix. 
He  killed  {knocked  doivn)  three  partridges.  II  a  descendu  un  peu  ce  tableau.  He 
hung  the  picture  a  little  lower,  II  a  descendu  le  vin  a  la  cave.  He  took  the  wine  down 
to  the  cellar. 

Desenteter  (tr.).  To  cure  of  obstinacy.  Desent§ter  quelqu'un  de  quelque  chose.  To  get 
anything  out  of  any  one^s  head.     Se  desenteter  (de). 

D6sesp^rer  (intr.).  To  despair ;  de,  of.  Desesp^rer  de  quelque  chose,  de  faire  quelque 
chose. 

D6sesp6rer  (tr.).  To  drive  to  despair,  to  vex  exceedingly.  Etre  d^sesp^ld  de  quelque  chose. 
To  be  in  despair  {despondent,  disconsolate)  over  something. 

Dishabituer  (tr.).    Used  like  ddsaccoutumer. 

Designer  (tr.).  To  designate,  to  point  out.  Designer  quelqu'un  a  quelque  chose  (comme 
la  haine,  I'homage).  To  hold  any  one  up  {point  any  one  oui)  to  something  {as  hatred^ 
homage,  etc.). 

Ddsintlresser  (tr.).  To  buy  out  the  interest  of.  Etre  d6sint^ress6  ;  ne  pas  §tre  intdress^, 
to  be  disinterested. 

D^sirer  (tr.).  To  desire.  D6sirez-vous  le  voir?  D6sirez-vous  de  r^ussir?  De  is  used  only 
if  the  wish  is  for  something  uncertain.  Etre  d§sir§  de  (or  par) .  Idioms  and  sayings  : 
Plus  on  desire  une  chose,  plus  elle  se  fait  attendre.  A  watched  pot  never  boils. 
Laisser  a  d6sirer.  To  leave  something  to  be  desired  {room  for  improvement).  Sa  con- 
duite  laisse  a  d6sirer. 

Se  d^sister.     To  desist ;  ^q.,  from.    Se  d^sister  de  quelque  chose  ;  de  faire  quelque  chose. 

D^sob^ir  (intr.)  a.  To  disobey.  D^soblir  aux  ordres  de  quelqu'un  (ou  a  quelqu'un)^ 
To  disobey  any  one's  orders  {or  any  one).  A-t-il  d6sob6i  a  vos  ordres?  Has  he  diso- 
beyed your  orders?     II  y  a  d^sobei.     He  has  {disobeyed  them).     See  107  (i). 

DIsoler  (tr.).      To  desolate,  to  lay  waste  ;  to  grieve,  to  distress.     La  famine  a  d§sol6  ce  pays. 

Se  d^soler.  To  lament,  to  grieve,  to  be  disconsolate.  II  se  d§sole  de  la  mort  de  son  ami.  He 
is  disconsolate  at  the  death  of  his  friend.  II  se  d^sole  d'avoir  fait  cela.  He  is  disconso- 
late over  having  done  that.     Etre  d6sol6,  de  (b.  n.  or  i.),  at,  over,  because  of 

Se  dessaisir  de.  To  part  with,  to  divest  one's  self  of  II  ne  veut  pas  se  dessaisir  de  ces 
livres.  He  does  not  desire  to  part  with  those  books.  Se  ddfaire  de  and  se  dessaisir  de 
(said  of  things  and  animals) ;  se  s6parer,  se  quitter  (used  with  reference  to  persons). 
See  se  d^faire. 

Desserrer  (tr.).  To  unclose,  to  open.  Idiom :  Je  n'ai  pas  desserri  les  dents.  I  never  opened 
my  lips. 

Desservir  (tr.).  Like  partir.  To  serve,  officiate  in  (as  a  minister).  Ce  vicaire  dessert 
PQtre  hame^u.    To  s^rve  as  a  mfans  of  communication.    X«e  chemin  de  fer  dessert  d6ja 


298  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

les  solitudes  siberiennes.  To  hurt  {to  do  an  ill  turn  to)  any  one.  Rarely  used  in 
sense  of  to  clear  the  table.  La  bonne  enleve  les  assiettes,  le  couvert.  Ihe  maid  clears 
away  (removes)  the  plates,  the  cover. 

Dessiner  (tr.).  To  draw;  d'apres,  from.  Dessiner  d'aprds  nature.  7^o  draw  {sketch)  from 
nature.     Dessiner  d'apres  quelqu'un.      To  draw  like  some  one,  to  imitate  some  one. 

Detacher  (tr.).     To  take  stains  out  of    Detacher  une  robe. 

Detacher  (tr.).  To  detach,  to  loosen,  etc.;  diQ,  fro?n.  Detacher  quelqu'un  de  quelque  chose. 
7o  wean  any  one  frofu  anything.  Detacher  une  agrafe.  Detacher  des  chevaux  d'une 
charrue.  Detacher  quelqu'un  a  une  compagnie,  a  un  service  special,  a  I'etat-major, 
etc.  (mil.).     To  detach  or  to  detail  any  one  to  a  company,  on  special  duty,  to  the  staff,  etc. 

D6teindre  (tr.).     Like  craindre.      To  take  out  the  color  of     Does  not  mean  to  detain. 

Se  d^teindre.  Ce  mouchoir  s'est  d§teint.  This  handkerchief  has  lost  its  color  ;  the  color  has 
come  out  of  this  handkerchief. 

D6tenir  (tr.).  Like  venir.  To  detain  (a  thing),  to  withhold.  D^tenir  (garder)  un  secret.  II 
a  dt§  detenu  dix  jours  a  la  prison.  Retenir  is  used  with  reference  to  detaining  a  person. 
On  m'a  retenu  plus  longtemps  que  je  ne  pensais.  They  detaitted  f/ie  longer  than  I 
thought.    Ce  rhume  I'a  retenu  dix  jours  dans  sa  chambre.     Detenir  is  but  little  used. 

Determiner  (tr.).  To  determine  (sense  of  to  decide),  to  settle,  to  cause,  etc.  II  a  re9U  une 
blessure  qui  a  determine  la  mort.  Son  pere  I'a  determine  a  devenir  avocat.  His 
father  persuaded  (influenced)  him  to  become  a  lawyer. 

Se  determiner.  To  deter jnine,  to  resolve ;  a,  to,  upon.  II  s'est  determine  au  suicide.  Se 
determiner  a  faire  quelque  chose.    Etre  determine  a  (b.  n.  and  i.). 

Detourner  (tr.)".  To  turn  (any  one)  aside,  out  of  one's  road ;  to  divert  anything.  Detourner 
quelqu'un  de  quelque  chose.     Detourner  quelqu'un  de  faire  quelque  chose. 

Se  detourner.  To  turn  aside,  to  deviate  ;  Ql^.,  from.  Se  detourner  du  devoir.  II  se  detourna 
pour  m'§viter. 

Detourner  (intr.).  Rarely  used.  Quand  vous  serez  arrive  a  une  croix  detournez  ^  gauche 
(or  tournez  a  gauche) .     The  last  is  more  usual. 

Detruire  (tr.).      To  destroy.     Like  conduire. 

Devancer  (tr.).  To  precede,  to  go  before.  Les  edaireurs  devancent  I'armee.  Scouts  pre- 
cede (go  ahead  of)  the  army.  II  nous  a  devances.  He  got  the  start  on  us,  he  has  gone 
before  us.  Devancer  implies  more  activity  and  greater  progress  ;  pr^cdder,  a  difference 
in  order  or  position.  Un  of6.cier  precede  les  soldats  de  sa  compagnie.  Prendre  les 
devants  sur.      To  get  the  start  of  any  one. 

Devenir  (intr.).  Aux. :  etre.  To  become.  Like  venir.  Qu'est-il  devenu  ?  What  has  become 
of  him  ? 

Devetir  (tr.).      To  undress.      Like  vetir. 

Se  devetir.     To  undress  one's  self.     Se  devetir  de.     To  divest  one's  5^^^/ (rights,  etc.). 

Devier  (intr.).      To  deviate  ;  dit.,  from. 

Devoir.  See  48.  Idioms  and  sayings:  II  doit  au  tiers  et  au  quart  (or  a  Jean  et  a  Paul). 
He  oxves  money  to  everybody.  Qui  a  terme  ne  doit  rien.  No  one  need  pay  a  debt  before 
it  is  due.  Qui  ne  doit  rien  n'a  rien  a  craindre.  Out  of  debt,  out  of  danger.  A  chacun 
son  dfl.  Give  the  devil  his  due ;  every  man  is  tvorth  his  hire.  Fais  ce  que  dois, 
advienne  que  pourra.  Do  your  duty,  come  what  may.  Dusse-je  en  mourir.  Were 
I  to  die  for  it.  II  doit  plus  d'argent  qu'il  n'est  gros.  He  owes  more  money  than  he  can 
pay.     Chose  convenue,  chose  due.     A  promise  must  be  kept. 

pevouer  (tr.).      To  devote;  ll,  to,     Se  devouer.      To  devote  one's  self.     This  verb,  like  COn- 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  299 

sacrer,  used  generally  before  nouns,  not  before  the  infinitive.  II  se  COnsacra  (se  livra) 
a  I'^tude  des  habitudes  de  cet  animal.  He  devoted  himself  to  studying  the  habits  of  that 
animal. 

pifferer  (tr.  and  intr.).  To  defer ^  to  procrastinate^  to  put  off.  Differer  de  jour  en  jour.  Zb 
procrastinate  {to  delay)  from  day  to  day.  Differer  de  faire  quelque  chose  (a,  jusqu'a, 
un  certain  temps).  To  defer  doing  something  {till  a  certain  tifne).  Remettre  quelque 
chose.  To  put  off  something.  La  chose  a  6te  remise  a  samedi. 
^iff^rer  (intr.).  To  differ,  to  be  different;  diQ,  frojn.  Differer  d'avis  de  quelqu'un.  To  differ 
in  opinion  from  any  one  (sur,  upon).     See  remark  under  desagreer. 

Se  diligenter  a  (b.  i.).      To  hasten,  to  make  haste  to.     Old,  hardly  used. 

Diminuer  (tr.  and  intr.).  To  dijninish.  Diminuer  de  longuer.  To  diminish  in  length. 
Aux. :  avoir,  for  action  ;   etre,  for  state. 

Diner  (intr.).  7'o  dine;  de,  on.  Idiom:  Qui  ne  visnt  pas  a  I'heure,  dinera  par  cceur. 
lie  who  doesnH  arrive  on  time  will  go  without  his  dinner. 

Dire  (tr.).  See  136.  Dire  a  quelqu'un  de  faire  quelque  chose.  To  tell  some  one  to  do 
something.  Dire  quelque  chose  a  I'oreille  de  quelqu'un.  To  whisper  something 
to  some  one.  Dites-le-lui  a  I'oreille.  Whisper  it  in  his  ear.  Pour  tout  dire. 
In  a  ivord.  Pour  ainsi  dire.  So  to  speak.  C'est  tout  dire.  That  is  saying  all; 
enough.  Je  ne  vous  dis  que  9a.  I  cannot  tell  you  any  more,  but  ifs  a  fact.  C'est  bien 
drole,  je  ne  vous  dis  que  9a.  Ifs  very  funny.,  I  can  tell  you  !  Je  m'amuse,  je  ne  vous 
dis  que  9a  (slang).  I  am  having  a  good  time,  you  bet  I  Se  le  tenir  pour  dit.  To  take 
it  for  granted.,  for  settled.  Soit  dit  entre  nous.  Quite  betzveen  ourselves.  Cela  est  bon 
a  dire,  mais,  etc.  Thafs  all  very  fine  {ifs  all  right  to  say  that),  but,  etc.  Le  qu'en 
dira-t-on.  Public  opinion.  II  est  sensible  au  qu'en  dira-t-on.  He  is  sensitive  to  public 
opinion.  He  is  bound  by  conventions.  II  §tait  dit  que  cela  arriverait.  The  fates  had 
7uilled  it  that  that  should  happen.  Quand  je  vous  le  disais  or  je  vous  I'avais  bien  dit. 
/  told  you  so.  Ah  !  Vous  m'en  direz  tant  !  Well,  that  alters  the  case.  Ah,  now  I 
understand.  Why  didnU  you  say  so  at  first  ?  You  don't  say  so  I  (This  expression  has 
many  meanings  —  some  ironical  —  shown  by  the  context.)  A  qui  le  dites-vous  ? 
Don't  I  knoiv  it?  Selon  son  dire.  According  to  his  version.  Cela  ne  me  dit  rien. 
That  has  no  effect  upon  me.  Je  I'irai  dire  a  Rome  !  Til  eat  my  hat  (if  it  is  so).  J"ai 
dit  d'atteler.  Pve  ordered  the  carriage.  II  n'y  a  pas  a  dire.  There's  no  doubt  about 
it.  Comme  dit  I'autre.  As  the  saying  goes.  Dites  done  !  I  say  !  Say  !  Dites-leur  bien 
des  choses  aimables  de  notre  part.  Give  them  our  kindest  regards.  C'est  bien  le  cas 
de  le  dire.  One  may  indeed  say  so.  Elle  dit  la  bonne  aventure.  She  is  a  clairvoyant. 
Cela  se  dit.     That  is  said.     II  se  dit  votre  ami.     He  calls  himself  your  friend. 

Diriger  (tr.).  Diriger  ses  pas  vers,  son  attention  sur.  To  direct  one's  steps  to,  toward ;  one's 
attention  on.    Se  diriger  vers. 

Discontinuer  (tr.  and  intr.).  To  discontinue.  Discontinuer  de  faire  quelque  chose.  To 
discontinue  doing  something 

Disconvenir  (intr.).  Aux. :  etre;  conjugated  like  venir.  To  disown ;  to  deny.  De.  Je  ne 
disconviens  pas  de  cela.  /  do  not  deny  that.  Vous  ne  sauriez  disconvenir  d'avoir  me 
dit  cela.  You  could  not  deny  having  told  me  that.  Peut-on  disconvenir  d'une  chose 
si  ^vidente?  With  que,  disconvenir  may  be  followed  by  indicative  or  subjunctive; 
ne  precedes  the  subjunctive  following  it.  Niez-vous  qu'il  y  fflt?  Do  you  deny  that 
he  was  there  ?  Elle  nia  avoir  eti  dans  les  bois.  On  nous  ref usa  le  privilege  d 'y 
entrer.      We  were  denied  the  privilege  of  going  in  there.     II  se  refuse  tous  les  plaisirs. 


/ 


300 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


Discourir  (intr.).     Like  courir.     To  discourse;  sur,  upon,  on. 

Disculper  (tr.).      To  exonerate  ;  ^t^  from. 

Disjoindre  (tr.).     To  disjoin.     Like  craindre. 

Disparaitre  (intr.).  Like  paraitre.  Aux. :  avoir,  for  action;  etre,  for  state.  To  disappear,  to 
vanish;  ^t^from. 

Dispenser  (tr.).  To  exempt.  Dispenser  quelqu'un  d'un  service,  d'une  regie,  etc.  To 
exempt  any  one  from  a  duty,  from  a  rule,  etc. ;  dispenser  quelqu'un  de  faire  quelque 
chose.     Also  means  to  dispense^  to  bestoiv  ;  a,  to,  upon. 

Disposer  (tr.).  7^o  arrange^  to  dispose,  etc.;  a,  to;  pour,  toward.  Disposer  quelque  chose 
pour  quelque  chose.  To  prepare  something  for  something.  See  preparer.  Disposer 
quelqu'un  a  faire  quelque  chose.  To  itidiue  any  one  to  do  something.  Se  d^faire  de. 
To  dispose  of.    Cette  difficult^  est  lev§e.     That  difficulty  is  done  away  zuith  (disposed  of). 

Se  disposer  (a).     Je  me  disposals  a  partir.     /  zuas  on  the  point  of  going. 

Disputer  (tr.).  7^o  contend,  to  dispute,  etc.;  a,  with.  Disputer  un  prix  a  quelqu'un.  To 
contend  with  any  one  for  a  prize.  Le  disputer  a  quelqu'un  en  quelque  chose.  To  vie 
with  any  one  in  anything  (contend  ivith  any  one  for  anything').  Pouvoir  le  disputer  a 
quelqu'un.  To  be  a  i7iatch  for  any  one.  II  le  lui  dispute ra.  He  will  dispute  that  with 
him.  lis  se  disputaient  entre  eux  a  qui  ferait  cela.  They  disputed  among  themselves 
as  to  who  should  do  that. 

Dissoudre  (tr.).  To  dissolve.  See  155.  L'association  s'est  dissoute.  The  partnership  has 
dissolved. 

Dissuader  (tr.).  To  dissuade.  Dissuader  quelqu'un  de  quelque  chose,  de  faire  quelque 
chose. 

Distinguer  (tr.).  To  distinguish,  to  discern  by  the  senses ;  to  establish  the  difference  (distin- 
guer  les  temps,  les  lieux);  de,  from.  Je  reconnais  cette  plante  a  ces  feuilles. 
I  distinguish  that  plant  by  its  leaves. 

Se  distinguer.     To  distinguish  one's  self. 

Distraire  (tr.).      To  distract,  to  divert ;  die,  from.     Like  traire. 

Se  distraire.     To  be  diverted;  de,  from.     Se  divertir,  s'amuser.      To  divert  one^s  self. 

Etre  distrait.  7b  be  absent-jjiinded.  To  be  distracted  at  a  misfortune,  etc.,  is  etre  affol4 
de,  etc.    See  157. 

Divertir  (tr.).  To  divert  (turn  aside)',  de,  from;  to  amuse,  to  divert.  Cela  le  divertit. 
That  diverts  (amuses)  him. 

Se  divertir.  To  divert,  amuse,  entertain  one's  self ;  de,  with.  D^tourner  une  rividre  de  son 
cours;  d^tourner  le  cours  d'une  rividre.  To  divert  a  river  fro?n  its  course.  See 
d^tourner. 

Diviser  (tr.).     To  divide ;  en,  into;  diQ^from. 

Divorcer  (intr.^.  To  be  divorced.  Elle  a  divorc6  d'avec  son  mari.  She  divorced  her  hus- 
band.   Etre  s6par6  de  ;  divorcer  d'avec.     To  be  divorced  from. 

Domicilier  se  (pron.  verb).  To  establish  one's  domicile.  Rarely  used  now  except  the  past 
participle  in  passive  form.  II  est  domicilii  dans  cette  commune  ;  a  Paris.  One 
says,  6tablir,  Clever,  son  domicile. 

Donner  (tr.).  To  give.  Abandonner.  T^^^/e/^  «/ (pretensions,  etc.).  C6der.  To  givi  in. 
Idioms  and  sayings :  Qui  donne  tot  donne  deux  fois.  He  gives  twice  who  gives  soon 
(in  a  trice).  Je  VOUS  le  donne  en  cent,  en  dix.  /  give  you  one  hundred  guesses  (ten 
guesses).  Le  regiment  a  donn6.  The  regiment  has  engaged.  Je  lui  donnerais  quarante 
ans.   /  would  take  him  to  be  forty  (would  say  he  is  forty) .   Cela  donne  la  chair  de  poule. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  3OI 

//  makes  one's  flesh  creep.  II  me  donne  gain  de  cause.  He  decides  in  my  favor.  Cela 
me  donne  a  penser.  That  arouses  my  suspicions.  II  vous  donne  tort.  He  decides 
against  you  {he  puts  you  in  the  wrong).  Donner  du  fil  a  retordre  £l  quelqu'un. 
To  give  hard  nuts  to  crack  to  some  one  (Jo  give  any  one  much  trouble).  II  donne  du 
fil  a  retordre.  He  is  a  hard  case.  Le  soleil  me  donne  dans  les  yeux.  The  sun 
shines  in  my  eyes.  Cette  porte  donne  dans  la  rue.  That  door  opens  into  the  street. 
Cette  chambre  (fenetre)  donne  sur  le  jardin.  That  room  (windoiv)  looks  out  on  the 
garden.  Cela  me  donne  des  id6es  noires.  //  (that)  gives  me  the  blues  {makes  me 
homesick).  C'est  a  vous  a  donner  (at  cards).  It  is  your  turn  to  deal.  II  a  donn§ 
dans  ce  piege.  He  has  fallen  into  that  trap  (snare).  On  m'a  donn§  1' 6 veil.  They 
put  me  on  my  guard.  Ce  n'est  pas  donn6  a  tout  le  monde.  //  is  not  everybody  that 
can  do  that.  II  s'est  donn6  la  mort.  He  committed  suicide.  Donnez-moi  la  main. 
Take  my  hand.  II  se  donne  des  airs.  He  assumes  {puts  on)  airs.  II  s'est  donn6  de 
Tair.  //<?  ran  away.  II  m'a  donn6  une  poign6e  de  main.  He  shook  hands  with  me. 
S'en  donner.  To  thoroughly  enjoy  one's  self.  To  have  a  high  old  time.  On  t'en 
donnera  des  tabliers  propres  pour  les  salir.      You  ask  too  much. 

Dormir  (intr.).  To  sleep.  See  125.  Idioms  and  sayings:  Dormir  sur  les  deux  oreilles. 
To  sleep  soundly  {to  have  no  catise  for  anxiety).  Dormir  comme  une  marmotte  (or 
comme  un  sabot).  To  sleep  like  a  top,  like  a  log.  (Dormir  a  poings,  les  poings, 
ferm§s.)  Dormir  (or  faire)  la  grasse  matinee.  To  lie  late  in  bed.  Qui  dort  dine. 
Sleeping  is  as  good  as  dining.  Qui  a  renomm^e  de  se  lever  matin  pent  dormir 
jusqu'a  midi.  A  good  reputation  covers  a  multitude  of  sins.  Dormir  en  gendarme. 
To  sleep  with  one  eye  open. 

Doter  (tr.).      To  endow  (as  a  daughter,  a  public  institution,  etc.)  ;   de,  with. 

Doubler  (tr.).      To  double,  to  line  (clothing)  ;   de,  with.     Doubl§  de  soie,  lined  with  silk. 

Doner  (tr.).  To  endow;  de,  with.  Generally  used  in  passive.  Elle  est  bien  dou§e.  She 
is  quite  gifted.    II  est  dou6  de  bien  belles  qualit^s. 

Douter  (intr.)  de.  To  doubt.  Douter  de  quelque  chose.  J'en  doute.  /  doubt  it.  Douter 
que  quelque  chose  soit  vrai.  Ne  pas  douter  que  quelque  chose  ne  soit  vrai 
(requires  ne  with  subjunctive  when  negative). 

Se  douter  de.  To  suspect,  to  surmise.  Je  ne  me  doutais  de  rien.  /  did  not  suspect  anything. 
Je  m'en  doutais.  /  thought  so.  Se  douter  requires  subjunctive  only  when  negative  or 
interrogative  ;  does  not  require  ne  in  either  case.  Se  douter  implies  suspicion  because 
of  the  penetration  or  shrewdness  of  the  subject ;  soup90nner  implies  merely  suspicion, 
restlessness,  uneasiness.  Suspecter  carries  idea  of  unworthiness  on  part  of  the  object. 
We  would  suspect  (soup^onner)  a  truthful  man  of  not  having  told  the  truth  on  an  occa- 
sion ;  we  would  suspect,  and  justly  (suspecter),  that  an  habitual  liar  had  not  told  the  truth. 

Dresser  (tr.).  To  erect;  draw  up  (a  report);  to  train  (animals),  etc.  Les  cheveux  me 
dressdrent  sur  la  tete.     My  hair  stood  on  end. 

E 

S'^bahir  (fam.).      To  be  amazed,  astonished;  de,  at.     Ordinary  terms:  Etre  frapp6  de  stu- 

peur,  etre  6tonn6. 
S'^battre.     Like  battre.     To  frisk,  to  sport.    Les  poulains  s'^battent  dans  les  prairies 

(fam.) .     See  gambader,  f olttrer. 
S'ebaudir.     Not  used.     See  gambader,  foiatrer. 
Eblouir  (tr.).      To  dazzle.     Le  soleil  I'^blouit.      The  sun  dazzles  him. 


302  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

Etre  Ibloui  de.     II  est  6bloui  de  votre  succds.     S'eblouir  de.     To  get  dazzled  at  (ox  by). 
Ecarter  (tr.).     To  divert,  turn  aside;   de,  from.     Ecarter  un  sujet.      To  waive  a  subject. 

Se  d^tourner.    Ecarter  une  carte.     To  discard  a  card.    See  d^fausser. 
S'6carter  de.     II  s'6carte  de  son  sujet.     He  wanders  from  his  subject. 
Echanger  (tr.)  contre.     To  exchange  (for).     Echanger  une  chose  contre  une  autre.     Je 

changeai  de  chevaux  avec  lui.     /  exchanged  horses  with  him.     See  changer. 
Echapper  (intr.).      To  escape;  ^ei^  from  (when  thing  is  not  an  active  agent);   d,.,  from  (when 

thing  is  considered  an  active  agent).    Echapper  d'une  prison,  du  feu,  du  naufrage. 

To  escape,  to  make  one''s  escape  from  a  prison,  fire^  shipwr'eck.     Echapper  a  la  mort,  a 

Fennemi,  ^  Torage,  au  carnage.      To  escape  {to  be  preserved),  from  death,  the  enemy, 

the  storm,  carnage.     Avoir  is  the  auxiliary  to  express   action;    etre,  to   express  state. 

Ce  mot  m'est  6chapp6.      That  word  escaped  me  (i.e.  /  used  it  inadvertently,  without 

thinking).     Ce  mot  m'a  6chapp6.     The  word  has  escaped  me  (i.e.  /  have  forgotten  it). 

The  distinction  shown  by  the  last  two  sentences  is  not  always  observed  in  practice.    One 

hears  Ca  m'a  6chapp§  with  the  intended  meaning  of  /  did  not  mean  it.     Laisser 

Ichapper  quelque  chose.      To  allow  something  to  escape  ;  to  give  vent  to  something. 
Echapper  as  a  transitive  verb  is  obsolete.     Idiom:  II  I'a  6chapp6  belle.     He  had  a  narrow 

escape.     II  I'a  ^chappe  belle  de  sa  vie.     He  narrozuly  escaped  with  his  life. 
S'6chapper.      To  escape,  to  take  flight.     II  s'^chappa  de  leurs  mains.     He  escaped  from  their 

hands.     S'^chapper  des  mains  de  ses  gardes.      To  escape  j'rom  one's  guards.     S'enfuir 

dans  les  rangs  ennemis.     S'enfuir  a  I'ennemi.     To  make  ones  escape  to  the  enemy. 
S'6chauffer.       To  overheat  one's  self;   a,  in.       To  become  excited,   animated.      Le    dispute 

s'^chauffe. 
Echoir.  See  162. 
Eclaircir  (tr.).      To  clear  up,  to  clear,  etc.     lEclaircir  quelque  chose.      To  enlighten  any  one 

on  {as  to)  anything  =EclsiireT  (not  Eclaircir)  quelqu'un  sur  quelque  chose.     Enlever 

les  ordures  (les  d^combres) .      To  clear  away  dirt  {rubbish) . 
S'6claircir.     I'o  clear  up,  etc.    Le  temps  s'6claircit. 
ifeclater  (intr.).      To  fly  into  fragments,  shivers;  to  shiver  (as  wood);'  to  burst.     Eclater  de 

rire.      To  burst  into  laughter.     But  one  cannot  say  Eclater  de  chanter,  etc. 
Eclore.     See  162. 

Econduire  (tr.).     To  show  out  (of  a  house,  etc.)  politely.     Like  conduire. 
Ecorcher  (tr.) .      To  flay,  to  skin,  etc.      To  fleece  {cheat) .     Ecorcher  le  bras  a  quelqu'un.      To 

rub  off  the  skin  of  any  one's  arm.     Jamais  beau  parler  n'^corche  la  langue.     Fair 

words  never  did  harm  {it  costs  nothing  to  be  polite).     II   ^corche   le   fran^ais   (une 

langue).     He  murders  French  {a  language).     II  ^corche  I'anguille  par  la   queue. 

He  goes  at  things  the  wrong  way  {begins  at  the  wrong  end). 
Ecorner  (tr.).      To  break  the  horns  of  etc.  ;  also  to  nick  (a  plate).     II  fait  un  vent  H  ^corner 

(or  d^corner)  un  bceuf .      The  wind  is  enough  to  blow  one's  head  off. 
Ecouter  (tr.).     To  listen  to.    i^couter  quelqu'un.     II  n'dcoute  que  d'une  Oreille.     He  pays 

very  little  attention.     Comme  cet  homme  s'6coute  !      What  care  that  man  takes  of  him'- 

self  {hy  indulging,  nursing,  himself)  ! 
Ecraser  (tr.).      To  crush,  to  overwhelm.  "  Etre  6cras6  de  travail, 
^crire  (tr.,  irr.).     See  139.     Ecrire  quelqu'un  de  faire  quelque  chose.    Ecrire  a  Londres, 

en  Angleterre.      'Jo  write  to  London,  to  England.      (When  negative  and  followed  by 

que,  Ecrire  requires  the  subjunctive.)     Idiom:  Ecrire  de  bonne  encre  a  quelqu'un. 

To  write  to  some  one  in  strong  terms. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  ■      303 

S'effaroucher  de.     To  be  scared,  startled,  etc.^  at.    Mon  cheval  s'effarouche  d'un  rien. 
S'efforcer.      To  strive,  to  make  an  effort;  de,  to.      To  force  one's  self  to.     II  s'efforce  de  vous 

en  parler. 
Effrayer.     To  frighten ;  par,  with.    Je  I'ai  effray6  par  mes  paroles.     S'effrayer.     To  be 

frightetied,  dismayed;  de,  at.     Ne  VOUS  effrayez  pas  de  cela.     DonH  mind  that ;  never 

mind  that.     Je  suis  effray§  de  son  retard.     /  am  frightened  at  {on  account  of)  his 

lateness. 
Egarer  (tr.).      To  mislead  (itom  a  road);  to  fnislay.     Egarer  des  gants. 
S'egarer.      To  lose  one's  way,  to  get  lost ;  dans,  a,  in.      To  wander,  to  stray  ;  de,  from. 
Egayer  (tr.).      To  enliven,  to  cheer  up.     Egayer  un  malade. 
S'6gayer.     To  brighten  up,  to  become  cheerful.     S'egayer  sur  (le  compte  de)  quelqu'un. 

To  make  merry  at  any  one's  expense. 
S'6gOsiller.      To  make  one's  throat  sore;  a  force  de  crier,  by  shouting.     Also  said  of  birds 

who  sing  with  might  and  main. 
S'61ancer.      To  rush.,  dash,  dart,  etc.;  sur,  upon. 
S'61ever.      To  rise  ;  ^'Q.,  from. 
Eloigner  (tr.).     To  remove,  to  put  farther  away ;  diQ^  from.    "kloignQZ  la  chaise  du  feu,  de 

la  fenetre. 
S'eloigner.    Ne  vous  §loignez  pas  d'ici.    Don't  go  far  away  from  here.    Cela  s'61oigne  de 

la  v6rit6.     That  is  far  from  the  truth.     Ce  pays  est  bien  ^loigne.      That  country  is 

very  distant. 
lEmailler    (tr.).     To  enamel.    Ijmailler  un  vase.      Mille  fleurs   6maillent  les  prairies. 

Emailler  de  (fig.),  to  adorn  with.    Un  discours  §maille  de  citations. 
Emballer  (tr.).     To  bale,  to  bale  up.     To  pack,  to  pack  up.    Emballez  ces  marchandises. 

Vider  un  canot  (avec  une  escope).     To  bale  out  a  boat. 
Embellir  (tr.).     To   embellish,  adorn;   de,    with.     Also    intransitive.     Vous   embellisez    de 

jour  en  jour.      You  grow  more  beautiful  from  day  to  day. 
Emboire.     See  162. 
Emboiter.     To  fit;  (surgery)  to  set  (bones).    Le  chirugien  a  emboit6  le  bras  (dlboit^). 

Le  manche  de  cette  raquette  (ce  battoir)  emboite  bien  la  main.     The  handle  of  this 

racket  fits  the  hand  nicely.     Battoir  also  means  a  base-ball  bat. 
Embrasser  (tr.).     To  embrace;  also  to  kiss.     Qui  trop  embrasse,  mal  6treint.     Grasp  too 

much.,  lose  everything. 
S'^merveiller.     To  marvel,  to  be  astonished ;  de,  at. 
Emettre.     Like  mettre.     To  put  forth,  etc. 

Emigrer  (intr.).      To  emigrate ;  ^Oi.,  from.     Avoir,  for  action;   etre,  for  state. 
Emmener.      To  take  away,  etc.     See  57. 
^moudre  (tr.).     To  grind.     See  154.    Emoulez  cette  cogn^e,  ces  ciseaux.     Grind  that  ax, 

those  scissors.    Le  jeune  homme  est  frais  §moule  de  T university.     The  young  man  is 

fresh  from  the  university. 
Emouvoir    (tr.).     To  move  (the   emotions).      Cela   6meut   les   femmes  (de  compassion). 

Emouvoir  les  sens.     See  mouvoir.    II  ne  s'est  pas  6mu  pour  si  pen.     He  was  not 

disturbed  by  such  trifles. 
S'emparer  de.     To  take  possession  of,  to  seize.     II  s'est  empar^  de  la  ville. 
Empecher  (tr.).    Empecher  quelqu'un  de  faire  quelque  chose.    Empecher  que  quelqu'un 

ne  fasse  quelque  chose.      To  prevent,  to  hinder,  any  one  from  doing  anything.     (Ne 

required  before  the  subjunctive  when  empecher  is  affirmative;   otherwise  not.) 


304      •  THE  FREATH    VERB 

S'empecher  de.    Je  ne  puis  m'empecher  de  faire  cela.     /  cannot  help  doing  that. 

Empi^ter  (tr.  and  intr.).  To  trespass,  to  encroach  upon.  Empi^ter  un  terrain.  Empi^ter 
sur  son  voisin. 

Employer  (tr.).  To  employ.  Employer  quelqu'nn  a  quelque  chose,  a  faire  quelque  chose. 
Idiom :  II  a  employ6  le  vert  et  le  sec  pour  y  parvenir.  He  left  no  stone  unturned 
to  succeed  (in  it). 

S'employer  k  quelque  chose  a  faire  quelque  chose.  To  occupy  one's  self  at  anything,  doing 
soT?iething.     II  s'est  employ^  pour  moi.     He  used  his  interest  in  my  favor. 

Emporter  (tr.).  To  take  away,  to  carry.  See  57.  L'emporter  sur  quelqu'un.  To  get  the 
better  of,  to  overcome  some  one ;  to  outstrip,  surpass  some  one. 

S' emporter  contre.     To  fly  i7ito  a  passion  at,  etc. 

Etre  emport^  par  quelque  chose.  To  be  carried  away  by  something  (as  an  idea).  Sayings 
and  idioms:  S'emporter  comme  une  soupe  au  lait.  To  be  very  hasty-tempered ; 
touchy  as  gunpowder.  Ne  faites  pas  attention  a  ses  menaces,  autant  en  emporte  le 
vent.  Pay  no  attention  to  his  threats,  they  are  as  light  as  air.  Emporter  ses  cliques 
et  ses  claques.  To  be  off,  to  clear  out  bag  and  baggage.  C'est  une  r^ponse  a  I'em- 
porte-pi§ce.  //  is  a  very  cutting  reply  and  to  the  point.  A  I'emporte-pidce.  Cut  out 
by  a  machine  punch.  Cela  m' emporte  la  bouche.  That  burns  my  mouth,  is  too  highly 
spiced. 

Empreindre  (tr.).  Like  craindre.  To  imprint,  to  impress.  Empreindre  ses  pas  sur  la 
neige,  son  image  dans  le  coeur  de  quelqu'un.  Empreindre  is  used  now  most  often  in 
the  past  participle  ;  imprimer,  graver,  are  more  frequently  used  in  the  active  voice. 
Etre  grav§  dans  la  m6moire.  To  be  impressed  on  the  memory.  Frapper  les  esprits 
d'id^es  superstitieuses.  To  impress  the  minds  with  superstitious  ideas.  Inspirer  a 
quelqu'un  ramoiu:  de  la  v6rit6.  To  impress  with  the  love  of  truth.  Etre  penetr6 
d'une  haute  id^e  de  son  importance.  To  be  impressed  with  a  great  idea  of  one's 
importance. 

S'empresser.  To  be  ardent,  eager,  etc.  S'empresser  de  faire  quelque  chose.  To  hasten  to 
do  something.    Etre  empress^  i  quelque  chose,  a  faire  quelque  chose. 

Emprunter  (tr.).      To  borrow.     Emprunter  quelque  chose  a  (or  de)  quelqu'un. 

Enceindre  (tr.).  Like  craindre.  To  encompass,  to  girdle ;  de,  with.  Enceindre  une  ville 
de  murailles.     See  entourer  (more  used  in  sense  of  to  surround). 

Enchanter  (tr.).  To  enchant,  to  beivitch,  to  delight;  de,  with.  Etre  enchants  de  voir 
quelqu'un.     Etre  enchants  que  quelqu'un  (or  quelque  chose)  soit  .  .  . 

Ench§rir  (intr.).  To  go  up,  to  rise,  in  price.  Le  sucre  est  encheri.  N6ron  ench§rit  sur  la 
cruaut§  de  Tibdre.  Nero  outdid  the  cruelty  of  Tiberius.  Ench^rir  hardly  used  in 
sense  of  to  bid  on  (at  auction);  one  says,  mettre,  faire,  une  enchdre  sur  quelque 
chose. 

Enclore.     See  162. 

Encombrer  (tr.).      To  encumber ;  de,  with.     Etre  encombr^  de. 

Encourager  (tr.).      To  encourage,  etc.     A,  to  (b.  i.  or  n.). 

Encourir  (tr.).  Like  courir.  To  incur,  to  draw  dozun  upon  one's  self.  Encourir  des  peines, 
des  punitions,  la  colore  de  quelqu'un.  One  cannot  say  encourir  des  d^penses,  une 
dette,  etc.    But  se  faire  une  d6pense.     Se  cr§er  des  dettes ;  s'endetter. 

Endever  (intr.)  (fam.).  To  be  vexed,  angry;  de,  at.  Se  ficher  is  the  term  in  general  use. 
Faire  endever  quelqu'un.  To  torment  any  one.  II  agit  ainsi  pour  vous  faire 
endever. 


THE  FRENCH  VERB  305 

Endormir  (tr.)  •     Like  dormir.      To  put  to  sleep. 

Endosser  (tr.).     To  put  on  (a  special  dress,  etc.).      To  indorse  (au  profit  de  en  faveur  de) 

to  ;  to  put  on  an  indorsement  (adm.). 
Enduire  (tr.).     See  141.     To  coat,  to  do  over  {2L%\3siz.Q,€)\  ^^.^  with.     On  enduit  (I'int^rieur) 

des  vases  de  goudron  pour  conserver  I'eau.    Le  mur  est  enduit  de  plitre. 
Endurer  (tr.).      To  endure.^  to  bear  (with  que  requires  subjunctive).     See  supporter. 
Enfiler  (tr.).      To  thread,  to  string.     Enfiler  une  aiguille.     To   thread  a   needle.     Enfiler 

quelqu'un.       To  pierce   through   and  through    (with    a   sword).       (Mil.)  to   enfilade. 

Idiom :  Je  ne  suis  pas  ici  pour  enfiler  des  perles.     Pm  not  here  to  waste  my  time. 
Enfreindre  (tr.).     See  150.      To  infringe,  to  violate,  to  break. 
S'enfuir.      To  flee,  to  take  flight  {oi\\Q^\&%,  to  leak).     See  132. 
Engager  (tr.).    To  pledge ;  to  engage  (as  an  employee);  to  pawn.    Engager  quelqu'un  dans 

des  dif6.cult6s.    To  involve  any  one  in  difliculties.    Engager  quelqu'un  a  faire  quelque 

chose.      To  induce  some  one  to  do  something  :  also  to  advise  some  one  to  do  something. 

Engager  son  bien,  sa  parole.      To  pledge  one's  wealth,  one's  word.     Mettre  au  mont- 

de-pi6t6,  to  pawn  (the  usual  expression). 
S'engager  dans  une  entreprise.      To  engage  (Jo  embark)  in  an  undertaking.     S'engager   a 

quelque  chose.      To  bind  one's  self  to  anything.     S'engager  pour  quelqu'un.     To  be 

security  (Jo  pledge  one's  self)  for  any  one. 
S'engouer.     To  half  choke  one's  self.     To  obstruct  one's  throat.     S'engouer  de  quelqu'un,  de 

quelque  chose  (d'un  nouveaut6,  etc.).     To  be  wrapped  up  in,  to  have  a  great  fancy 

for  sotne  one  or  something.     Etre  engou6  de. 
Enhardir  (tr.).     To  embolden  ;  a,  to.    Cela  I'a  enhardi  a  vous  le  demander. 
S'enhardir.    Je  me  suis  enhardi  a  vous  demander  une  faveur.    I  have  7?tade  bold  to  ask  a 

favor  of  you. 
Enjoindre  (tr.).     To  enjoin.    L'eglise  enjoint  I'observation  des  fetes.     Before  an  infinitive 

enjoindre  is  used  impersonally  with  de.    II  lui  fut  enjoint  d'etre  a  I'avenir  plus  cir- 

conspect  dans  son  discours.     He  was  enjoined  to  be  more  circumspect  in  his  speech  in 

future.    Interdire  a  quelqu'un  de  faire  quelque  chose.     To  enjoin  any  one  from  doing 

so  jne  thing. 
Enjoliver  (tr.).     To  embellish;  to  set  off ;  de,  with.    Enjoliver  une  robe,  un  r^cit, 
Enlever  (tr.).     To  take  azvay,  to  remove.     Comparing  enlever  vv^ith  emporter  briefly  we  might 

say  that  emporter  has  primarily  the  idea  of  to  carry  away ;   enlever,  to  lift  up,  to 

remove.    Emportez  le  livre,  vous  le  lirez  a  votre  loisir.     Take  the  book  with  you,  you 

may  read  it  at  your  convenience.     Enlevez  ce  livre  de  dessus  la  table.      Take  the  book 

off  the  table.    Contrast  emmener  and  emporter.     Idiom :  Les  journaux  s'enlevdrent 

COmme  du  pain.      The  papers  sold  like  hot  cakes  (like  wildfire), 
Ennuyer  (tr.).      To  tire,  to  weary,  to  annoy,  etc.;  de,  with. 
S'ennuyer.      II  s'ennuie  d'attendre.      He  is  getting  tired  of  waiting.      II    s'ennui    de 

tout.      Vous  I'ennuyez.      You  annoy  him.      II  avait  I'air  coatrari§.      He  looked 

annoyed. 
S'enorgueillir.     To  become  {get)  proud ;  de,  of.     To  plume  one's  self  on  =  Tirer  vanit6  de ; 

etre  orgueilleux.     See  also  etre  fier  de, 
S'enqu^rir.      To  inquire  ;  ^<b,  for,  about.     See  128. 
S'enqueter  de.    To  inquire  about.  The  first  is  more  used  than  the  second.    Je  m'en  informai. 

/  inquired  how  it  was.     See  s'informer. 
Enrager  (intr.).     To  be  enraged,  furious ;  de,  at,  on  account  of    II  enrage  d6  ne  pouvoir 

martin's   FRENCH  VERB  —  20 


306  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

parler;  de  voir  son  ennemi  dans  ce  poste.  Etre  enrag^  contre  quelqu'un.  The 
following  are  colloquial  or  familiar :  II  enrage  de  mal  de  tete,  du  mal  des  dents.  He 
is  wild  {fnad)  with  (he  headache,  toothache  (Acad.).  Manger  de  la  vache  enrag§e. 
To  undergo  hardships,  privations. 

S'enrouer.      To  get  hoarse,  to  make  one's  self  hoarse  ;  en,  by  (before  gerund). 

Enseigner  (tr.).     To  teach,  to  give  lessons  to,  to  tutor.    Enseigner  quelque  chose  H  quelqu'un. 

Ensemencer  (tr.).     To  sow  (ground) ;  de,  with.    Etre  ensemenc6  de  bl6. 

S'ensuivre.  To  ensue.  See  145.  Used  only  in  the  infinitive,  the  participles,  and  the  third 
persons  of  the  tenses;  requires  subjunctive  after  que  when  negative  or  interrogative. 
Un  grand  bien  s'ensuivit  de  tant  de  maux.  A  great  good  erisued  from  so  many  evils. 
S'ensuit-il  que  vous  ayez  tort?  (impers.)  Does  it  follow  that  you  are  wrong?  Le 
silence  s'^tablit.     Silence  ensued.    Les  annles  suivantes.      The  ensuing  years. 

Entacher  (tr.).  To  infect,  taint  with.  Etre  entache  de.  To  be  stained,  infected,  tainted, 
zuith.  See  infecter.  Entacher  is  used  more  in  the  figurative  sense :  C'est  une  faute 
qui  entache  Fhonneur. 

Entendre  (tr.).  To  hear,  to  under stajid,  to  intend,  etc.  See  ouir,  170.  Idioms  and  sayings: 
A  bon  entendeur  salut.  A  word  to  the  wise  is  enough.  II  n'entend  pas  de  cette 
oreille.  He  zuill  listen  to  nothing  on  that  siibject.  On  ne  s'entend  pas  ici.  The  noise 
is  too  great  to  hear  anything.  Qu'ontendez-vous  par  la  ?  What  do  you  mean  by  that? 
Vous  ne  vous  y  entendez  pas.  You  do  not  knojv  how  to  set  about  it,  hoxv  to  manage  it. 
II  n'y  entend  pas  malice.  He  does  not  mean  any  harm  ;  he  takes  it  innocently.  II 
s'entendent  comme  larrons  en  foire.  There  is  an  understanding  between  them,  they 
are  intimate.  II  n'est  pire  sourd  que  celui  qui  ne  veut  pas  entendre.  None  so  deaf 
as  those  who  will  not  hear.  J'entends  etre  obei.  I  expect  obedience.  M'entendez-vous  ? 
Do  you  widerstand  me  ?  J'entends  bien.  I  understand  perfectly.  II  s'entend  aux 
affaires.  He  is  a  bom  business  man.  Faire  (br  donner)  H  entendre  a  quelqu'un. 
To  give  a  hint  to  any  one.  Laisser  entendre  a  quelqu'un.  To  give  any  one  to  under- 
stand. C'est  entendu.  It  is  agreed,  understood.  Bien  entendu.  Certainly,  surely. 
Entendre  dire.  To  hear,  to  hear  say.  J'ai  entendu  dire  que  votre  frere  est  malade. 
Je  Tai  entendu  dire.  I  have  heard  it  said.  Entendre  parler  de.  To  hear  of,  to  hear 
spoken  of  J'ai  entendu  parler  de  cette  dame.  J'en  ai  entendu  parler.  I  have  heard 
about  it  {heard  it  spoken  of).  Entendre  raillerie.  To  knozv  how  to  take  a  joke.  N'y 
a-t-il  pas  moyen  de  s'entendre?     Is  there  no  ivay  to  come  to  an  understanding? 

Enterrer  (tr.).  To  inter,  to  bury.  Mieux  vaut  goujat  debout  qu'empereur  enterr^.  A 
living  dog  is  better  than  a  dead  lion. 

S'enteter.  To  get  obstinate,  stubborn,  etc.  S'enteter  de  quelque  chose.  To  take  a  strong 
fancy  to  something. 

Enthousiasmer  (tr.).     'To  enrapture,  to  make  enthusiastic ;  de,  tvith,  over. 

S'enthousiasmer.      To  become  enthusiastic;  de,  over  (b.  n.).     Not  used  before  the  infinitive. 

Enticher  (tr.).  To  spoil.  To  inspire  a  strong  feeling  {in  some  one);  de,  for.  Qui  vOUS 
a  entich6  de  cette^  person  ne?  The  past  participle  sometimes  used  for  gate  with 
respect  to  fruits.  Etre  entich§  de  quelque  chose,  de  quelqu'un.  See  also  etre 
engou6  de. 

Entourer  (tr.).  To  surround,  to  encompass;  de,  with.  Entourer  quelqu'un  de  soins.  To 
lavish  care  on  any  one. 

S'entourer  de.  Etre  entour^  de.  La  ville  est  entour^e  de  soldats.  II  est  entour6  d'espions 
par  le  pr6fet. 


THE  FREATCH   VERB  307 

S'entr' aider.      To  aid  {help)  each  other  {one  another)  \  i,  to  (b.  i.). 

Entrelacer.      To  interlace;  de,  with. 

Entrelarder.      To  interlard ;  de,  with. 

Entremeler.      To  inter jnix,  intermingle  ;  de,  with. 

S'entremeler  does  not  mean  to  intertneddle  ;  see  se  meler,  s'entremettre. 

S'entremettre.  To  interfere^  to  intermeddle ;  dans.  Used  in  an  uncomplimentary  sense. 
Si  vous  ne  vous  6tiez  pas  interpose,  or  Si  vous  ne  vous  en  ^tiez  pas  mele.  If  you 
had  not  interfered.  Pourquoi  VOUS  en  etes-VOUS  mele  ?  Why  did  you  interfere  ? 
Blesser  des  int^rets.  To  interfere  with  interests.  Leurs  interets  se  contrariaient. 
7^heir  interests  interfered. 

Entreprendre  (tr.).     See  143.     To  undertake ;  de,  to  (b.  i.). 

Entreprendre  (intr.)  sur,  contre.      To  encroach  upon. 

Entrer  dans  (b.  n.).  To  enter.  11  est  entrl.  He  came  in.  II  est  entr6  dans  la  maison. 
He  entered  {went  into)  the  house.  Entrer  dans  une  ville,  dans  une  chambre,  dans 
une  famille,  dans  les  sentiments  de  quelqu'un.  Entrer  au  college.  Faire  entrer. 
To  enter,  to  cause  to  enter,  or  to  .come  in.  Entrer  en  scene.  To  appear  on  the  stage. 
Entrer  dans  les  ordres.  To  enter  holy  orders.  Entrer  en  service.  To  become  a 
servant.  Entrer  au  service.  To  enter  {join)  the  army.  Entrer  en  religion.  To 
becojne  a  monk.  Entrer  en  manage.  I'o  get  married,  to  begirt  housekeeping.  Entrer 
en  pourparlsrs.  To  enter  into  {begin)  negotiations.  Entrer  dans  le»complot.  To 
enter  {Join  iji)  the  conspiracy.  Etre  entr6  dans  une  affaire.  To  be  interested  in  an 
affair.  Le  public  n'entre  pas  ici  (or  on  n'entre  pas).  Positively  no  admittance. 
Entrer  en  ligne  de  compte.      To  be  taken  into  account. 

S'entre-souvenir  de.  To  half  re?nember.  Conjugate  like  venir.  Used  like  se  souvenir,  177, 
but  infrequently. 

Entretenir  (tr.).  Like  venir.  To  hold  together,  to  stipport;  to  converse  with,  etc.  Entretenir 
un  chemin,  une  maison,  etc.      To  keep  a  road,  a  house,  etc.,  in  repair. 

S'entretenir  (meanings  of  entretenir) .  To  subsist,  to  support  one's  self  II  s'entretient  avec 
trois  francs  par  semaine.  Les  femmes  s'entretiennent  de  bagatelles.  Women  chat 
abotit  bagatelles. 

Entrevoir  (tr.).     To  catch  a  glimpse  of.     Like  voir. 

Entr'ouvrir  (tr.).      To  half  open  ;  to  set  doors  ajar.     Like  ouvrir. 

Envelopper  (tr.).  To  wrap  up,  to  envelop.  Enveloppez  mes  achats.  Wrap  up  my  pur- 
chases.   Etre  enveloppi  de  (quelque  chose,  par  quelqu'un). 

S'envelopper  de.    S'envelopper  de  mystdre. 

Envier  (tr.).  To  be  etivious  of  any  one  {ox  anything).  Envierquelqu'un.  Envier  quelque 
chose  i  quelqu'un.  J'envie  votre  sante.  Je  vous  envie  votre  sante.  II  est  envi^ 
de  tout  le  monde.  He  is  envied  by  everybody.  Envier  carries  the  idea  of  desiring 
something  at  the  expense  of  another.  Avoir  envie  de  has  only  the  idea  of  a  desire  for 
something  or  to  do  something,  without  wishing  to  deprive  any  one  else.  Les  enfants 
ont  envie  de  tout  ce  qu'ils  voient.    J'ai  envie  de  partir  tout  de  suite. 

Environner  (tr.).  To  enconipass,  to  surround;  de,  with.  De  used  in  sense  of  with  or  by  in 
passive  and  reflexive  forms. 

S'envoler.  To  fly  away,  to  take  flight ;  ^'^^  from.  Les  plaisirs  s'envolent.  Pleasures  are 
fleeting  {fleet  azuay). 

Envoyer.     See  112. 

Epancher  (tr.).     To  pour  out  gently  (a  liquid);  to  open  (one's  heart),     ^pancher  du  vin,  de 


3o8  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

I'huile.     See  verser.     Epancher  son  coeur.     S'epancher  dans  le  sein  de  quelqu'un. 

To  unbosom  one's  self  to  anyone.     Corresponding  expressions:  Ouvrir  son  CGBur  a,  se 

confer  a  quelqu'un,  s'ouvrir  a  quelqu'un,  se  deboutonner  a  quelqu'un.     (The  last 

is  quite  familiar.) 
Epargner  (tr.).     To  spare  Qo  save);  to  economize;  to  use  sparingly.     Epargner  de  la  peine 
■      i  quelqu'un.      To  save  {spare)  any  one  trouble.     Avez-vous  besoin  de  votre  livre? 

Pouvez-vous  vous  passer  de  votre  livre?     Can  yoic  spare  your  book?    J'ai  besoin  de 

vous;  je  ne  saurais  me  passer  de  vous.     I  need  you  ;  I  cannot  spare  yoti. 
Epiloguer  (intr.).     To  find  fault ;  sur,  with.    II  Epilogue  sur  les  ouvrages  de  cet  auteur. 

The  transitive  form  of  this  verb  is  rarely  used. 
Epointer  (tr.).     To  break  or  use  up  the  point  (of  a  tool).     Epointer  un  crayon. 
S'6pouvanter.      To  take  fright;  de,  at. 
S'Iprendre.      To  become  enamored ;  de,  of  with;  to  be  taken  {smitten)  with.     See  143.     Used 

only  in  present  participle  and  the  compound  tenses.     Applies  to  persons  and  things. 

See  engouer.     II  s'6prend  de  toutes  les  femmes  qu'il  voit.     He  falls  in  love  with  all 

the  -ivomen  he  sees.  ^ 

Equiper  (tr.).     To  equip,  etc.;  de,  with. 
Equivaloir  (intr.).      To  be  of  the  same  value  as,  to  be  equivalent  to.     Rarely  used  except  in 

past  participle  and  third  person  singular  present  indicative.     See  118. 
Ergoter  (intr.)*.     To  quibble,  cavil ;  sur,  at.     II  ergote  sur  tout. 
Errer  (intr.).     To  wander ;  dans  or  par,  about,  over.    Le  pauvre  enfant  avait  err6  dans 

(or  par)  toute  la  campagne  avant  qu'on  I'eut  trouve.     Voguer  used  if  one  wanders 

about  with    no    object;    in   sense    of  to    rove   in   search    of  pleasure,    adventure,    etc. 

S'eloigner  (or  s'§carter)  du  sujet,  d'un  chemin,  to  wander  from  the  subject,  from 

a  road. 
Escamoter  (tr.).     To  juggle,  etc.    Escamoter  quelque  chose  a  quelqu'un.     To  pilfer  any- 
thing from  any  one.      To  beat  any  one  out  of  anyfhitig  (fam.).     Dites  donc  c'est  VOUS 

qui  m'avez  escamot^  mon  livre. 
Escroquer.     To  swindle,  to  cheat.    Escroquer  quelque  chose  a  quelqu'un.     To  swindle  any 

one  out  of  anything.    Escroquer  de  I'argent  a  quelqu'un.    II  m'a  escroqu6  200  francs. 
Esp^rer.     To  hope,   to  be  hopeful  of.      See   62.     When  followed  by  que,  espdrer   requires 

the  subjunctive,  if  negative;    but  if  it  is  affirmative  or   interrogative,  it  requires   the 

indicative. 
Essaimer  (intr.).     To  swarm  (of  bees).    Les  abeilles  assaiment  au  printemps.     But,  La 

rue  fourmillent  de  personnes.      The  street  swarms  with  people, 
Essayer.     See  64. 

Estimer  (tr.).      To  estimate,  to  appreciate,  etc. 
S'estimer.      To  esteem  one's  self     II  s'estime  digne  de  recevoir  ces  honneurs.     He  considers 

himself  worthy  (or  to  be  worthy)  to  receive  those  honors. 
S'estomaquer  de.      To  take  opnse  at,  to  be  unable  to  stomach  (fam.).     Etre  estoniaqu6.     Ce 

que  j'ai  kik  estomaqu6  quand  j'ai  appris  cette  nouvelle !     What  a  surprise  it  was  for 

me  when  I  heard  that  piece  of  news!  (very  fam.). 
]i)teindre  (tr.).      To  extinguish.     See  150. 

Etendre  (tr.).     To  extend,  etc.     Like  rendre.     Etendre  la  vie.      To  prolong  life. 
S'6tendre.      To  extend,  etc.     S'6tendre  sur.     To  expatiate  upon. 
S'^tonner.      To  be  astonished;  de,  at.     (De  used  b.  n.  or  i.)  ■ 
S'^toudir.     To  divert  one's  mind;  sur,  from.    II  s'est  ^tourdi  sur  cette  perte.     Chercher 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  309 

^  s'6tourdir.  To  try  to  forget  one's  troubles.  II  s'est  adonn6  i  la  boisson  pour 
s'^tourdir. 
Etre.  See  28.  Je  fus  le  voir.  I  went  to  see  him.  J'irai  le  voir.  II  est  a  §tudier.  He  is 
{ai)  studying.  Etre  a  quelqu'un.  To  be  with  one,  to  attend  to  any  one.  Je  serai  a 
vous  a  r instant.  Pit  be  with  you  in  a  moment.  Le  livre  est  a  lui,  a  mon  pdre. 
The  book  is  his,  is  my  father's.  Etre  de  tout.  To  take  part  in  everything,  to  be  into 
everything.  Etre  de  moitie.  To  go  halves.  Etre  de  .  .  .  To  be  concerned  in  .  .  .,  to 
be  one  of  a  number.  Nous  sommes  des  votres.  N'etre  pas  a  soi  {not  to  be  one's  self) 
might  be  ambiguous;  it  is  better  to  say,  ne  se  contenir  plus  or  etre  hors  de  soi.  II  est 
hors  de  lui.  He  is  beside  himself.  J'y  suis  pour  un  tiers.  I  have  a  third  ititer est  in 
it.  II  en  est  pour  son  argent,  pour  ses  peines.  He  is  out  his  money,  his  pains. 
C'est  a  lui,  a  quelqu'un,  de  faire  cela.  //  is  for  hitn,for  some  one,  to  do  that.  Si 
j'^tais  de  vous.  If  I  were  you.  Je  n'y  suis  pour  personne.  lam  not  at  home  to 
anybody.  Je  n'y  suis  pour  rien.  /  have  nothing  to  do  with  it,  no  hand  in  it.  Vous 
n'y  etes  pas.  Yoic  do  not  understand ;  "you  are  out  of  it."  J'y  suis,  j'y  reste. 
Here  I  am,  here  I  stop  {shall  stay).  Cette  fois,  9a  y  est.  Now  it  is  done,  and  no  mis- 
take. II  n'en  a  rien  ktk.  Nothing  came  of  it.  II  en  sera  ce  qu'il  vous  plaira.  It 
shall  be  just  as  you  please.     Je  ne  sais  plus  ou  j'en  suis.      I.    I  have  lost  the  place  where 

I  left  off  (in  reading,  etc.).  2.  I  do  not  know  what  I  am  about.  Je  Suis  tres  bien  avec 
lui.  I  am  on  very  good  terms  with  him.  Voila  ce  que  c'est  que  de  se  mettre  en  coldre. 
That  is  the  consequence  of  losing  one's  temper.  Je  suis  a  I'^troit.  I  am  cramped  for 
room.  On  ne  peut  pas  etre  et  avoir  §t6.  One  cannot  have  one's  cake  and  eat  it  too. 
Etre  a  m§me  de  faire  quelque  chose.  To  be  qualified,  in  a  position,  to  do  something. 
Je  suis  en  butte  a  la  calomnie.  I  am  exposed  to  slander.  Vous  n'en  serez  pas  quitte 
a  si  bon  compte.  You  won't  get  off  so  easily  as  that.  Vous  n'y  etes  pas  encore.  You 
have  not  hit  it  yet.  Avant  qu'il  soit  peu.  Before  long.  Etre  dans  la  gene.  To  be  in 
hard  circumstances.  Pour  ce  qui  est  de  moi.  As  to  me.  Elle  est  manier^e.  She  is 
affected.  C'est  la  mouche  du  coche.  He  is  a  busybody.  lis  sont  a  tu  et  i  toi. 
They  are  on  the  most  familiar  terms.     II  est  comme  un  coq  en  pHte.      He  is  in  clover. 

II  est  aux  petits  soins.  He  is  full  of  delicate  attentions.  Une  fois  n'est  pas  coutume. 
It  is  only  for  this  once.  II  est  sujet  k  caution.  He  is  not  to  be  trusted.  (Caution  = 
bail.)  C'est  une  vraie  corvee.  //  is  an  imposition.  C'est  9a.  Quite  so.  That's  it. 
Etre  is  also  used  impersonally  for  il  y  a  :  II  est  des  hommes  de  ginie. 

lEtreindre  (tr.).     Like  craindre.      To  bind.     Etreignez  ce  fagot.      To  press,  embrace  tightly. 

C'est  I'^motion  qui  T^treint.      Prov. :    Qui  trop  embrasse,  mal  6treint.      He  who 

undertakes  too  many  things  at  once  succeeds  at  nothing. 
Etudier  (tr.).     To  study.     Etudier  un  morceau  de  musique.      To  practice  a  piece  of  music. 

J'6tudie  le  piano.     See  s'exercer.    Je  ne  travaille  pas   assez  Is   piano.     /  don't 

practice  the  piano  enough.     Mettez  vous  a  votre  piano.     Go  and  practice. 
S'^tudier.     To  make  it  one's  study  to.     II  s'ltudie  a  plaire. 

S'6vertuer.     To  exert  one's  self;  a,  to.    II  s'dvertue  a  comprendre  ce  que  vous  dites. 
S'exasp^rer.      To  become  exasperated ;  de,  at. 

Exclder  (tr.).      To  exceed,  to  go  beyond  (excdder  ses  ordres)  ;  to  zveary. 
S'exceder.     To  wear  one's  self  out ;  par  or  de,  by.    Cet  homme  s'excdde  par  (or  de)  ses 

debauches. 
Exceller  (intr.).     To  excel ;  a,  in  (b.  i.).    Exceller  k  faire  quelque  chose.     Exceller  sur 

quelqu'un.     To  excel,  to  surpass,  any  one.    Exceller  en  quelque  chose. 


310  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

Exciper  de.  To  plead  an  exception  (law).  II  excipa  d'une  prescription  pour  ne  pas  subir 
sa  condemnation.  Exciper  d'une  quittance.  To  plead  a  receipt^  to  ailege  a  receipt  as 
his  defense.     Exciper  de  sa  bonne  foi. 

Exciter  (tr.).     To  excite;  a,  to,    II  a  ^t^  excite  a  faire  cela. 

S'exciter  a  quelque  chose  (a  Taction).     Not  often  used  reflexively. 

Exclure.     To  exclude.     Like  conclure. 

Excuser  (tr.).  To  excuse.  Excuser  les  f antes  de  la  jeunesse.  Excuser  quelqu'un  de  faire 
quelque  chose.  To  excuse  any  one  front,  doing  anything.  Excuser  quelqu'un  auprds 
de  quelqu'un.  To  make  excuses  to  some  one  for  some  one  {to  exculpate  some  one  to  some 
one).  Voulez-vous  m'excuser  aupres  de  votre  sceur.  Will  you  make  7ny  apologies 
(or  my  excuses)  to  your  sister  for  me?  S'excuser.  II  s'est  excusd  sur  ses  nombreux 
devoirs  de  n'etre  pas  venu.  He  pleaded  his  numerous  duties  as  an  excuse  for  not  hav- 
ing come.  S'excuser  sur  un  autre  rarely  used;  see  rejeter  la  faute  (le  blime)  sur 
quelqu'un.  To  throio^  cast^  the  blame  on  another.  S'excuser  de  ne  pouvoir  accepter 
une  invitation.  7^o  decline  an  invitation.  (Refuser  une  invitation  also  means  to 
decline,  etc.,  but  is  a  little  stronger.)  Faire  des  excuses  a  quelqu'un.  To  apologize  to 
any  one.    Je  lui  ferai  mes  excuses  de  ne  1' avoir  pas  fait. 

S'excuser.      1  o  apologize.    Faire  I'apologie  de.      To  apologize  for  anything. 

Exempter  (tr.).  To  exempt.  Exempter  quelqu'un  de  quelque  chose.  Exempter  quelqu'un 
de  faire  quelque  chose.     7b  dispense  with  any  one^s  doing  something. 

S'exempter  (de). 

Exercer  (tr.).  To  exercise,  to  train,  to  practice.  Exercer  quelqu'un  a  quelque  chose,  a  faire 
quelque  chose.  To  train  {or  practice)  some  one  in  something,  in  doing  something. 
Exercer  des  chiens  i  la  chasse.  See  dresser.  Exercer  la  patience  de  quelqu'un. 
To  try  any  one's  patience.  Exercer  la  medicine,  une  profession,  un  metier.  To 
practice  medicine,  to  exercise  a  profession.  To  practice  i7uisic  (on  an  instrument),  see 
^tudier. 

S'exercer.    II  s'exerce  an  revolver,  a  tirer.     S ' exercer  au  piano.     To  practice  the  piano. 

Exhausser  (tr.).  To  raise,  lift  zip  (a  wall,  house,  etc.).  On  a  exhaussd  le  plafond  de  vingt 
centimetres. 

Exhorter  (tr.).      To  exhort;  i,  to  (b.  n.  or  i.). 

Exiler  (tr.).      To  exile ;  ^q,  from. 

S'exiler.  S'exiler  des  plaisirs  de  ses  amis.  To  withdraw  from  the  pleasures  of  one's 
friends. 

Expier  (tr.).  To  expiate,  to  atone  for.  Expier  quelque  chose  auprds  de  quelqu'un.  To 
atone  to  any  one  for  anything.  J'ai  expi6  ma  faute.  La  vertu  compense  (or  rachdte) 
les  d^fauts  physiques.      Virtue  atottes  {compensates)  for  physical  defects. 

Expirer  (intr.).     To  expire,  to  die.     With  avoir  to  express  action;   etre,  to  express  state. 

Exposer  (tr.).  To  expose,  to  exhibit.  Ce  peintre  a  expos6  ces  tableaux  chez  Mme.  B.  A 
used  in  sense  of  to  before  a  noun  and  may  be  used  before  the  infinitive. 

S'exposer.    II  s'expose  i  recevoir  de  graves  injures. 

S'extasier.  To  go  into  ecstasies;  sur,  over;  to  be  enraptured  with.  II  s'extase  sur  ce 
morceau  de  musique. 

Extorquer.  To  extort;  I.,  from.  Extorquer  de  I'argent  a  quelqu'un.  On  lui  a  extorqu6 
son  consentiment  a  ce  mariage. 

Extraire  (tr.).  To  extract;  de,  from.  Like  traire.  Retirer  du  plaisir  d'une  bonne  action. 
To  extract  pleasure  from  a  good  action.    Arracher  une  dent.     To  extract  {to  pull)  a  tooth. 


THE  FRENCH    VERB  311 


F 

Ficher  (tr.).  To  offend,  to  vex,  to  make  angry.  Etre  ftchl.  To  be  angry,  vexed,  offended 
at;  centre  (b.  persons),  de  (b.  things).  Etre  fiche  contre  quelqu'un.  7'c  be  angry 
zvith  {at)  so7jie  one. 

Se  ficher.  To  get,  become  angry,  to  take  offense  ;  COntre  (b.  persons),  de  (b.  things),  at,  -with. 
Are  you  angry  at  me  for  having  that  tree  cut  down  ?  (.  .  .  de  ce  que  j'ai  fait,  abattre 
cet  arbre.)     II  s'est  tkztik  de  vous  voir  choisi. 

Facher,  used  impersonally  with  cela  or  il,  requires  de  before  a  following  inlinitive.  II  lui 
fache  de  vous  voir  heureux. 

Faillir  (intr.).  To  err,  to  transgress,  to  fail,  etc.  La  m^moire  lui  a  failli.  See  163.  Taillir 
before  an  infin.  means  to  be  oti  the  point  of. 

Faire.  To  make,  to  do.  Conjugated  p.  26.  Used  in  many  idiomatic  constructions,  some  of 
which  follow. 

Se  faire  a.  To  get  used  to.  Faire  is  used  transitively  in  sense  of  to  make ;  to  have  or  to 
cause  to  be  ;  to  get  (done').  Faire  une  machine,  du  pain,  du  beurre,  etc. ;  du  bruit  (« 
noise)  ;  une  promesse  ;  un  achat  {a  purchase) ;  le  bien,  le  mal  {to  do  good,  to  do 
■evil);  un  servjce  {do  a  favor)-,  une  voyage,  une  operation  {to  perform  a  journey,  an 
operation) ;  le  malade,  I'enfant,  etc.  {to  play,  sham,  sick,  to  act  the  child,  etc.) ;  faire 
faire  quelque  chose  a  quelqu'un  {to  cause,  to  have,  to  make  any  one  do  anything) ; 
faire  relier  un  livre  {to  have  a  book  bound).  A  faire.  Undone.  Faire  trop.  To 
overdo.  N'en  faites  rien.  Do  nothing  of  the  kind.  Ne  faire  rien  de  la  sorte  (like 
last).  Donner  fort  a  faire  i  quelqu'un.  To  give  a  great  deal  to  do,  a  great  deal  of 
trouble  to  any  one.  Faire  un  lit,  une  chambre,  le  diner.  Make  a  bed,  do  a  room^  cook 
{get)  dinner.  Idioms  and  sayings :  Se  faire  fete  de.  7V?  rejoice  over,  to  anticipate  with 
joy.  lis  se  font  une  fete  de  vous  voir.  They  are  rejoicing  over  the  prospect  of  seeing 
you.  Se  faire  gloire  de.  To  glorify  in,  to  take  a  pride  in.  II  se  fait  gloire  de  sa  nais- 
sance.  II  se  fait  vieux.  He  is  getting  old.  II  s'est  fait  soldat,  m^decin.  He  became 
a  soldier,  turned  doctor.  II  s'est  fait  une  entorse.  He  has  sprained  his  ankle.  II  se 
fait  tard.  It  is  getting  late.  Comment  se  f ait-il  ?  How  is  it  ?  II  en  fait  ses  delices. 
He  takes  a  great  delight  in  it.  Je  ne  sais  que  faire.  /  don^t  know  what  to  do.  Je  ne 
sais  qu'y  faire.  I  cannot  help  it.  Qu'y  faire  ?  Hotv  to  help  it?  Que  voulez-vous 
que  j'y  fasse?  How  can  I  help  it?  Often  expressed  by  que  voulez-vous?  On  fait 
de  lui  ce  qu'on  veut.  He  has  no  will  of  his  own.  Faites-en  des  choux  des  raves.  Do 
what  you  like  with  it  (Faites-en  ce  que  vous  voulez).  Je  n'ai  que  faire  de  vos  con- 
seils.  /  have  no  need  of  your  advice.  Une  bonne  a  tout  faire.  A  maid  of  all  work. 
Un  homme  a  tout  faire.  An  unscrupulous  fnan.  Vous  me  faites  mal.  You  are 
hurting  me.  Vous  me  faites  du  mal.  You  are  doing  me  an  injury.  C'en  est  fait. 
It  is  the  end  of  it ;  ifs  settled.  C'en  est  fait  de  lui,  d'elle.  It^s  all  up  with  him.,  with 
her.  Grand  bien  lui  fasse  !  Much  good  may  it  do  him  !  II  a  juge  a  propos  de  faire 
cela.  He  thought  it  was  the  correct  thing  to  do.  II  fait  courir.  He  keeps  a  racing  stud. 
II  se  fait  la  barbe.  He  is  shaving  {himself).  On  lui  fait  la  barbe.  He  is  being  shaved. 
Je  vous  (lui)  ferai  la  barbe.  /  shall  beat  you  {him)  hollozu.  II  a  fait  maison  nette. 
He  made  a  clean  sweep  of  all  his  employees.  On  a  fait  table  rase.  They  changed  all  the 
regulations.  II  fait  le  lundi.  He  loafs  every  Monday.  Faire  son  chemin.  To  suc- 
ceed in  life.  Faire  du  chemin.  To  ivalk  far.  II  fait  dix  milles  a  I'heure.  He  walks 
at  the  rate  of  ten  miles  an  hour.     II  fait  I'admiration  de  tous.     He  is  the  admiration 


312  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

of  all.  II  a  fait  le  coup  de  fusil.  He  has  fought  in  a  real  war.  Sa  maison  fait  face 
a  r^glise.  His  house  faces  the  church.  II  ne  peut  faire  face  a  ses  engagements.  He 
cannot  meet  all  his  engagements.  II  a  fait  des  siennes.  He  was  a  mischief-maker.  Ce 
tableau  fait  pendant  a  I'autre.  This  is  a  companion  picture  to  the  other.  II  a  fait 
honneur  au  diner.  He  did  justice  to  the  dinner.  II  fait  la  planche.  lie  floats  on  his 
back  (swimming).  II  vous  fait  bonne  mine.  He  is  very  polite  to  your  face.  Faites 
vos  jeux.  Put  up  your  money  {^diXiMmgi^xm).  Voulez-vous  faire  une  partie?  Will 
you  take  a  hand  (at  a  game)  ?  C'est  a  VOUS  de  faire  (de  donner).  Hs  your  turn  to 
deal  (cards) .  On  fait  grand  cas  de  lui.  He  is  thought  a  great  deal  of  Faire  de  la  medi- 
cine. To  practice  medicine.  Faire  son  droit.  To  study  law.  II  fait  loi  (autorit^). 
He  is  an  authority.  II  fait  le  mort.  He  conceals  his  whereabouts.  Allez  faire  de  la  mon- 
naie.  Go  and  get  some  change.  Cela  ne  me  fait  ni  chaud  ni  froid.  It  is  all  the  sa?ne  to 
me.  Cela  ne  me  fait  rien.  That  makes  no  difference  to  me,  is  of  no  consequence  to  me. 
Qu'est-ce  que  9a  fait  ?  What  does  that  matter  ?  II  n'en  fait  qu'a  sa  tete.  He  will  be 
sure  to  have  his  own  way.  II  ne  fait  qu'arriver.  He  has  just  arrived.  On  ne  lui  a  pas 
fait  dire  cela.  They  did  not  wait  for  others  to  tell  him  that.  They  wanted  to  tell 
him  that  themselves.  II  a  du  savoir  faire.  He  has  tact.  Je  n'aime  pas  sa  maniere  de 
faire.  /  don't  like  his  way  of  doing  things  {his  system).  C'est  bien  fait  pour  lui.  // 
serves  him  very  well  {right).  Cela  ne  fait  pas  bien.  That  doesn't  look  zvell.  Rien  ne 
lui  fait.  Nothitig  is  of  avail  (with  him).  Rien  n'y  fait.  Nothing  puts  hitn  out ;  he  is 
incorrigible.  Faites  voir  un  pen.  Just  show  me.  Ce  vin  se  fera.  This  wiite  will 
improve.  Faire  sentinelle.  To  be  on  post  {as  a  sentinel).  J'ai  fait  cela  tout  d'une 
haleine.  /  did  that  without  stopping.  Les  chaleurs  qu'il  a  fait.  The  hot  zueather 
we've  had.  lis  ont  fait  assaut  d' esprit.  They  vied  with  each  other  in  wit.  Faire 
assaut  de  vitesse.  To  run  a  race.  Faire  des  chateaux  en  Espagne.  To  build  castles 
in  the  air.  II  fait  cher  vivre  a  Paris,  etc.  living  is  dear  in  Paris,  etc.  II  fait  bon 
ici.  It  is  very  comfortable  here.  Elle  se  fait  belle.  She  puts  on  lots  of  finery.  II  a 
fait  grace.  He  has  pardoned.  Faites-nous  grace  de  cela.  Spare  us  that.  Comment 
se  fait-il  que  vous  voila?  Hozv  is  it  that  you  are  here  ?  Faire  des  pieds  et  des  mains. 
To  do  all  in  one's  power.  Je  m'y  ferai.  I  shall  get  used  to  it.  Faire  fleche  de  tout 
bois.  To  take  advantage  of  every  opportunity.  II  S3  fait  du  bon  sang.  He  has  a  good 
time.  II  en  fera  ses  choux  gras.  He  will  make  use  of  ivhat  you  throw  away.  C'est 
fait  tant  bien  que  mal.  It  is  done  in  a  perfunctory  manner.  Faites-moi  part  de  vos 
chagrins.  Let  me  share  your  troubles.  Cela  me  fait  de  la  peine.  That  makes  me  sad. 
Les  dames  n'aiment  pas  a  faire  tapisserie.  ladies  do  not  like  to  be  wall  flozvers. 
Faire  la  cuisine.  To  cook.  Faire  des  emplettes,  des  achats.  To  go  shopping,  to  shop, 
to  niake  purchases.  Faites-moi  penser  a  cela.  Remind  me  of  that.  Faire  la  moue. 
To  pout.  Faire  une  moue.  To  make  a  wry  face,  etc.  Vous  avez  beau  faire.  You  ad 
in  vain.  II  veut  nous  faire  la  loi.  He  wants  to  lord  it  over  us.  Ce  qui  est  fait  est 
fait.  //  is  no  good  crying  over  spilled  milk.  What  is  done  cannot  be  undone.  Com- 
ment est-il  fait?  What  sort  of  man  is  he?  On  ne  peut  faire  qu'en  faisant.  ' 
Practice  makes  perfect.  On  le  fait  riche.  He  is  said  to  be  rich.  Qui  bien  fera, 
bien  (se)  trouvera.  Who  -works  well  will  have  a  good  reward.  II  ne  faut  pas  me 
la  faire  (fam.).  You  must  not  try  that  on  me.  Je  fais  fi  des  mauvaises  langues. 
/  don't  care  a  rap  for  slanderers.  Cela  me  fait  sortir  des  gonds.  That  exasperates  me. 
Ce  n'est  fait  ni  a  faire.  //  is  done  but  badly  {in  a  slovenly  nianner).  C'est  fait  tant 
bien  que  mal.     //  is  done  in  a  perfunctory  manner.    A  chose  faite  point  de  r^rndde. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  313 

What  is  done  cannot  be  undone.  Quel  temps  f  ait-il?  What  is  the  weather  like  ?  Quel 
temps  il  fait !  What  weather  this  is !  Pour  se  faire  la  main.  7'o  get  one^s  hand  in 
{to  get  accustomed  to  the  work) .  On  se  fait  a  tout  avec  le  temps.  We  get  used  to  every- 
thing in  time.  Je  ne  me  ferai  jamais  a  ce  climat.  /  shall  never  get  tised  to  this  cli- 
mate. Se  faire  jour  a  travers  la  foule.  To  force  one's  way  through  the  crowd.  Je 
me  fais  fort  de  le  faire.  I  feel  quite  confident  of  doing  it.  Cela  se  fait  maintenant. 
That  is  the  fashion  now.  Cela  ne  se  fait  pas.  That  is  not  proper  {is  not  the  correct 
thing).  Faire  des  frais.  To  go  to  expense  {yvX..)',  to  make  efforts  to  please  {^g.).  Faire 
ses  frais.  To  make,  to  clear^  expenses.  Faire  les  frais  de  la  conversation.  To 
keep  a  conversation  going;  to  be  {one's  self)  the  subject  of  conversation.  Faire  une 
gaffe.  To  make  a  stupid  blunder  ;  to  put  one's  foot  in  it.  Ne  faire  aucun  cas  de.  To 
take  no  notice  of  Faire  des  armes  (de  I'escrime).  To  fence  {with  foils).  Faites- 
lui  mes  amities.  Give  him  my  love.  Avez-vous  fait  vos  malles?  Have  you 
packed  your  trunk  ?  Faire  reparation.  To  make  amends.  Faire  les  reparations. 
To  make  the  repairs.  II  fait  fausse  route.  Tie  is  on  the  wj'ong  track.  II  me  fait 
horreur.  He  inspires  me  with  horror.  Cela  me  fera  grand  plaisir  de  .  .  .  //  will 
give  me  great  pleasure  to  .  .  .  Je  lui  ai  lav6  la  tete  (fig.)-  I  gave  him  a  good  scold- 
ing. II  ne  fera  pas  de  vieux  os.  He  will  not  live  long.  Faire  mousser  quelqu'un, 
quelque  chose.  To  praise,  puff  up,  some  one,so7nething.  Faire  droit  a  quelque  chose. 
To  grant  something.  Cela  fait  de  I'effet.  That  looks  well.  Cela  I'a  fait  sauter  au 
plafond.  That  ??iade  his  blood  boil.  Ne  se  faire  faute  de  rien.  To  deny  one's  self 
nothing.  II  n'en  fait  jamais  d'autre.  It  is  just  like  hitn  (also  Je  le  reconnais  bien). 
Elle  me  fait  de  la  peine.  I  feel  sorry  for  her.  Faire  amende  honorable.  To  apolo- 
gize. II  aime  a  faire  plaisir.  He  is  very  obliging.  Ce  chapeau  a  fait  son  temps. 
This  hat  has  served  its  time.  II  s'est  fait  sauter  la  cervelle.  He  blew  out  his  {ozvn) 
brains.  II  fait  I'^cole  buissonniere.  He  plays  truant.  Faire  la  sidste  (un  somme). 
To  take  a  nap.  Faire  pas  de  clerc.  To  make  a  false  step  {a  mistake).  II  fait  son 
paquet.  He  is  discharged  from  employment.  Faire  queue.  To  take  one's  place  in  line. 
On  fait  queue  au  theatre.  They  are  ivaiting  in  line  for  tickets.  II  fait  du  chantage. 
He  is  blackmailing.  Priere  de  faire  suivre.  Please  forzvard  (on  a  letter).  II  fait  le 
pannier  a  deux  anses.  He  has  a  woman  on  each  arm.  Faire  danser  I'anse  du  panier. 
To  make  a  profit  out  of  the  marketing ;  to  cheat  one's  master.  Vous  ne  ferez  pas  vos 
frais.  It  will  not  pay  you.  Faire  des  (ses)  embarras.  To  boast.  Toute  reflexion 
faite.  After  due  consideration.  II  fait  de  I'esprit.  He  is  trying  to  be  funny.  II 
fait  les  cent  pas.  He  is  pacing  to  and  fro.  II  a  fait  les  cent  coups.  He  has  done 
everything  bad  and  wicked.  II  fait  affront  a  sa  famille.  He  is  the  black  sheep  of 
his  family.  Faire  un  impair.  To  make  a  wrong  step.  Faire  ses  vingt-huit  jours. 
To  serve  a  short  time  in  the  army.  Elle  est  faite  a  ravir  (faite  au  moule) .  She 
has  a  beautiful  form.  II  se  fait  du  lard.  He  stays  too  long  in  bed.  II  a  fait  du 
petard  {firecracker).  He  created  a  great  commotion.  Faire  quelque  chose  a  ses 
heures  perdues.  To  do  something  at  odd  hours.  II  me  fait  poser.  He  keeps  me  wait- 
ing. II  a  fait  un  trou  a  la  lune.  He  left  without  paying  his  debt.  II  a  fait  cela  de 
propos  d61iber§.  He  did  that  {on  purpose)  purposely.  II  s'en  fait  accroire.  He 
thinks  too  much  of  himself.  (Note. — The  past  participle  (fait)  of  faire,  followed  by 
an  infinitive,  is  always  invariable:  La  maison  que  j'ai  fait  construire.)  Faire 
quelque  chose  and  ne  faire  rien  are  used  for  our  expressions,  To  make  a  difference, 
to  make  no  difference  {to  have  {no)  objection).     Si  Cela  ne  vous  fait  rien  nous  parti- 


314  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

rons  de  suite.     If  you  have  no  objection,  7ve  will  start  at  once.     Vous  ferait-il  quelque 

chose  si  je  lui  disais  la  v6rit6?      Would  it  make  any  difference  to  you  if  I  should  tell 

him  the  truth  ? 
Falloir  (intr.,  impers.,  irr.).     Must ;  to  be  necessary,  etc.     Another  form  of  the  verb,  faillir. 

Discussed  in  Art.  92.    Idioms  and  sayings :  Voila  ce  qu'il  me  faut.     That^s  what  I  need. 

II  faudra  voir.     IVe  shall  see  that.    Combien  de  temps  faut-il  ?    Hozv  long  does  it  take? 

II  va  falloir  recommencer.      You  have  to  do  it  again.     Un  homme  comme  il  faut.     A 

gentlemanly  man.     Une  femme  comme  il  faut.     A  respectable  {ladylike)  woman.     Ce 

n'est  pas  comme  il  faut.     //  is  disrepiitable.     Faut-il  quelque  chose  ?     Do  you  want 

(Jo  buy)  something?    Tant  s'en  faut.     Very  far  from  it.     II  faut  plier  bagage.     It  is 

time  to  go.    C'est  I'homme  qu'il  faut.     He's  the  very  man  (for  the  place).     C'est  un 

homme  comme  il  en  faut.     He  is  one  of  the  right  sort.     Sometimes  used  in  bad  sense  ; 

as,  The  sort  of  man  we  need  to  do  dirty  7vork.    C'est  un  homme  comme  il  en  faudrait 

beaucoup.     /  wish  more  meii  xvere  like  him.     S'il  n'est  pas  un  fripon,  il  ne  s'en  faut 

guere.     If  he's  not  a  rascal,  he's  precious  near  it.     II  le  faut.    //  must  be  so.    II  fallait 

voir  comme  il  ^tait  content.     You  should  have  seen  how  happy  he  was. 
Familiariser  (tr.).      To  render  familiar ;  to  accustom  to  (avec).      Familiariser  un  cheval 

avec  les  obstacles.     To  accustom  a  horse  to  obstacles. 
Se  familiariser.    Avec,  with. 
Farcir  (tr.).     To  stuff  (fowls,  etc.,  in  cooking) ;   de,  with.     Farce  is  the  chopped  meats,  spices, 

etc.,  used  for  a  stuffing.     Farcir  is  used  figuratively  as  synonym  for  bourrer.     Farcir  un 

discours  de  citations. 
Farder  (tr.).      To  paint  (the  face) ;  to  gloss,  to  varnish.    Farder  la  verity. 
Se  farder.    Elle  se  fard  le  visage.    She  paints  her  face.     See  also  mettre  du  rouge  a  (rouge 

v6g§tal,  rouge  for  face). 
Fatiguer  (tr.).      To  fatigue ;  ^^,  with.     Fatiguer  a  I'excds.      To  overfatigue.    Etre  fatigue 

(i  force)  de  f aire  quelque  chose.     Study  use  of  se  lasser,  6puiser. 
Se  fatiguer.     To  tire,  fatigue,  wear  one's  self;  a,  in  (b.  i.).     Idiom:  Fatiguer  la  salade.     To 

turn  the  salad. 
Faufiler  (tr.).     To  baste,  to  tack  (with  needle).     Baguer   and  batir   also   used.      Faufiler 

quelqu'un.     To  keep  company  zvith  sotne  one  (fam.).     See  frequenter. 
Se  faufiler.      To  curry  favor,  etc.     Auprds  de,  wzV/^.     See  also  rechercher  la  faveur  de  .  .  . 
Fausser  (tr.).      To  bend  {make  crooked)  ;  as  a  sword  blade,  a  gun  barrel.     Idiom:  Fausser 

COmpagnie  i  quelqu'un.      To  slip  away  from  any  one. 
Favoriser  (tr.).     To  favor,  to  treat  favorably  ;  de,  with.    Aider,  favoriser  en  faisant  quelque 

chose.     To  favor  by  doing  something.     Etre  favorise  de. 
Feindre  (tr.  and  intr.).      To  feign,  to  pretend,  etc.;  de  (b.  i.).     Like  craindre.     See  p.  192. 
Feler(tr.).     To  crack  (glass).    Idiom:  Les  pots  fel^s  sont  ceux  qui  durent  le  plus.     The 

door  with  the  creaking  hinge  hangs   the  longest.      The   cracked  pitcher  goes   oftenest  to 

the  well. 
Flliciter  (tr).      To  congratulate ;  ^t,  on,  upon  {\i.n.).     Ant. :  blamer ;   critiquer. 
Se  f inciter  de,  on,  upon  (b.  n.  or  i.). 
Fendre  (tr.).     To  split,  to  burst,  etc.    Fendre  en  deux.     To  split  asunder.    Fendez  ce  bois. 

Split  that  wood.      Le  vaisseau  fendait  les  ondes.      The  vessel  was  cleaving  {plonnng) 

the  zvaves. 
Fendre  (intr.).     To  be  ready  to  split  (of  the  head).     La  tete  me  fend  de  ce  bruit.     My  head 

is  ready  to  split  with  that  noise.      To  break,  to  burst;  de,  with  (of  the  heart). 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  315 

F^rir.     See  p.  219. 

Ferrer  (tr.).  lo  bind  with  iron ;  to  shoe  a  horse,  etc.  Etre  ferr6  sur  (of  persons).  Ce  gar- 
den est  ferre  sur  la  geographic.      This  boy  is  versed  in  {conversant  with)  geography. 

Fe'ter  (tr.).  To  observe;  to  keep  as  a  festival ;  to  celebrate.  C'est  un  saint  qu'on  ne  fete 
pas.     He  is  a  person  without  injluence.     See  chomer. 

Ficeler  (tr.).     To  tie  xvith  a  string.    Ficeler  de  fil  de  fer,  to  wire.     Like  appeler,  58. 

Ficher  (tr.).  To  drive  in  (by  the  point).  Ficher  un  clou  dans  un  mur  ;  un  pieu  en  terre, 
dans  la  terre.    Ficher  quelqu'un  a  la  porte.    To  turjt  out  any  one  ;  to  put  out,  etc.  (fam.). 

Se  ficher.    To  get  (an  idea)  in  one's  head.     Se  ficher  de.     To  make  game  of;  to  make  sport  of. 

Se  fier.  To  trust;  a,  to  (a  thing).  To  confide ;  a,  in  (a  person).  To  put  trust  in;  to  rely 
upon,  on  (a).  Fiez-vous-y !  fiez-vous  a  cela  !  Don't  trust  it,  to  it.  Bien  fou  qui  s'y 
fie  !     It  is  madness  to  trust  it.    Ant. :  se  m§fier  ;  se  defier ;  suspecter. 

Filer  (tr.).  To  spin,  etc.  Idiom:  II  file  un  mauvais  coton.  He  looks  very  ill.  II  a  file  a 
I'anglaise.  He  took  French  leave.  Du  temps  que  Berthe  filait.  When  Adam 
delved  aftd  Eve  span.     In  the  good  old  times. 

Filouter  (tr.).      To  cheat  ox  swindle.     In  popular  daily  use. 

Finir  (tr.  and  intr.).  See  47.  De  (b.  i.).  Synonyms:  cesser,  discontinuer ;  ant.:  com- 
mencer. 

Flairer  (tr.).  To  smell,  to  scent.  Flairer  quelque  chose.  To  smell  a  rat.  Flairer  une 
escroquerie.     To  scent  trickery,  etc.     See  sentir. 

Flancher  (intr.).     Popular  word  for  to  give  up,  not  to  persist. 

Fliner  (intr.).     To  stroll,  to  saunter  ;  to  lounge.    See  fain^anter,  popular  expression  for  to  loaf. 

Flatter  (tr.).     See  177,  p.  235. 

Fl6trir  (tr.).  To  wither,  to  blast.  Said  of  sun,  wind,  lightning,  etc.,  with  respect  to  plants, 
flowers,  etc.  To  brand  {with  a  hot  iron,  avec  un  fer  chaud);  to  stigmatize;  de, 
with.  F16trir  quelqu'un  du  nom  de  traitre.  Idiom :  De  rose  fletrie  nul  ne  se  soucie. 
The  fading  rose  has  no  suitor. 

Se  fl^trir.    Ce^eurs  se  fl^trissent  aussitSt  qu'elles  sont  cueillies. 

Fleurir  (intr.).     See  p.  75. 

Fleurir  (tr.,  reg.).      To  deck,  to  ornament  zvith  flowers. 

Flouer  (tr.).      To  cheat,  to  get  the  better  of     Familiar  expression,  but  much  used. 

Foncer  (tr.).      To  put  a  bottom  to  a  cask  (tonneau)  or  to  a  tub  (une  cuve). 

Foncer  (intr.).      To  charge  on  an  adversary  ;  to  strike  home. 

Fondre  (tr.).      To  melt,  to  dissolve,  etc. 

Fondre  (intr.).  To  melt,  to  melt  down,  etc.  Fondre  sur.  To  pounce,  dart,  upon,  etc.  Les 
soldats  ont  fondu  sur  I'ennemi. 

Forcer  (tr.).      To  force,  to  compel,  etc.;  a,  to  (b.  i.).     See  178,  p.  241. 

Se  forcer,  etre  forc6  ;  de  (b.  i.).    Forcer  une  serrure,  une  porte,  la  nature,  etc. 

Forfaire.     To  forfeit,  etc.    See  p.  220. 

Se  formaliser  de.  To  take  offense  at.  Se  formaliser  d'une  plaisanterie.  Pourquoi  vous 
formalisez-vous  de  ces  riens?    Why  do  you  take  offense  at  such  trifles?    See  s'offenser. 

Forpaitre  (intr.),  forpaiser.    Like  paraitre.    Hunting  term.     To  feed  far  aruayfrom  the  covert. 

Fouetter  (tr.).  To  whip;  de,  avec,  with.  To  beat  against  (fig.  sense).  La  pluie  fouette 
les  vitres.  Le  vent  lui  fouettait  au  visage.  The  wind  beat  against  his  face.  Idioms : 
II  n'y  a  pas  de  quoi  fouetter  un  chat  (fam.).  //  is  a  trifing  offense,  a  matter  of  small 
importance.  Avoir  bien  d'autres  chats  (chiens)  a  fouetter  (fam.).  To  have  other 
fish  to  fry.      Fouette,  COCher  I     Fire  away  I     Go  ahead! 


3i6  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

Fouiner  (intr.).  To  slink  away,  to  play  the  coivard.  Also  used  popularly  in  sense  oi  to  meddle 
in  the  affairs  of  others. 

Fourmiller  (intr.).  To  sivartn  ;  de,  with.  Ce  fromage  fourmille  de  vers.  Les  rues  four- 
millent  de  peuple.  Les  lapins  fourmillent  en  Australie.  La  main  me  fourmille 
My  hand  tingles.     Les  abeiUes  essaiment.     Bees  swartn. 

Fournir  (tr.).  To  furnish.  Fournir  quelqu'un  de  quelque  chose.  Fournir  quelque  chose 
a  quelqu'un.  Etre  fourni  de  quelque  chose  par  quelqu'un.  To  be  provided,  sup- 
plied, with  something  by  some  one. 

Fournir  (intr.).  Dans.  To  supply  ;  to  have  the  sale  of  provisions  in.  C'est  M.  B.  qui  fournit 
dans  cette  maison. 

Fourrer  (tr.).  To  thrust,  to  poke;  to  cram,  beat  (a,  into^',  etc.  Fourrer  des  friandises  a  un 
enfant.  To  stuff  a  child  with  sweets.  Fourrer  une  robe.  To  line  a  dress  with  fur. 
Fourrer  quelque  chose  dans  la  tete  a  quelqu'un.  To  beat,  knock,  anything  into  any 
one's  head.     Fourrer  son  nez  dans  ...     To  jueddle  in  .  .  .  (fam.). 

Se  fourrer.  To  intr  tide ;  a,  dans,  into.  Ne  savoir  ou  se  fourrer.  Not  to  know  where  to 
bury  one's  head,  to  hide  one's  self  Fourrer  le  doigt  (le  nez)  partout.  To  have  a  finger 
in  every  one's  pie. 

Frapper  (tr.).  To  strike.  Frapper  quelqu'un  a  or  sur  la  figure,  etc.  To  strike  any  one  in 
or  on  the  face,  back,  or  other  part  of  body .  Frapper  quelqu'un  de  sa  main,  d'un  poi- 
gnard.  See  Donner  un  coup  de  poing,  un  coup  de  b^ton,  etc.,  a  quelqu'un  (more 
used) .     Etre  f rappi  de.      To  be  seized  with  (^struck  zvitli)  an  idea,  i??tpression,  etc. 

Frapper  (intr.).  To  strike,  to  knock  (at  a  door).  On  frappe.  Somebody  is  knocking. 
Frapper  a  la  porte.  La  musique  a  commence  a  jouer.  The  music  struck  up. 
ifctablir,  arreter,  le  compte.  To  strike  a  balance.  Frapper  quelqu'un  de  c6cit6,  de 
mutisme.  To  strike  dumb,  blind.  Frapper  de  mort.  To  strike  dead.  Effacer, 
rayer  de.      To  strike  off,  out.     Se  mettre  en  greve.     To  strike  {quit  work). 

Frayer  (tr.).  To  trace  out  roads,  to  mark  out.  Frayer  a  quelqu'un  le  chemin  de  la  gloire. 
To  open  for  any  one  the  road  to  glory.  1^ 

Frayer  (intr.).  To  wear  away  ;  to  be  on  good  terms.  Ces  hommes  ne  frayent  point  ensem- 
ble.     Those  men  do  not  get  on  well  together. 

Fr6mir  (intr.).  lo  shudder,  etc.;  de,  with;  de,  at;  de,  to  (b.  i.).  Fr6mir  d'entendre 
quelque  chose. 

Friponner  (tr.).  To  cheat,  to  trick,  etc.  Friponner  quelque  chose  a  quelqu'un.  To  cheat 
any  one  out  of  anything. 

Frire.  To  fry.  See  p.  220.  II  n'y  a  rien  a  frire.  There  is  nothing  to  eat;  there  is  nothing 
to  be  gained. 

Friser  (tr.).  To  curl  hair,  etc.  To  approach.  Elle  frise  la  quarantaine.  She  is  just  upon 
{about)  forty. 

Frissonner  (intr.).      To  shiver,  to  shudder  ;  de,  with  (fear,  cold,  etc.). 

Froisser  (tr.).  To  bruise;  to  clash  tvith  ;  to  vex,  to  anger,  etc.  La  chute  lui  a  froiss6  la 
jambe.  The  fall  bruised  his  leg.  Froisser  les  opinions,  les  affections.  To  clash  zuit/i 
the  opinions,  to  wound  the  affections  (de  quelqu'un,  of  some  one).  Etre  froiss6.  To  be 
hurt,  offended ;  de,  at. 

Se  froisser.     To  be  hurt,  to  take  offense;  de,  at. 

Fr61er  (tr.).     To  graze,  touch  lightly.    La  pierre  lui  a  fr616  le  bras.     See  also  effleurer. 

Frotter  (tr.  and  intr.).  To  rub.  Idioms  and  sayings:  Qui  s'y  frotte  s'y  pique.  Whoever 
meddles  with  it  will  smart  for  it.    Je  ne  vous  conseille  pas  de  vous  y  frotter.     /  advist 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  317 

you  not  to  meddle  with  it.    On  I'a  frott6  d' importance  (or  comme  il  faut).     He  got 

a  good  drubbing. 
Se  frotter  a.     To  rub  against,  to  come  in  contact  with.    Se  frotter  aux  hommes  d'esprit. 
Fuir  (tr.  and  intr.).     To  flee.     See  132. 

G 

Gager  (tr.).  To  bet,  etc  Gager  sa  vie,  sa  tete  a  couper.  To  bet  one^s  life.  Gage  que  non 
(fam.).  I  bet,  wager,  that  it  isn^t.  Gage  que  si  (fam.).  I  bet,  wager,  it  is.  Gager  le 
double  contre  le  simple  (six  contre  quatre).  7^o  bet  two  to  one  {six  to  fotir).  See 
parier  (more  used). 

Gagner  (tr.).  To  earn,  to  win,  to  get,  to  make,  etc.  Gagner  sur.  To  win  against,  over  (in 
contest), 

Gagner  (intr.).  Gagner  sa  vie  (de  I'argent)  en  faisant  quelque  chose.  To  earn  one's  liv- 
ing {money)  by  doing  something.  Gagner  (par  le  travail).  To  earn  by  work.  Gagner 
a  faire  quelque  chose.     To  gain,  to  get,  by  doing  something. 

Idioms  and  sayings :  Qui  §pargne  gagne.  A  penny  saved  is  a  penny  earned.  Gagner 
a  etre  connu.  To  improve  upon  acquaintance.  II  ne  gagnera  rien  a  cela.  He  zuill 
get  no  profit  from  that.  Nous  ne  gagnerons  rien  avec  lui.  We  can't  get  anything 
from  him.  II  a  gagn^  le  dessus.  He  had  the  best  of  it.  II  a  gagn6  la  porte.  He 
reached  the  door.  Le  sommeil  (la  fatigue)  me  gagne.  Sleep  {fatigue')  overcomes  me 
{seizes  me,  etc.).  I  am  overcome  by  sleep  {fatigue).  II  gagne  au  change.  He  changes 
for  the  better.     II  a  gagn6  ses  t^moins.     He  bribed  his  witnesses. 

Se  gagner.     La  fievre  scarlatine  se  gagne.     Scarlet  fever  is  contagious,  is  catching. 

Garantir  (tr.).     To  guarantee.    Garantirde.     To  preserve  from.    La  laine  garantit  du  froid. 

Se  garantir  de.  To  preserve,  shelter,  shield  one's  self  from.  (In  sense  oi  to  shelter.  Mettre  a 
I'abri  de,  se  mettre  a  I'abri  de  or  s'abriter,  abriter,  are  more  usual  expressions.) 

Garder  (tr.).     To  guard,  to  keep,  etc. 

Se  garder.      To  keep  (in  good  condition). 

Se  garder  de.  To  beware  of;  to  take  care  {heed)  not  to.  (De  used  b.  n.  or  i.).  Gardez-vous 
de  tomber.      Take  care  not  to  fall. 

Idioms  and  sayings:  Gardez-vous  en  bien !  Mind  you  do  not  do  it!  II  vous  en 
garde  une  bonne  (fam.).     He  is  keeping  a  rod  in  pickle  for  you. 

Gargariser  (tr.).     To  gargle.    Gargariser  la  gorge,  sa  gorge.      To  gargle  the  throat. 

Se  gargariser  avec.      To  gargle  one's  throat  with. 

Garnir  (tr.).      To  furnish,  to  provide,  to  decorate  ;  de,  with. 

Se  garnir  de.     To  provide  one's  self  with.    Etre  garni  de  quelque  chose  par  quelqu'un. 

Gaspiller  (tr.).  To  throzv  into  confusion,  disorder ;  to  squander,  to  zvaste,  Ce  gargon  gas- 
pille  son  temps.     That  boy  fools  away  his  time. 

Se  gaudir  de.     To  laugh  at,  to  make  sport  of.     Old,  hardly  used.     See  se  moquer. 

Se  gausser  de.     To  make  sport  of,  to  banter.     See  se  moquer  de  and  railler  (more  used). 

Gaver  (tr.).  To  5///^  (animals  with  food  for  purpose  of  fattening  them).  Gaver  un  enfant. 
To  stuff  a  child.  Gaver  un  Scolier  de  connaissances  confuses  (fig.).  To  cram  a 
pupil  zvith  miscellaneous  or  Jumbled  information. 

Se  gaver  de.     Senses  of  gaver. 

Geindre  (intr.).  Like  craindre.  To  whine ;  to  complain  while  working.  Used  of  persons. 
Qu'a-t-il  a  geindre?  (fam.).  What  has  he  to  whine  about?  (Of  animals,  the  word 
for  to  whine  is  se  plaindre.)  , 


3l8  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

G6mir  (tr.  and  intr.).  To  groan,  to  moan;  de,  zvith ;  sur,  over.  Generally  used  intransi- 
tively. Said  of  persons  and  of  things.  G6mir  d'une  erreur.  To  lament  {bewail)  an 
error.     G6mir  de  la  mort  de  quelqu'un.     Le  vent  g^mit.     See  177. 

Gener  (tr.).  To  be  in  the  way,  to  be  too  tight,  to  hurt,  to  pinch,  etc.  (of  boots,  clothes,  etc.). 
Cette  table  vous  gene.     Ou  votre  habit  vous  gene-t-il  ? 

Se  gfiner.  To  constrain  one's  self,  to  inconvenience  one^s  self,  etc.  De  (b.  i.).  Idioms  and 
sayings:  Est-ce  que  je  vous  gene?  Am  I  in  your  way  ?  Ne  vous  genez  pas.  Do 
not  stand  upon  ceremony  (avec  nous,  with  us).  Ne  vous  genez  pas.  Make  yourself 
at  home.  II  ne  se  gene  gudre !  DoesnH  he  make  himself  at  home  I  Isn't  he  a  cool  cus- 
tomer! II  est  plus  genant  que  gen6.  His  free  and  easy  manners  are  unpleasant  to 
others,  but  he  doesn't  mind  that.     Vous  n'etes  pas  gene.      You  are  very  selfish. 

G6sir  (intr.).      To  lie.     See  164.     Idiom:  C'est  la  que  git  le  li§vre.      There's  the  rub. 

Glisser  (intr.).  To  slip.  L'Ichelle  a  glisse.  The  ladder  slipped.  J'ai  glisse  sur  le  trottoir. 
I  slipped  on  the  sidewalk.  J'ai  glisse  et  j'ai  tombe.  I  slipped  and  fell.  Le  pied  m'a 
manqu6.  My  foot  slipped.  Also :  Mon  pied  glissa,  coula,  or  Le  pied  me  glissa. 
Entrer  doucement,  furtivement;  se  glisser  dans.  To  slip  in  (a  place).  Glisser 
quelque  chose  a  la  main  de  quelqu'un.  To  slip  anything  in  some  one's  hand.  Sortir 
doucement,  s'6chapper,  s'esquiver,  etc.  To  slip  aivay,  out.  Tomber.  7^o  slip  down. 
Une  faute  s'est  gliss6.     An  error  has  crept  in. 

Glorifier  (tr.).      To  glorify  ;  to  give  glory  to. 

Se  glorifier  de.      To  glory  in,  to  boast  of     See  se  vanter. 

Gonfler  (tr.).  To  inflate  (as  a  balloon);  to  distend, to  szv ell  out,  etc,  Etre  gonfl6  de  (col§re, 
d'orgueil). 

Gorger  (tr.).       To  gorge  ;  de,  with,  upon. 

Se  gorger  de.     Etre  gorg6  de. 

Gofiter  (tr.  and  intr.).  Intr.  with  de.  To  taste ;  to  approve,  etc.  Etre  gOTit6  de  (or  par). 
To  be  approved  of  by. 

Graisser  (tr.).  To  grease.  Graisser  la  patte  a  quelqu'un.  To  corrupt  some  one  with 
money.  Graisser  la  main  (la  paume)  a  quelqu'un.  To  grease  any  one's  palm  (with 
money). 

Grandir  (intr.).  To  grow  up,  to  grow  large,  etc.  Conjugated  with  avoir  to  express  action; 
with  etre,  to  express  state. 

Grasseyer.     See  63. 

Gratifier  (tr.).  To  confer,  to  bestow.  Gratifier  quelqu'un-  de  quelque  chose.  To  bestow,  to 
confer,  anything  on  or  upon  some  one ;  to  ascribe,  to  attribute,  somethittg  to  some  one. 
Vous  me  gratifiez  la  d'une  quality  que  je  n'eus  jamais.  Note  that  gratifier  does 
not  mean  to  gratify.  To  gratify  the  appetite,  the  senses,  the  desires,  the  taste,  the  mind,  is 
satisfaire  I'app^tit,  etc.  To  gratify  one's  enemies  is  contenter  ses  ennemis.  To  be 
highly  gratified  \s,  etre  enchants. 

Gr6er  (tr.).     To  rig  (naval  term).     Gr§er  de  toutes  les  voiles.      To  rig  with  all  the  sails. 

Grever  (tr.).     To  burden,  to  encumber ;  de,  with.     Un  heritage  grev§  de  nombreuses  dettesT 

Grincer  (tr.).      7^(3  ^W«^  (the  teeth)  ;   to  gnash. 

Grincer  (intr.)  de.  To  gnash  with,  to  grind  with.  Grincer  des  dents.  To  grind  one's  teeth  ; 
to  grind  with  one's  teeth. 

Gripper  (tr.).  To  seize  (slyly),  to  catch.  Gripper  un  voleur.  To  arrest,  catch,  a  thief  Grip- 
per  de  I'argent  h.  quelqu'un.  To  steal  any  one's  money.  II  a  6te  gripp§  de  son 
argent. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


319 


Gronder  (tr.).     To  scold;  QA^for.    See  177.    Etre  grond6  de  sa  paresse,  etc. 

Gronder  (intr.).      To  mutter^  to  grumble  ;  contre,  at  (of  persons).      To  rumble  (of  things,  as 

the  wind,  the  sea,  the  storm).     Le  vent  gronde. 
Se  grouper.      To  group,  to  form  a  group  ;  autour  de,  around. 
Gruger  (tr.).     To  crush,  to  crack  (with  the  teeth).     Vous  ne  devriez  pas  gruger  les  noix. 

II  faut  les  casser.     Gruger  quelqu'un.      To  live  at  the  expense  of  another  ;  to  eat  up  any 

one's  substance  (fig.).     II  a  6te  grugl  de  toute  sa  fortune. 
Gu6rir  (tr.  and  intr.).     To  cure,  to  get  well.     Le  medecin  Fa  gueri.     II  gu6rira.     He  will  get' 

tuell  (de  cette  maladie,  of  that  illness). 
Se  gu6rir.      To  cure  one's  self;  de,  of. 

H 

Habiter  (tr.  and  intr.).     To  inhabit,  to  dwell  in,  to  reside  in,  etc.     With  the  intransitive  form 

dans  is  used.     Either  form  may  be  used :  Habiter  une  jolie  maison  or  dans  une  jolie 

maison.     Habiter  (dans)  un  pays. 
Habituer  (tr.).      7o  habituate,  to  accustom,  to  inure ;  a,  to. 
S'habituer  a.     Etre  habitue  at.     See  178. 
Hacher  (tr.).     To  chop,  to  hew  ;  to  cut  to  pieces  (bad  sense).    Je  les  hacherais  menu  comme 

chair  a  pM6.     /  would  make  mincemeat  of  them. 
Hair  (tr.).      To  hate.     See  68  (3). 
Hanter  (tr.).      To  frequent  (a  place);   to  frequent  the  society  of  any  one ;  to  haunt.     Hanter 

les  theatres,  les  artistes. 
Hanter  (intr.).     Hanter  chez  quelqu'un.      To  frequent  any  one's  house.     Idiom :  Dis-moi  qui 

tu  hantes,  je  te  dirai  qui  tu  es.     A  man  is  known  by  the  company  he  keeps.     Birds  of  a 

feather  flock  together. 
Harasser  (tr.).     To  tire,  to  harass,  to  jade,  etc.    Etre  harass^  de  (fatigue).    Harass^  par  la 

route.      Wayworn, 
Hasarder  (tr.).     To  venture,  to  hazard,  to  risk.    Qui  ne  hasarde  rien  n'a  rien.    Nothing 

venture,  nothing  win. 
Hater  (tr.).     To  hasten,  etc.    Ouvrage  htte,  ouvrage  gite.     Haste  makes  waste. 
Se  hUter.     To  hasten;  de,  to.    See  177. 
Hausser  (tr.).     To  raise  (as  a  house,  a  window  shade,  a  wall,  etc.).     Antonym  of  baissei. 

Hausser  les  6paules.     To  shrug  the  shoulders. 
Hausser  (intr.).     lo  rise.    Hausser  d'un  cran.     To  rise  a  peg. 
Se  hausser.      To  be  raised  {made  higher,  etc.). 
H^risser  (tr.).     To  raise  (of  animals,  the  hair,  the  feathers,  etc.);   to  bristle.     Le  chat  h^risse 

son  poil.     Le  lion  h^risse  sa  criniere.     Cette  affaire  est  h^riss6e  de  difacult^s, 

That  affair  is  bristling  with  difficulties.     La  tige  d'un  rosier  est  h^riss^e  de  piquants. 

The  stalk  of  a  rosebush  is  covered  with  prickles. 
HIriter  (intr.)  de.      To  succeed  to  the  estate  of;  to  be  heir  to.     II  a  h6rit6  de  son  p6re. 
HIriter  (tr.).     To  inherit.    II  n'a  rien  h§rit6  de  son  pdre. 
H^siter  (intr.).      To  hesitate.     See  178. 
Heurter  (tr.).     To  run  against,  to  shock.    II  a  heurt^  ma  soeur.     Heurter  1' amour-propre 

de  quelqu'un.      To  wound  some  one^s  self-esteem. 
Se  heurter  a.     To  come  into  collision  (with),  to  strike  against  each  other,  etc. 
Honnir.     See  165. 
Hypoth6quer  (tr.).     To  mortgage.     See  62.     Etre  hypoth6qu6  de.      To  be  mortgaged  for. 


320  THE  FRENCH   VERB 


I 

Identifier  (tr.).     To  identify. 

S'identifier  avec.     To  identify  one's  self  with. 

Ignorer  (tr.).      To  be  ignoi-ant  of  {unacquainted  with).    Requires  subj.  in  subord.  clause  when 

conjugated  affirmatively.     Etre  ignor§  de.     7^o  be  unknown  to.     Cela  est  ignore  de  lui. 
Imaginer  (tr.).      To  imagine,  to  invent,  to  create  through  the  imagination.     Used  with  object, 

a  noun,  expressed. 
S'imaginer.     To  imagine,  to  fancy,  etc.     See  179.     Vous  ne  pouvez  vous  faire  id^e  de  leurs 

craintes.      You  cannot  imagine  their  fears.     II  existait  (il  y  avait)  entre  elle  et  lui 

toute  la  difference  imaginable.     She  was  as  different  from  him  as  can  well  be  imagined. 
Imbiber  (tr.).      To  be  imbibed  (frnbued) ;   de,  tvith.     Hardly  used  in  sense  of  to  be  imbued  with 

or  to  imbue.     Etre  imbu  de  pr§juges.      To  be  imbued  with  prejudices.     (Imbu  is  an 

adjective,  imboire  is  obsolete.)     Inculquer  a  quelqu'un,  etc.,  inspirer  a  quelqu'un, 

etc.     To  imbue  any  one  tvith  principles,  ideas,  etc.     Etre  imbu,  inspire,  penetre.     To 

be  imbued. 
Imiter  (tr.).     To  imitate,  to  pattern  after,  to  juifnic.     Etre  imiti  de.      To  be  patterned  after. 
Immoler  (tr.).     "To  immolate,  to  sacrifice  ;  a,  to.     Immoler  quelqu'un  a  sa  haine,  etc. 
S'immoler  k.     See  se  sacrifier  pour. 
Impliquer  (tr.).     To  ijuplicate ;  dans,  in. 
Importer  (intr.).     See  106.     Venez  n'importe  quand.     Cojne  at  any  time,  no  matter  zvhen, 

whenever  you  please. 
Importuner  (tr.).     I'o  importune ;  de,  with.    Ktre  importune  de  quelque  chose  par  quelqu'un. 
Imposer  (tr.).      To  impose  {to  give,  lay)-,   a,  on,  upon  (as  a  law,  a  yoke,  a  contribution,  a 

name,  silence,  etc.) ;   to  force  upon.     II   m'a  trompe.     He  imposed  upon  me.     (Also 

abuser  de  quelqu'un  and  faire  croire  a.) 
Impr^gner  (tr.).      To  itnpregnate  ;  diQ,  with. 
S'impr6gner,     To  be  impregnated ;  de,  tuith.    Etre  impr6gn6  de. 
Improuver  (tr.).     To  disapprove  of.     Hardly  used;  see  desapprouver. 
Imputer  (tr.).     To  impute,  to  attribtUe ;  a,  to.    Imputer  quelque  chose  a  quelqu'un. 
Inciter  (tr.).      To  incite,  etc.;  ^,  to  (b.  n.  and  i.).     See  178.     Etre  incite  a. 
Incliner  (tr.).     To  incline,  to  bend  or  lower.     Incliner  la  tete. 
Incliner  (intr.).      To  bend,  to  incline.     Ce  mur  incline.      To  incline  to  m.ercy,  peace,  etc.,  can 

be  expressed  by  incliner  a  la  misericorde,  i  la  paix;  but  preferably  by  ^tre  dispos6, 

port6,  enclin  a.    Etre  enclin,  port6,  dispose  a.     To  be  inclined  to.    La  riviere  (le 

chemin)  fait  un  d6tOur  vers  I'ouest.     The  river  {the  road)  inclines  to  the  west.     J'ai 

grande  envie  de  .  .  .     I  feel  much  inclined  to  .  .  . 
Inclure  (tr.).     To  inclose.^  See  clore,  160,  enclore,  162,  and  conclure,  151.     In  dure  is  used 

in  sense  of  to  insert;    as  a  note  in  a  letter.     II  a  inclus  ce  billet  dans  la  lettre. 

Enceindre  une   ville.     Entourer,   envelopper  une  armee.     Renfermer,    dans  une 

boite,    etc.     Serrer   dans   ses   bras.     Le   billet   ci-inclus.     The   note  here   inclosed: 

Trouvez  sous  ce  pli.     Trouvez  ci-joint,  ci-inclus.    Find  inclosed.    Mettez  ma  lettre 

sous  VOtre  enveloppe.     Inclose  my  letter  in  yours. 
Incruster  (tr.).     To  inlay ;  de,  with.    Etre  incrust§  de.     See  travailler  quelque  chose  en 

marquetrie. 
Indemniser   (tr.).      To  indemnify ;  de,  for.      Indemniser   (d^dommager)    quelqu'un  de 

quelque  chose.      To  make  anything  up  to  any  one. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  32I 

Indignei"    (tr.).       To  make,  render,  indignant.      Etre   indign6   de.      To  be  indignant  at. 

S'indigner.      To  be,  get,  indignant;  de,  at  (a  thing);   contre,  at  (a  person);   de,  to, 

before  an  infinitive.     EUe  en  fut  indignee  or  elle  s'en  indigna.     She  was  {she  felt) 

indignant  at  it.    Je  me  suis  indigne  de  voir,  etc. 
Indiquer  (tr.).      To  indicate,  to  be  indicative  of;  to  point  out  or  to  (persons  or  things).     II  me 

I'indiqua.     He  pointed  him  out  to  me.     See  montrer. 
Indisposer   (tr.).       7^o  indispose,  to  make  unwell;  to  indispose  (any  one);   contre,  toward 

(some  one) ;  to  estrange  from.    La  chaleur  m'indispose  toujours.     Elle  a  indispose 

sa  soeur  contre  moi.    She  has  estranged  her  sister  from  me.    Eloigner  quelqu'un  de  quel- 

qu'un.     To  estrange,  etc.    L'amour  du  plaisir  d^tourne  1' esprit  des  etudes  s6rieuses. 

A  Iqve  of  pleasure  indisposes  the  mind  to  severe  study. 
Induire  (tr,).     To  lead  (en)  into  (an  error,  a  mistake).     Induire  quelqu'un  en  tentation. 

Has  also  meaning  of  to  conclude.     De  cela  j'induis.     To  produce  effects  of  induction 

(electricity).     Hardly  used   in   sense    of  to  induce  to,  which  is  expressed  by  causer, 

decider,  amener,  porter,  determiner  a,  etc. 
Infatuer  (tr.).      To  infatuate;   de,  with.     S'infatuer.      To  be  infatuated;   de,  with.     Etre 

infatu^  de. 
Infecter  (tr.).     To  infect,  to  taint;  de,  with.    Etre  infects  de. 
Inf ester  (tr.).     To  infest;  de,  with.    Etre  infeste  de  or  par.     Les  mouches  tourmentent  les 

bestiaux.     Flies  infest  cattle.     L'envie  empoisonne  sa  vie.     Envy  infests  his  life. 
Influencer  (tr.).      To  influence  (in  sense  of  to  sway).   Applied  to  persons  and  only  "  en  mauvaise 

parte.'^    Influencer  quelqu'un  par  des  motifs  d'int^ret  ou  de  plaisir.     To  influence 

some  one  by  motives  of  interest  or  pleasure. 
Influer  sur  (intr.).      To  influence  (in  sense  of  to  exercise  a  controlling  action  over ;  to  have  an 

influence  over).     Influer  sur  la  conduite  des  affaires.      To  influence  the  operation  of 

affairs.    L'hygidne  habituelle  influe  beaucoup  sur  la  sant§.    La  pression  de  Tat- 

mosphdre  n' influe  en  rien  sur  ces  experiences.      These  experiments  are  not  influenced 

by  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere.    Entrainer  quelqu'un  a  (persuader  a  quelqu'un 

de)  faire  quelque  chose,  etc.     To  influence  some  one  to  do  something.     Toucher  de 

compassion.      To  influence  by  pity. 
Informer  (tr.).     To  itiform,  to  acquaint;  de,  of,  with.    Etre  inform^  de. 
S'informer  de.      To  inquire  into,  about ;  to  make  inquiries  about,  etc.     Faites-leur  part  de 

votre  retour.     Inform  them  of  your  return.     II  nous  en  informera;  or  il  nous  le  fera 

savoir.     He  zvill  inform  us  of  it.     J'avertirai  la  police.     /  shall  inform  the  police. 

See  s'enqu^rir. 
S'ing6nier.     To  task  {tax)  one's  ingenuity  (wits) ;  It,  to.    II  s'ing^nie  a  vous  plaire.     See  67. 
S'ing6rer  de,  dans.     To  meddle  with,  to  thrust  one's  self  into.     See  se  meler.     De.     To  take 

it  upon  one's  self  to.    II  s'ingdre  de  vous  donner  des  conseils.     See  62. 
Initier  (tr).     To  initiate ;  H,  into.     See  attacher  le  grelot  under  attacher.  —  Idiom. 
Innocenter  (tr.).      To  declare  innocent,  to  find  not  guilty.     Etre  innocent^  de.     Usual  forms: 

Se  declarer  innocent.     To  plead  not  guilty.    Declarer  I'accus^  innocent.     To  find  the 

accused  not  guilty. 
Inonder  (tr.).      To  inundate,  to  swamp,  to  overrun  (persons);   de,  with. 
Inqui6ter  (tr.).      To  trouble,  etc.;  Aq,  for,  with,  about.     See  62. 
S'inquieter.      To  trouble,  to  concern  one's  self,  to  be  disquieted,  etc.;  diQ^  for,  about,  with.     See 

troubler  and  tourmenter. 
Inscrire  (tr.).     To  inscribe,  to  enter,  etc.     See  139.     Inscrire  sur.     To  inscribe  on.    Graver 

martin's    FRENCH   VERB 21 


32^  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

son  nom  sur  une  pierre.  To  inscribe  one's  name  on  a  stone.  Graver  dans  la  ml  moire. 
To  inscribe  on  the  memory.  Idiom :  S'inscrire  en  faux  (contre).  To  deny  ejnphatically. 
Je  m'inscris  en  faux  contre  cette  assertion. 

Insurer  (tr.).  To  insert;  dans,  in,  to  put  in.  Faire  inserer  quelque  chose  dans  un  journal. 
To  insert  somethitig  in  a  newspaper.     See  62. 

Insister  (intr.).  To  insist;  sur,  on,  upon.  L'avocat  a  insiste  sur  ce  detail,  ce  point,  ce 
fait,  etc.  II  veut  etre  pay6  a  I'instant.  He  insists  on  an  immediate  payment. 
J'entends  que  notre  convention  soit  executee  a  la  lettre.  /  insist  on  the  terms  of  our 
agreement.  II  aurait  voulu  rester.  He  would  have  insisted  on  staying.  Elle  aurait 
voulu  que,  etc.  She  would  have  insisted  that,  etc.  Qu'on  me  laisse  seul,  je  le  veux. 
v/  /  insist  on  being  left  alone.  Je  vous  ordonne,  commande,  de  faire,  etc.  Je  veux  que 
vous  fassiez,  etc.  /  insist  on  your  doing,  etc.  lis  soutinrent  qu'il  ne  fallait  pas 
n6gliger  cette  occasion.      They  insisted  that  this  opportunity  was  not  to  be  neglected. 

Inspirer  (tr.).  To  inspire,  etc.  Inspirer  une  idee,  un  sentiment,  a  quelqu'un.  Etre  in- 
spire de.      To  be  inspired  with. 

Instiguer  (tr.).      To  instigate.    Exciter  or  pousser  (a,  to)  more  used. 

Instiller  (tr.).  7^o  instill;,  dans,  into.  Used  in  literal  sense.  Distiller  du  poison  dans  le 
cceur  de  quelqu'un.     Instill  poison  into  any  one's  heart. 

Instruire  (tr.).  To  instruct.  See  141,  178.  Enseigner,  apprendre,  une  science,  etc.,  a 
quelqu'un.  To  instruct  any  one  in  a  science,  etc.  Ayant  regu  ces  instructions  de  son 
pdre.  Being  thus  instructed  by  his  father.  II  fut  enjoint  aux  hommes  (temoins)  de 
parler  d'un  ton  plus  dicidl.  The  m,en  (witnesses)  were  instructed  to  speak  in  a  louder 
tone. 

Insulter  (tr.).     To  insult,  to  ofFend.  .  ' 

Insulter  (intr.)  a.  To  instill,  to  outrage,  to  be  an  outrage,  insult  to.  The  intransitive  form  is 
stronger.    Insulter  aux  malheureux;  a  la  raison. 

Intenter  (tr.).  To  enter,  to  institute  (legal  process,  action,  etc.);  contre,  against.  II  a 
intents  un  procds  contre  vous. 

Interclder  (intr.).  To  intercede ;  auprds  de,  with.  Interclder  aupres  de  quelqu'un  pour 
quelqu'un  (or  en  faveur  de  quelqu'un).  To  intercede  between  =  Passer  entre;  inter- 
venir  comme  midiateur.     See  62. 

Interdire  (tr.).  To  interdict,  to  forbid,  to  prohibit,  etc.  Quelque  chose  a  quelqu'un.  A  quel- 
qu'un de  faire  quelque  chose.  Used  about  like  our  verb  to  prohibit.  See  defendre 
for  ordinary  uses  of  to  forbid.  II  leur  est  interdit  d'entrer  dans  ce  lieu.  They  are 
forbidden  (prohibited)  from  entering  this  place.  Leur  mdre  leur  a  defendu  d'y  aller. 
Ma  sante  ne  me  le  permet  pas.     My  health  forbids.     See  136. 

Intlresser  (tr.).  To  interest.  Dans  une  affaire.  In  an  affair.  Vous  etes  int§ress§  a  ce 
qu'il  SOient  heureux.      You  are  interested  in  their  happiness. 

S'intlresser.  To  be  interested,  to  take  an  interest;  a,  dans,  in.  Je  suis  curieux  de  con- 
naitre,  etc.     I  am  interested  to  know,  etc. 

Interroger  (tr.).     To  interrogate ;  ^mx,  on  {d^Vkgdcc^  ^q).     See  questionner. 

Interrompre  (tr.).     See  68  (5).     To  interrupt. 

Intervenir  (intr.).  To  intervene;  dans,  in.  Le  temps  qui  s'6coula  entre.  The  period, 
(time)  which  intervened  between.  II  peut  survenir  des  evenements.  Events  may 
intervene.     See  124.     See  s'entremettre. 

Interviewer  (tr.).  To  interviezv.  Adopted  from  the  Eng.;  used  mostly  in  the  infinitive  and 
compound  tenses. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  323 

Introduire  (tr.).  To  introduce.  See  141.  Introduire  un  usage,  une  mode,  un  systeme. 
To  introduce  a  custom,  a  fashion,  a  syste?n.  Introduire  quelqu'un  aupres  de  quel- 
qu'un.  To  introduce  (formally,  as  an  ambassador  to  a  sovereign)  some  one  to  any  one. 
Presenter  quelqu'un  a  une  dame,  a  un  monsieur.  To  introduce  {present)  some  one  to 
a  lady,  to  a  gentleman.  Amener  un  sujet  de  conversation,  amener  la  conversation 
sur  le  sujet  (entamer  une  question).  To  introduce  a  subject  of  conversation  {a 
7natter) . 

Investir  (tr.).  To  invest ;  de,  with.  Investir  quelqu'un  d'une  autorit6,  d'un  droit. 
Investir  une  ville,  une  place  (mil).  Placer  de  I'argent  (des  fonds).  To  invest 
money  {funds'). 

Inviter  (tr.).     To  invite  {to  come,  a  venir  ;  to  dine,  a  diner). 

Irriter  (tr.).  To  irritate.  Etre  irrit§,  to  be  irritated  {incensed),  COntre  quelqu'un,  with 
some  one.     II  s'irrite  de  VOS  actions.     He  is  exasperated  {irritated)  at  your  actions. 

Issir  (intr.).      To  descend,  to  spring frorn,  etc.  (obsolete).     See  166. 


Jasper  (tr.).      To  marble  (as  the  edges  of  books).     Jaspe  =  jasper. 

Jeter  (tr.).  To  throw.  Idioms:  C'est  Jeter  de  I'huile  sur  le  feu.  It  is  adding  fuel  to  the 
flames  {fire).  Jeter  son  argent  par  les  fenetres.  To  play  ducks  and  drakes  with  one's 
money. 

Joindre  (tr.).  To  join.  See  150.  Prendre  part  a  la  conversation.  To  join  in  the  conver- 
sation. Etre  du  meme  avis  que,  penser  comme.  To  join  in  the  opinion  of  Je  m'en 
retourne  demain  ;  voulez-vous  venir  avec  moi  ?  I  am  goi^tg  back  to-morrow ;  will  you 
join  me  ?  Rejoindre  son  regiment.  To  join  one's  regiment.  Les  deux  maisons  se 
touchent.  The  two  houses  join.  Faire  cause  commune  avec ;  s'unir  d'intdret.  To 
join  interests  {cause)  with. 

Jouer  (tr.  and  intr.).  To  play.  See  65.  Se  jouer  de.  To  play  {with),  to  sport  with,  etc. 
Jouer  sur  les  mots.  To  play  upon  words.  lis  se  sont  fait  un  jeu  de  sa  sensibilite. 
They  played  upon  her  feelings.  Faire  de  la  musique  a  quelqu'un.  To  play  {music) 
to  any  one.     Le  gagnant  joue  bien.     He  plays  well  that  wins  (prov.). 

Idioms  and  sayings  :  II  joua  de  son  reste.  He  played  his  last  card  {was  on  his  last 
legs).  II  joue  au  plus  sfir.  He  plays  a  safe  game.  Jouer  de  malheur.  To  have  a 
run  of  bad  luck,  to  be  unlucky.  II  a  jou§  des  jambes.  He  took  to  his  heels.  Vous 
vous  jouez  de  moi.  You  are  fooling  me.  C'est  pour  jouer.  It  is  for  sport.  II  joue 
sa  vie.  He  exposes  his  life  to  danger.  Jouer  serre.  7V  act  cautiously,  to  leave  nothing 
to  chance. 

Jouir  (intr.)  de.  To  enjoy,  to  have  the  enjoyment  of;  to  possess.  Jouir  d'une  bonne  sant§. 
To  enjoy  good  health.  Etre  heureux  des  m§saventures,  du  malheur  de  quelqu'un. 
To  enjoy  the  mishaps,  the  misfortune,  of  some  one.  S'amuser.  To  enjoy  one's  self. 
Vous  etes-vous  amus§  ?  Did  you  enjoy  yourself?  Did  you  have  a  good  time  ? 
Comment  vous  plaisez-vous  ici  ?    How  do  you  enjoy  yourself  {like  it)  here  ? 

Juger  (tr.).  To  judge.  Idioms :  Juger  sur  I'^tiquette  du  sac.  To  judge  by  appearances,  by 
the  exterior.     Au  juger.     At  a  guess. 

Jurer  (tr.  and  intr.).  To  swear.  Jurer  une  6ternelle  amiti6.  To  swear  eternal  friendship. 
J'ai  jure  de  garder  le  secret.  Preter  serment.  To  take  an  oath.  Faire  preter  ser- 
ment  It  quelqu'un.     To  swear  any  one  in  court,  etc. 


y 


324  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

Jurer  (intr.).  To  swear;  de  (b.  \,),io.  J'en  jurerais.  /  would  swear  to  it.  Jurer  comme 
un  templier  (charretier,  paien).  To  swear  like  a  trooper.  Faire  (preter)  serment. 
To  szuear  {to  take  an  oath).  Jurer  avec  (said  of  colors).  To  clash  with,  not  to 
match.  Le  vert  jure  avec  le  jaune.  Jurer  apres  (fam.) ;  injurier  en  paroles.  To 
swear  at. 

Justifier  (tr.).  To  justify,  to  vindicate,  to  prove  innocent.  II  n'avait  pas  de  motif  pour 
donner  sa  demission.  He  was  not  justified  in  resigning  his  office.  Vous  n'aviez  pas 
le  droit  de  contraindre  les  inclinations  de  votre  soeur.  You  were  not  justified  in 
forcing  your  sister's  inclinations. 

L 

Laisser  (tr.).     To  leave.    See  180.    Idioms  and  sayings :  Cela  laisse  i  d§sirer.      There  is  room 

for  improvement ;  it  is  not  quite  the  thing.     Je  ne  laisse  pas  d'etre  inquiet.     In  spite 

of  all  that,  I  am  anxious.     II  se  laissa  faire.     He  offered  no  resistance.     Laisser  faire, 

laisser  passer.     Let  us  have  free  trade  (motto  of  economists  in  eighteenth  century). 
Lamenter  -(tr.).     To  lament. 

Lamenter  (intr.).      To  lament,  to  mourn,  etc.;  %mx^  over.     See  pleurer. 
Languir  (intr.).     To  languish;  de,  with,  under.    Languir  du  desir  de  faire  quelque  chose. 

To  languish  to  do  something.     EUe  ne  languit  pas  d'amour  pour  vous.     She  doesn't 

languish  for  you.    Languir  pendant  le  reste  de  sa  vie.     To  languish  away  one's 

life. 
Se  lasser.     To  get  tired,  weary ;  de  (b.  n.  or  i.),  of.    Se  lasser  d'un  endroit.    Se  lasser  de 

voyager,  de  lire.     Se   lasser  is  a  synonym  of  se  fatiguer ;  the  first  is  a  result  of 

monotony;  the  second,  of  labor.  See  s'ennuyer. 
Laver  (tr.).  To  wash;  de,  with.  Etre  lav6  par  {by'). 
Se  laver.     To  wash.    Se  laver  les  mains,  le  visage.     To  wash  one's  hands,  etc.     Son  crime 

fut  effac§.    His  guilt  was  zvashed  away.    Faire  descendre  (arroser)  son  souper  (avec 

du  vin,  etc.).      To  wash  down  one's  supper. 
LIsiner  (intr.).     To  be  stingy,  mean,  niggardly  ;  sur,  in,  over.    L6siner  sur  tout.     Etre  avare 

is  the  ordinary  term  for  to  be  stingy.    II  est  diablement  avare.     L§siner  is  a  very  harsh 

term. 
Leurrer  (tr.).     To  lure,  to  delude.     Leurre  (m.)  is  decoy  bird  used  to  recall  falcons;  hence 

the  verb.    Se  leurrer  de.     To  delude  one's  self  zuith.    See  tromper,  attirer. 
Lever  (tr.).      To  raise,  to  raise  up,  to  lift,  etc.     See  57. 
Se  lever.      To  rise,  to  get  up  (from  bed).     Contrast  with  s'61ever,  to  rise,  to  lift  one's  self. 

Contains  idea  of  attaining  height  or  a  higher  position.     Idioms  :  J'en  leverais  la  main. 

I  would  swear  to  it.    Le  president  leva  la  stance.     The  chairman  dissolved  the  fneeting. 

A  qui  se  Idve  matin  Dieu  prete   la  main.      //  is  the  early  bird  that  catches  the 

worm, 
Lier  (tr.).      To  bind,  to  fasten,  to  tie ;  avec,  with;  a,  to.     See  attacher.     Lier  has  more  the 

idea  of  to  bind;  attacher,  of  to  tie.    Attachez-moi  ma  bottine ;  attachez  (les  lacets 

de)  ma  bottine.  Tie  my  shoe  {shoe  string). 
Se  liguer.  To  league,  to  combine  ;  pour  (b.  i.) ,  to. 
Lire  (tr.).     See  140. 

Longer  (tr.).     Togo  along  (as  a  field,  a  marsh,  etc.).     Longer  la  c6te.      To  hug  the  shore. 
Louer    (tr.).      To  praise,   etc.;   de,    pour  (b.  i.),  for,  on  account  of.     Idiom:  Qui  se  loue 

s'emboue.     Self-praise  is  no  recommendation. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  325 


M 

Micher  (tr.).  To  masticate,  to  chew.  Je  ne  lui  ai  pas  mach6  la  chose.  /  did  not  mince 
matters  with  him.  Je  lui  ai  donn6  sa  besogne  toute  mach^e.  /  gave  him  his  work 
already  cut  out ;  I  made  his  work  as  easy  as  possible  for  him. 

Machiner  (tr.).      To  machinate,  to  plot ;  CQxAxq,  against. 

Maigrir  (intr.).      To  become,  to  grotv,  thin,  lean.     See  amaigrir. 

Maintenir  (tr.).  To  sustain,  to  support,  to  maintain,  etc.  See  124.  Soutenir  une  conversa- 
tion, un  argument,  son  droit.  To  maintain  a  co?tversation,  an  argument,  one's  right. 
Garder  sa  position.  To  maintain  one's  ground.  Maintenir  les  lois  ;  maintenir  quel- 
qu'un  en  place.  Cette  barre  de  fer  maintient  la  charpente.  Je  maintiens  que,  etc. 
(Af&rmer  also  used  in  last  sense.)  Conserver  la  fertility  du  sol.  To  maintain  the 
fertility  of  soil. 

Malfaire  (intr.).     See  169. 

Maltraiter  (tr.).  To  maltreat,  to  ill-treat,  etc.;  de,  in.  Maltraiter  quelqu'un  de  paroles. 
Distinguish  between  maltraiter  and  traiter  mal  =  to  entertain  in  a  niggardly  or  inhos- 
pitable manner. 

Mander  (tr.).  To  send  (by  message  or  letter)  ;  a,  to;  to  send  for,  to  summon;  de,  to.  Mander 
une  nouvelle  a  quelqu'un.  Mander  H  quelqu'un  de  venir.  To  send  for  any  one  to 
come. 

Manger  (tr.,  intr. ,  and  r.) .  To  eat ;  dans,  out  of;  sur,  off.  Manger  comme  quatre.  To  eat  like 
an  ogre ;  to  eat  very  heartily.  II  a  mange  son  pain  blanc  le  premier.  He  had  the 
happiest  part  of  his  life  first.  Manger  son  ble  en  herbe.  To  anticipate  one's  income 
or  revenue.  Manger  de  la  vache  enrag^e.  To  endure  hardships,  stiffer  privations.  II 
mange  ses  mots.  He  clips  his  words.  Manger  sur  le  pouce.  To  eat  in  a  great  huny 
(without  a  plate)  ;  to  eat  a  snack.  II  a  mang6  la  consigne.  He  did  not  follow  orders, 
II  a  mang6  le  morceau.  He  denounced  his  accomplices.  II  se  laisse  manger  la  laine 
sur  le  dos.  He  allows  hijnself  to  be  fleeced.  Les  loups  ne  se  mangent  pas  entre  eux. 
There  is  honor  among  thieves.  II  donne  a  manger.  He  keeps  a  restaurant.  II  est 
bete  a  manger  du  foin.     He  is  as  green  as  grass. 

Manquer  (tr.).  To  miss  {not  to  meet,  to  allow  to  escape').  Manquer  le  train.  To  jniss  the 
train.  J'ai  manqu§  un  lidvre  qui  4tait  au  bout  de  mon  fusil.  I  missed  a  hare  which 
was  at  the  end  of  my  gun.  II  a  manqu6  un  bon  mariage.  J'ai  manqu6  mon  affaire. 
La  balle  a  perce  votre  chapeau,  vous  I'avez  manque  belle.  The  ball  pierced  your  hat, 
you  had  a  narrow  escape. 

Manquer  (intr.).  To  err,  to  fail,  to  miss  ;  to  just  miss,  etc.  Ne  manquez  pas  de  faire  cela. 
Don't  fail  to  do  that.  Nous  avons  manqu6  de  verser.  We  just  missed  being  overturned; 
we  came  near  being  upset.  See  faiUir,  163.  Manquer  is  used  in  the  sense  indicated  in  the 
last  example,  but  only  with  reference  to  an  unfortunate,  an  unhappy  occurrence.  Faillir 
is  used  in  the  same  sense  with  reference  to  happy  or  unhappy  occurrences.  J'ai  failli  avoir 
le  prix.  II  faillit  etre  ministre.  Manquer  should  not  be  used  in  sentences  similar  to 
the  last  two.  Manquer  is  followed  by  a,  to  indicate  a  failure  to  do  what  one  should  do, 
what  it  is  one's  duty  to  do.  II  a  manqu6  a  remplir  ses  devoirs.  Manquer  de  indi- 
cates a  failure,  a  forgetting  to  do  something  ;  or  a  failure  to  do  something  without  imply- 
ing neglect.     See  180. 

Idioms:  Ne  VOUS  manque-t-il  rien?     Have  you  everything  you  Tvant?    Cela  me 
manque.     /  miss  that.    Mes  amis  me  manquent.     /  miss  my  friends.     Je  manque  a 


326  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

ma  mSre.  My  mother  misses  me.  Vous  nous  avez  manqu6.  We  have  missed  you. 
Note  the  difference  from  the  English  way  of  putting  it.  C'est  un  avocat  manqu6.  He 
is  a  would-be  lawyer  ;  he  is  a  failure  as  a  laivyer.  II  a  manqu6  d'etre  pris.  He  was 
-  nearly  caught.  C'est  un  gar^on  manqu§.  She  is  a  tomboy.  Ce  serait  manquer  d'usage. 
That  xvould  be  a  breach  of  good  manners.  II  ne  manquait  plus  que  cela.  7  hat  crowns 
all;  that  is  the  last  straw ;  the  last  thing  expected.  Si  vous  veniez  a  me  manquer. 
Should  I  happen  to  lose  you.   .  II  s'en  est  manqu§  de  peu.      It  came  within  an  ace. 

Marchander  (intr.).  To  bargain,  haggle  over.  Sans  marchander.  Without  haggling.  J'6tais 
en  march^  avec  lui  pour  un  cheval.  Je  traitais  avec  lui  d'un  cheval.  I  was  bai'gain- 
ing  with  him  for  a  horse. 

Marcher  (intr.).  To  walk,  to  go,  etc.  This  verb  is  of  very  frequent  use.  Idiom:  II  ne  leur 
marche  pas  sur  les  pieds.     He  does  not  run  after  them. 

Marier  (tr.).  To  marry  (as  a  priest);  to  marry  {off,  as  a  daughter).  .Qui  a-t-elle  6pous6  ? 
Whom  did  she  jtiarry  ?  Qui  les  a  m:iries  ?  Who  7narried  them  ?  A-t-elle  marie 
toutes  ses  fiUes  ?     Has  she  niai^ried  {off)  all  her  daughters  ? 

Se  marier  avec.  To  marry.  II  s'est  mari§  avec  ma  soeur.  Voulez-vous  m'epouser? 
Will  you  marry  me  ? 

Maudire  (tr. ).      To  curse,    to  call  curses  upon.     See  136. 

M^connaitre  (tr.).     Like  connaitre.     H'ot  to  recognize,  to  deny,  disown,  etc. 

Micontenter  (tr.).     To  discontent ;  de,  with.     Etre  m§content6  de. 

M6croire.      To  disbelieve.     See  169. 

M§dire  (intr.).      To  speak  ill  of,  to  slander.     De  (used  b.  n.).     See  136. 

M6diter  (tr.).      To  meditate  ;  to  project.     M^diter  de  faire  quelque  chose. 

M6diter  (intr.)  sur.  To  reflect,  to  fneditate.  Mediter  sur  le  pass4.  Mediter  (tr.)  has  the 
idea  of  projecting.  Mediter  (intr.)  has  mure  the  idea  of  to  meditate  over ;  to^  reflect 
upon. 

M§ faire  (intr.).      To  do  evil,  etc.     See  169. 

Se  m§fier.      To  mistrust,  to  distrust ;  to  suspect.     See  se  defier. 

Meier  (tr.).  To  mix,  to  mingle.  Meier  deux  choses.  Meier  une  chose  avec  une  autre 
(where  actual  mixing  takes  place).  Meier  ses  larmes  a  celles  d'un  ami.  7"o  mingle 
one's  tears  with  a  friend^ s. 

Se  meler.  To  mix,  to  mingle.  L'huile  ne  se  mele  pas  avec  Peau.  Se  meler  dans  la  foule. 
To  mingle  with  the  croivd.  II  se  mela  parmi  les  autres.  He  mingled  with  the  others. 
Se  meler  de.  To  meddle  xvith.  De  quoi  vous  melez-vous?  Whit  business  is  it  of 
yours?  See  m§langer  also  for  sense  of  to  mix,  to  mingle  (things).  Frequenter 
expresses  to  mix  with,  or  to  mingle  with,  people  of  a  particular  class.  Ne  fr§quentez 
pas  de  pareilles  gens.     Do  not  mix  with  such  people. 

Menacer  (tr.).  To  threaten;  de  (b.  n.),  zuith;  de  (b.  i.),  to.  II  m'en  a  menac6.  lie  threat- 
ened me  zvith  it. 

Menager  (tr.).  To  husband,  to  be  saving  of,  etc.  Idiom :  Qui  veut  voyager  loin  minage  sa 
monture .  Who  wishes  to  go  far  spares  his  horse  ;  he  who  zvishes  to  live  long  avoids' 
excess.  Vous  ne  m6nagez  pas  assez  vos  expressions.  You  are  not  particular  etiough 
about  your  -words.  Manager  son  temps.  To  improve  one's  time.  EUe  nous  a  menag§ 
une  surprise  pour  Noel.  She  has  managed  a  surprise  for  us  for  Christmas.  Je  vous 
m^nagerai  une  entrevue  avec  lui.  I  will  secure  {arrange)  an  interview  with  him  for 
you. 

Mener  (tr.).      To  lead,  to  conduct,  to  take.     See  57. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  327 

Mener  (intr.).      To  drive  (horses);  to  lead  (of  roads),  a,  to.     Vous  menez  bien. 

Saying :  Mener  la  vie  a  grandes  guides.     To  lead  a  fast  life  {to  drive  life  four-in- hand) . 

Mentir  (intr.).  To  lie  (irr.).  See  125.  A  beau  mentir  qui  vient  de  loin.  A  traveler 
may  lie  with  impunity.  Travelers  tell  fine  tales.  II  faut  bonne  m§moire  aprds 
qu'on  a  menti.     Liars  should  have  good  memories. 

Se  m§prendre.      To  be  mistaken  ;  a,  in. 

Se  m6prendre  sur.  To  misapprehend.  Like  prendre.  A  s'y  m^prendre.  I'o  the  point  of 
deceiving  one  or  one's  j<?^ (generally  preceded  by  c'est).  Quibec,  c'est  St.  Malo  a  s'y 
m^prendre.      You  would  take  Quebec  for  St.  Malo. 

Mepriser  (tr.).  To  scorn.  M^priser  une  personne,  les  honneurs,  les  richesses.  DIdaigner 
de  f aire  quelque  chose.  To  scorn  to  do  something.  Je  rougirais  de  mentir.  /  would 
scorn  to  tell  a  lie. 

M6riter  (tr.).  To  merit,  to  deserve  (as  a  recompense).  Etre  digne  de.  To  deserve,  to  merit 
(by  reason  of  one's  birth,  position,  qualifications). 

Meriter  (intr.).      To  deserve,  to  merit;  de  (b.  i.),  to. 

M^soff rir  (tr.) .  To  offer  less  than  the  value  for  merchandise ;  to  underbid.  Rarely  used. 
Offrir  moins  que,  etc.,  is  the  usual  expression. 

Messoir  (intr.).      To  be  unbecouiing ;  i,  to.     See  169. 

Misuser  (intr.).  To  misuse,  to  abuse.  Misuser  de  quelque  chose.  To  misuse  something, 
i.e.  to  use  it  amiss,  in  the  wrong  way.  Abuser  de  quelque  chose.  To  misuse,  to  abuse 
(a  bad  head,  misuse,  viisuses  benefits  ;  a  bad  heart,  abuse,  abuses  them). 

Mettre  (tr.).  To  put,  to  place,  to  lay,  to  put  on.  Se  mettre  i.  To  set  about.  Mettez  votre 
chapeau.  See  remettre.  Se  mettre  a  faire  quelque  chose.  Idioms  and  sayings: 
Mettez  cent  francs.  Make  it  $20.  II  se  mettrait  en  quatre  pour  ses  amis.  He 
would  do  anything  for  his  friends.  II  S3  met  bien.  He  dresses  well.  On  veut  nous 
mettre  dedans  (fam.).  They  want  to  entrap  us,  to  take  us  in.  Vous  I'avez  mis  dedans. 
You  gave  him  wrong  information  {took  him  in).  Vous  I'avez  mis  dans  de  beaux 
draps.  You  have  placed  hi)7i  in  a  bad  position.  Mettez-y  du  votre.  Show  your  good- 
will. Vous  y  mettez  le  temps.  You  take  your  time  over  it.  Je  vous  mets  a  con- 
tribution. I  expect  you  to  contribute.  Je  les  ai  mis  bien  ensemble.  I  have  reconciled 
them.  Mettez  que  j'ai  raison.  Admit  I  am  right.  La  gangrdne  se  mit  dans  la 
plaie.  Gangrene  set  in  the  wound.  II  se  met  au  lait.  He  follows  a  milk  diet.  II  a 
mis  les  pouces.  He  surrendered.  Ne  VOUS  mattez  pas  martel  en  tete.  Do  not  rack 
your  brains.  II  se  met  bien  avec  tout  le  monds.  He  makes  friends  ivith  everybody. 
Mettez  cela  par  Icrit.  Put  that  down  in  black  and  white.  II  s'est  mis  au  vert.  He 
stopped  short  his  course  of  dissipation.  Cette  maison  est  mise  a  Tindex  par  les  grl- 
vistes.  This  house  is  being  boycotted  by  the  strikers.  II  s'est  mis  dans  tous  ses  Itats. 
He  was  in  a  furious  passion.  Cela  met  du  baurre  dans  les  Ipinards.  //  is  an  unex- 
pected windfall.  On  Pa  mis  a  I'ombre.  They  have  put  him  in  jail.  On  Ta  mis  au 
pied  du  mur.  He  was  compelled  to  confess.  Se  mettre  en  frais  pour  quelqu'un.  To 
go  to  expense  for  some  one. 

Meubler  (tr.).      To  furnish  {to  supply  with  furniture)  ;  de,  7vith.     Etre  meubll  de. 

Meurtrir  (tr.).  To  bruise.  Prenez  garde  de  meurtrir  ces  poires.  Be  careful  not  to  bruise 
those  pears.  On  Ta  tout  meurtri  de  coups.  They  bruised  him  {fnade  him  black  and 
blue)  with  blows. 

Modeler  (tr.).     To  model;  sur,  by,  after.     Modeler  sa  vie  sur,  etc. 

Se  modeler  sur.      To  take  model  after,  to  take  as  a  model. 


328  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

Moisir  (tr.).     To  mold,  to  make  moldy,  etc.     L'huinidit6  moisit  tout  ici. 

Se  moisir  and  moisir  (intr.).  To  mold,  to  become  moldy.  Le  fromage  se  moisit.  Les  con- 
fitures moisissent.      The  preserves  are  getting  tnoldy. 

Mooter  (intr.).  To  go  up,  to  ascend,  to  mount,  etc.  Conjugated  with  avoir  to  express  an 
action;  with  etre,  to  express  a  state.  See  69-72.  Monter  a  cheval.  To  ride  horseback. 
Monter  sur  un  cheval  (or  H  un  cheval).  To  mount  (Jo  get  on')  a  horse.  Monter  a 
r^chelle.  To  climb  the  ladder.  Monter  en  croupe.  To  ride  the  same  horse  behind 
another  person.  Monter  sur  le  trone.  To  ascend,  to  mount  the  throne.  II  est  monte 
sur  ses  grands  chevaux.     He  is  very  much  excited. 

Monter  (tr.).  To  take  up,  to  bring  up,  to  mount,  etc.  Monter  un  cheval.  To  be  mounted  on 
a  horse.  II  monte  un  cheval  blanc.  On  lui  a  mont§  un  bateau.  They  bluffed  him, 
told  him  a  story. 

Montrer  (tr.).  To  show,  to  point  out.  Montrer  quelqu'un  au  doigt.  To  point  at  any  one 
(uncomplimentary  sense).  Partout  on  le  montre  au  doigt.  To  point  to.  Indiquer, 
designer.  II  me  I'indiqua.  He  pointed  him  out  to  me.  Idiom :  Montrer  le  soleil 
avec  un  flambeau.     To  paint  the  lily.     To  hold  a  farthing  rushlight  to  the  sun. 

Se  moquer  de.  To  deride,  to  mock  {at)  ;  to  make  fun  {of),  etc.  Elle  se  moque  de  vous. 
She  is  making  fun  {sport)  of  you.     Je  m'en  moque.     I  do  not  care  for  that. 

Mordre  (tr.).  To  bite.  Idioms:  Se  mordre  les  doigts.  To  repent  ivhat  one  has  done.  Se 
mordre  la  langue.  To  repent  what  one  has  said.  (The  above  expressions  may  be 
followed  by  d' avoir  and  a  past  participle  to  express  regret  for  having  done  or  said 
something.)     Etre  mordu  de  or  par.     To  be  bitten  by. 

Morfondre  (tr.).  To  chill,  to  give  a  chill  to.  La  pluie  (le  vent)  I'a  morfondu.  The 
rain  {tvind)  has  chilled  him  {given  him  a  chill).  Ne  dessellez  pas  sitot  ce 
cheval,  de  peur  de  le  morfondre.  Do  not  unsaddle  that  horse  so  soon  for  fear  of 
chilling  him.  La  vieillesse  refroidit  les  passions.  Old  age  chills  the  passions.  Cela 
glace  son  courage.     That  chills  his  courage. 

Se  morfondre.  To  get  a  chill,  to  becotne  chilled.  Vous  vous  morfondrez  dans  le  jardin. 
Also  means  to  lose  much  time  waiting.     Je  me  suis  morfondu  a  vous  attendre. 

Mortifier  (tr.).  To  mortify.  Battre  de  la  viande  pour  la  mortifier.  To  make  meat  tender. 
Etre  mortifil  d'une  chose.  To  be  mortified  at  {over)  a  thing.  Etre  mortifi§  de 
dire  (de  faire). 

Moudre  (tr.).  To  grind.  See  154.  Moulez  le  caf6.  Grind  the  coffee.  Idiom:  II  viendra 
moudre  a  notre  moulin.     He  will  be  in  want  of  us  some  day. 

Mouiller  (tr.).      To  wet,  to  make  wet,  to  bathe ;  de,  with. 

Mourir  (intr.).  To  die.  See  134.  Elle  est  morte  a  la  fleur  de  I'ige.  She  died  in  the 
prime  of  life.  II  mourra  i  la  peine.  He  will  die  in  the  attempt.  Je  mourrai 
sur  la  br^che.  /  will  die  at  my  post.  II  mourra  dans  sa  peau.  He  ivill  die  as 
he  has  lived.  Je  mourrai  de  ma  belle  mort.  /  shall  die  naturally.  II  en  meurt 
d'envie.  He  is  dying  to  have  it.  II  meurt  d'envie  de  parler.  He  is  dying  to  say 
something.  Le  commerce  est  mort.  Business  is  at  a  standstill.  II  fait  le  mort.  He- 
does  not  appear ;  pretends  to  be  dead.  II  s'en  ferait  mourir.  He  zuould  take  too  much 
of  it. 

Munir  (tr.).      To  supply,  to  provide  ;  de,  with. 

Muser  (intr.).  To  loiter,  to  dawdle.  Does  not  mean /o  z^z^^,  which  is  penser,  rever.  Idiom: 
Qui  beaucoup  muse  pen  file.  Great  dreamers  are  little  doers;  rust  wastes  ??iore  than 
use. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  329 

N 

Naitre  (intr.).      To  be  born.     See  148. 

Nantir  (tr.).  To  give  security  to  ;  to  give  a  pledge  to  (as  guaranty  of  the  payment  of  money). 
Cet  homme  ne  prete  point  si  on  ne  le  nantit  auparavant.  This  man  does  not  lend 
unless  he  is  secured  in  advance.    II  ne  veut  rien  preter  s'il  n'est  nanti. 

Se  nantir.  To  furnish  one's  self  with  something  (by  way  of  precaution).  Je  me  suis  nanti 
d'un  bon  manteau  contre  la  pluie.  I  have  provided  myself  ivith  a  good  cloak  against 
rain.  It  also  has  meaning  of  to  feather  one's  nest  with  the  profits  from  an  enterprise  or 
position.     Cet  homme  s'est  bien  nanti  avant  de  sortir  de  sa  place. 

Navrer  (tr.).  To  hurt  or  wound  any  one  grievously  (Hg.)  ;  to  break  any  one's  heart.  Cela  m'a 
navre.    J'en  ai  le  coeur  navre.    J'en  suis  navr6.     Vous  m'avez  navr6  de  douleur. 

N6gliger  (tr.).     To  neglect;  de  (b.  i.),  to.     See  177. 

Nommer  (tr.).  To  name,  to  appoint.  Nommer  un  enfant  d'aprds  quelqu'un.  To  name  a 
child  after  any  one. 

Nourrir  (tr.).  To  feed,  to  nourish  ;  diQ,  with.  Se  nourrir  (de) .  To  live,  feed  {upon).  Etre 
nourri  de. 

Noyer  (tr.).  To  drown.  Se  noyer.  To  drown.,  to  get  drowned.  Des  yeux  noy6s  de  larmes. 
Eyes  full  of  tears.     Un  homme  noy6  de  dettes.     A  jnan  buried  in  debt. 

Nuire  (intr.).  To  injure,  to  harm,  to  do  harm  to.  Accomodez-vous  avec  cet  homme,  il  pent 
vous  nuire  dans  vos  affaires.  II  vous  nuira.  Cette  boisson  nuire  a  la  sante.  Cette 
affaire  a  nui  i  sa  reputation.  (Impers.  with  de  b.  i.)  II  ne  nuit  pas  d'avoir  6tudi6. 
Idiom :  Ce  qui  nuit  a  I'un  sert  a  I'autre.     What  is  one  man's  meat  is  another' s poison, 

0 

Ob6ir  (H)  (intr.).  To  obey.  Avez-vous  ob6i  (a  I'ordre)  aux  ordres?  J'y  ai  ob6i.  Have 
you  obeyed  the  order {/)P     I  have  {obeyed  it  ox  them).     See  107. 

Obliger  (tr.).      To  oblige.     See  177,  178. 

Obscurcir  (tr.).     To  obscure.     See  offusquer. 

Obs^der  (tr.).      To  beset;  de,  with;  (of  evil  spirits),  to  possess,  to  obsess. 

S'obstiner.      To  persist,  to  be  obstinate  ;  a  (b.  n.  and  i.),  in. 

Obtenir  (tr.).  To  obtain,  to  get.  Sometimes  used  with  de  before  infinitive  in  sense  of  to 
succeed.    J'ai  obtenu  de  le  voir  (Acad.).     See  124. 

S'occuper.  To  be  occupied;  de,  h.,  at,  in.  See  182.  S'occuper  is  used  with  h.  and  with  de 
before  nouns  and  before  infinitives.  S'occuper  k  quelque  chose  means  to  be  working 
at  a  thing;  actively  engaged  in  its  execution.  S'OCCuper  de  quelque  chose  means  to  have 
it  in  mind,  under  consideration;  to  be  bent  upon  bringing  its  execution  about.  The  follow- 
ing sentences  will  illustrate  the  difference  :  II  s'occupe  a  son  jardin.  He  is  working  in 
or  on  his  garden.  II  s'occupe  de  SOU  jardin.  He  is  busy  with  his  garden,  has-  his  garden 
on  his  hands.  II  s'occupe  a  d^truire  les  abus.  He  is  busy  destroying  or  correcting 
the  abuses.  II  s'occupe  de  detruire  les  abus.  He  is  occupied  with  the  destruction  of  the 
abuses,  seeking  the  means  to  bring  about  the  correction  of  them.  Idioms  and  sayings : 
Est-ce  qu'on  s'occupe  de  vous  ?  Are  you  ivaited  on  ?  Je  ne  m'occupe  de  9a.  That 
(or  it)  is  none  of  my  business.  Occupez-vous  de  VOS  affaires.  Mind  your  own  business. 
Je  m'en  occuperai.     /  will  take  the  matter  in  hand. 

S'offenser.  To  take  offense  ;  de,  at;  to  take  exception  to.  See  se  ficher  de  ;  se  piquer  de;  se 
formaliser  de.    II  s'est  offens6  de  vos  paroles.    Etre  offens6  de. 


330 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


Offrir  (tr.).     To  offer.     See  126  and  177. 

S'offrir.  To  off.^r  one's  self.  Used  with  a  before  infinitive  in  sense  of  offrir  de.  II  offrit 
d'accompagner  son  frere  or  II  s'offrit  a  accompagner  son  frere.  He  offered  to  accom- 
pany his  brother. 

Offusquer  (tr.).  To  obscure  (by  the  interposition'of  a  body,  which  completely  shuts  off  the  view). 
Obscurcir  means  to  obscure,  is  more  general  than  offusquer,  and  means  to  diminish  the 
brilliancy  of  a  body.  Le  brouillard  offusque  le  paysage.  Offusque  also  means  to  daz- 
zle, to  shock  or  to  give  offense  to.  Le  soleil  m'offusque  les  yeux.  Qu'est-ce  qui  vous 
offusque  en  cela  ?        Otez-vous  de  devant  moi,  vous  m'offusquez  la  vue. 

Oindre  (tr.).     To  anoint  {rub  with  oil).     Like  craindre. 

Omettre  (tr.).      7^o  omit,  to  leave  out,  to  pass  over  ;  de  (b.  i.),  to.     See  177. 

Opiner  (intr.).  To  give  one's  opinion  (in  a  council  or  assemblage),  to  speak;  3i,  for.  Dans 
cette  consultation  deux  m^decins  opinerent  a  la  saign^e,  et  trois  a  la  purgation. 
Opiner  du  bonnet.  7"o  agree  always  with  others,  especially  with  superiors.  II  n'opine 
jamais  que  du  bonnet. 

Opiniatrer  (tr.).  To  make  stubborn.  Opiniitrer  un  enfant.  Its  use  in  sense  oi  to  jnaintain 
a  point  or  thing  with  stubbornness  is  old. 

S'opinittrer.      7'o  be  obstinate ;  a  (b.  n.  and  i.),  in.     S'opiniatrer  a  soutenir  une  erreur. 

Opter  (iiitr.).  To  choose.  Opter  entre  deux  ou  trois  choses.  Opter  is  a  synonym  of  choisir, 
and  may  be  used  when  choice  does  not  include  comparison  or  relative  merit.  Choisir 
implies  a  comparison  and  the  selection  of  the  best. 

Ordonner  (tr.).  To  arrange,  to  put  in  order,  to  dispose ;  to  order.  Ordonner  quelqu'un  de 
faire  quelque  chose.     See  commander. 

Orner  (tr.).      To  adorn,  to  ornament ;  de,  with. 

Oser  (tr.).  To  dare,  to  make  bold,  etc.  Oser  (intr.)  has  similar  meaning.  Precedes  infinitive 
without  preposition.  Je  n'oserais  le  dire.  I  should  not  like  to  say.  See  179.  Je  vous 
defie  de  le  faire.     /  dare  you  to  do  it.     Je  reponds  que,  etc.     I  dare  say  that,  etc. 

Oter  (tr.).  To  remove ;  diQ,  from  ;  to  get  out ;  de,  of.  Otez  vos  bottes.  Take  off  (remove) 
your  boots.  Otez-vous  de  devant  moi.  Get  from  in  front  of  me.  Idioms  :  Ote-toi  de 
la  que  je  m'y  mette.  You  get  out  and  let  me  get  in.  II  a  k\.h  ote  de  sa  place.  Otez 
cet  enfant  d'aupr§s  du  feu. 

Oublier  (tr.).     To  forget ;  de  (b.  i.),  to.     Idiom  :  Oublions  le  passe.     Let  bygones  be  bygones. 

Ouvrir  (tr.).  To  open.  See  126.  Idioms  and  sayings:  On  a  ouvert  un  canal.  They  dug  a 
canal.  Le  caviar  ouvre  Tappetit.  Caviar  excites  the  appetite.  Ouvrez-moi  votre 
coeur.  Tell  me  your  secret  (or  your  troubles).  Je  me  suis  ouvert  un  passage.  / 
i7iade  my  way  out.  Ouvrez  Toeil,  et  le  bon.  Be  on  your  guard.  L'avenir  s'ouvre 
brillant  devant  lui.     He  has  a  very  promising  future. 

P 

Pactiser  (intr.).     To  enter  into  a  compact;  avec,  with.      To  covenant  with.     Also:  Faire  un 

pacte  avec. 
Paitre(intr.).    Tograze.    See  171.    Idiom :  Je  I'ai  env0y6  paitre.    I  sent  him  about  his  business. 
Palir  (tr.).      To  make  pale,  to  bleach. 
Palir  (intr.).      To  turn  pale  ;  de,  with. 
Palpiter  (intr.).      To  palpitate  ;  de,  with. 
Se  pamer.      To  swoon,  to  faint ;  de,  with, 
Paraitre  (intr.).     To  appear.    See  137.    Idioms  and  sayings:  Sans  qu'il  yparaisse.     Without 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  33 1 

making  any  show.  Sans  qu'il  y  paraisse,  c'est  un  homme  fort  instruit.  A  ce  qu'il 
me  parait.  As  far  as  I  can  judge.  Ce  livre  vient  de  paraitre.  That  book  is  just  out, 
just  published.  II  n'y  parait  plus.  There  is  no  trace  of  it.  II  n'y  parait  pas.  One 
would  not  have  thought  it. 

Paralyser  (tr.).  To  paralyze;  ^q,  with.  Etre  paralys6.  To  be  paralyzed ;  ^q.,  in.  Paralyse 
du  c6t§  droit.    Paralyzed  in  the  right  side.    Etre  paralyse  des  mains,  des  deux  mains. 

Parcourir  (tr.).     To  go  over;  to  survey,  etc.     See  127. 

Pardonner  (tr.).  To  forgive,  to  pardon.  Pardonner  une  faute.  Pardonner  quelqu'un.  Par- 
donner  quelque  chose  a  quelqu'un.  Pardonner  quelqu'un  d' avoir  fait  quelque 
chose.  A-t-il  obtenu  son  pardon  ?  Lui  a-t-on  pardonn6  ?  A-t-il  obtenu  sa  grace  ? 
Is  he  pardoned?  To  pardon  a  criminal  is  also  expressed  by  faire  grice  a.  Faites-lui 
grice  de  sa  vie. 

Par f aire  (tr.).     To  complete.     See  171. 

Parier  (tr.).  To  wagej-,  to  bet.  Je  parie  vingt  francs.  Generally  followed  by  que,  but  de 
may  be  used  before  infinitive.     Je  parie  de  reussir  avant  le  dix  du  mois. 

Parier  (intr.).  l^o  speak,  to  talk.  See  41-45.  H  parie  de  s'en  aller.  He  talks  of  going  azvay. 
II  parie  de  se  remarier.  Idiom :  II  en  parie  comme  un  aveugle  des  couleurs.  He  talks 
of  it  without  knoiving  rvhat  he  is  about  (as  a  blind  man  talks  of  the  colors).  He  is  talk- 
ing through  his  hat  (fam.).  Idioms  and  sayings :  Nous  parlions  de  la  pluie  et  du  beau 
temps.  We  were  not  talking  of  anything  in  particular.  Parier  de  bouche  au  cceur 
ne  touche.  Lip  worship  does  not  reach  the  heart.  C'est  a  vous  a  parier,  etc.  //  is  your 
turn  to  speak,  etc.  C'est  a  vous  de  parier.  //  is  your  duty  to  speak,  etc.  II  trouvera 
a  qui  parier.  He  will  find  his  match.  Jamais  beau  parier  n'§corche  la  langue. 
Fair  words  never  did  harm.  It  costs  nothing  to  be  polite.  II  a  SOn  franc  parier.  He 
is  free-spoken. 

Parsemer  (tr.).      To  strew,  to  spangle  (for  ornament);   de,  with. 

Partir  (intr.).      To  start.     See  125. 

Parvenir  (intr.)  H.      To  attain,  to  come  {at  or  to')\   to  succeed;  a,  in  to.     See  178. 

Passer  (tr.).      To  pass,  to  pass  over  ;  to  surpass  ;  to  spend  (time);   etc. 

Passer  (intr.).  To  pass,  to  go,  to  go  along;  to  go  over  {K)  to  ;  to  call  (a)  at,  (chez)  upon.  Ce 
soldat  a  passe  a  I'ennemi.     That  soldier  has  gone  over  to  the  enemy.    See  s'enfuir  dans. 

Se  passer  de.  To  do  or  go  without ;  de  (b.  i.).  Se  passer  de  vin.  Se  passer  de  fumer. 
Idioms  and  sayings:  II  faut  bien  que  j'en  passe  par  la.  /  must  submit  to  that.  I 
must  put  up  zvith  it.  Passons  au  d6luge.  We  know  all  about  that.  Let  us  come  to  the 
point.  Don't  let  us  go  all  over  that  agaip, ;  we  will  take  it  for  granted.  Cette  COuleur 
passera.  That  color  will  fade.  Passez-moi  ce  mot-li.  Excuse  the  expression. 
Passe-moi  la  casse  (rhubarbe),  je  te  passerai  le  s4n6.  You  let  me  have  my  way,  and 
P II  let  you  have  yours.  Claw  me,  and  P II  claw  you.  On  ne  passe  pas.  No  thorough- 
fare. Ca  se  passait  il  y  a  dix  ans.  That  happened  ten  years  ago.  Voila  comme  9a 
se  passe.  That  is  the  condition  of  affairs.  II  passera  de  I'eau  sous  le  pont  avant. 
It  will  take  (or  be)  a  long  time  {before  it  occurs).  Je  m'en  passerais  bien.  I  wish  I 
could  avoid  that.  Que  se  passe-t-il  done  (Qu'est-ce  qui  se  passe).  What  is  going 
on?  Un  tour  de  passe-passe.  A  sleight-of-hand  trick.  Je  m'en  suis  pass§  Tenvie. 
/  gratified  my  wish  for  it.  Ca  lui  passera.  He  zuill  lose  that  habit.  Passez  trois 
pages.  Skip  three  pages.  II  est  pass6  de  vie  H  tr^pas.  He  is  dead.  On  lui  a  pass6 
Is  goflt  du  pain.  They  killed  him.  II  est  pass6  capitaine.  He  was  promoted  to  cap- 
tain.   II  passe  du  blanc  au  noir.    He  changes  his  opinion.    C'est  pass6  dans  les 


332  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

usages.  It  is  the  custom  now.  II  passera  par  mes  mains.  He  will  have  to  deal  with 
me.  II  m'a  pass6  une  pidce  fausse.  He  gave  me  a  bad  coin.  Laissez-moi  passer 
mon  habit.  Permit  me  to  put  on  my  coat.  Je  I'ai  dit  en  passant.  /  casually  men- 
tioned it.  Je  passerai  sur  cela.  /  will  forgive  (or  overlook)  that.  Passer  par.  To 
go  through  (a  town  or  place,  etc.,  en  route  to  another).  Si  vous  allez  k  New  York, 
passerez  vous  par  Chicago  ? 

Ss  passionner  (pour).      To  become  enamored  {of)  ;  to  become  impassioned. 

Patir  (intr.).     To  suffer.    Les  bons  patissent  souvent  pour  les  mauvais. 

Payer  (tr.).  To  pay.  See  64.  D6bourser.  To  pay  down  {out)  {iz-va..).  Idioms  and  sayings : 
Payer  de  sa  personne.  To  expose  one's  self  bravely  to  danger,  to  risk  one's  skin.  Etre 
pay6  pour  savoir.  To  know  a  thing  to  one's  cost.  Payer  d'audace.  To  put  on  a  bold 
face,  to  brazen  a  thing  out.  Payer  les  violons.  To  pay  the  piper  {the  fiddler) .  Je  ne 
me  paye  pas  de  mauvaises  raisons.  /  shall  be  satisfied  only  with  good  reasons.  Vous 
vous  payez  de  mots.  You  are  taken  in  by  empty  words  ;  are  satisfied  with  words.  II 
me  la  payera.  I  zuill  make  him  smart  for  it.  Qui  paye  ses  dettes  s'enrichit.  Debt 
is  the  worst  kind  of  poverty.  Payer  son  §cot.  To  pay  one^s  share.  (Payer  sa  cotisa- 
tion,  also.)  II  veut  se  payer  ma  tete.  He  wishes  to  have  the  laugh  on  me.  II  s'en 
paie.  He  has  a  good  time.  II  paie  de  mine.  He  has  a  prepossessing  appearance.  II 
est  pay6  pour  9a.  //  is  his  duty.  II  m'a  pay6  a  boire.  He  treated  me  to  a  drink. 
Je  vous  paierai  cela  autrement.  /  will  return  the  compliment.  Tout  se  paie  ici-bas. 
We  must  bear  the  consequences  of  our  acts. 

Peindre  (tr.).     To  paint.    Like  craindre. 

Peiner  (tr.).      To  grieve,  to  pain  ;  to  fatigue. 

Peiner  (intr.).     To  be  unwilling,  reUutant ;  "k  (b.  i.),  to.     II  peine  k  punir. 

P6n6trer  (tr.).      To  penetrate ;  to  imbue,  impress;  de,  with.     Etre  p^netr§  de.     See  imbiber. 

Penser  (intr.  and  tr.).  To  think ;  a,  of  (b.  n.,  b.  i.).  Note  carefully  the  examples  of  its  tran- 
sitive use.  Songer  and  rever  are  synonyms.  Penser  before  the  infinitive  without  a 
preposition  means  to  be  on  the  point  of:  II  a  pens§  mourir,  etre  noyd,  etc  Penser  de 
=  to  judge,  to  have  an  opinion  of  or  about:  On  pense  de  lui  cent  choses  facheuses. 
Que  pensez  vous  de  cet  homme?  J'ai  bien  autre  chose  a  penser.  /  have  other  things 
to  think  about.  II  ne  s'enqui6tait  pas  de  cela.  He  thought  nothing  about  that.  Avoir 
une  haute  id^e  de.  To  think  much  of  {a great  deal  of).  Je  n'ai  pas  bonne  opinion 
decela.  I  don't  think  anything  of  that.  Revenirsur.  To  think  better  of.  Vous  revien- 
drez  sur  votre  resolution.  You  will  think  better  of  your  determination.  Je  ne  puis 
m'imaginer  qui  a  fait  cela.  /  caii't  think  who  did  that.  Faites  ce  que  vous  jugez 
convenable.  Do  as  you  think  proper.  lis  le  regardaient  comme  un  original.  They 
thought  him  an  oddity.  Trouver  le  temps  long.  To  think  it  long.  Je  le  pensais  bien. 
/  thought  as  much.  Idioms :  A  ce  que  je  pense.  To  my  juind.  Sans  penser  a  mal. 
Without  meaning  any  mischief  {harm).  Rien  que  d'y  penser  j'en  ai  le  frisson.  The 
bare  thought  of  it  makes  me  shudder.  Cela  donne  furieusement  a  penser.  That  is  very 
suggestive. 

Percevoir  (tr.).      To  collect  {taxes,  rents,  etc.).-    See  pages  48  and  153. 

Perdre  (tr.).  To  lose.  Idioms  and  sayings:  Je  m'y  perds.  /  am  getting  bewildered.  I 
cannot  make  head  or  tail  of  it.  II  perd  la  carte.  He  is  getting  confused.  Qui  perd 
pdche.  Nothing  succeeds  like  success.  He  ivho  loses  sins.  C'est  du  bien  perdu.  It  is 
casting  pearls  before  swine.  II  m'a  perdu  auprds  de  vous.  He  has  ruined  my  character 
in  your  eyes. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  333 

P6rir  (intr.).     To  perish  ;  de,  with.    (With  avoir  to  express  action;  with  etre,  to  express  state). 

Permettre  (tr.).      To  permit.  ^ 

Se  permettre.      To  permit  oner's  self.     See  138  and  177. 

Permuter  (tr.).      To  change  (situations  or  employments).     Permuter  avec  SOn  COll§gue. 

Pers6v6rer  (intr.).      To  persevere ;  dans,  in  (b.  n.);   a,  in  (b.  i.). 

Persister  (intr.).  To  persist ;  dans,  m(b.  n.);  a,  in  (b.  i.).  II  y  persista.  He  persisted 
in  it. 

Persuader  (tr.).  To  persuade,  etc.  Persuader  quelqu'un  de  quelque  chose.  To  persuade 
any  one  of  anything.  Persuader  a  quelqu'un  de  faire  quelque  chose.  To  persuade 
any  one  to  do  anything, 

Peser  (tr.).      7^o  iveigh. 

Peser  (intr.).  To  weigh  {to  have  a  certain  weight)  ;  to  weigh,  to  bear,  to  lie  heavy  ;  sur,  upon. 
C'est  une  chose  qui  pese  sur  le  coeur. 

Pester  (intr.).     To  inveigh;  contre,  against. 

P6tiller  (intr,).  To  crackle,  to  sparkle;  de,  with.  Le  sel,  les  feuilles,  pitillent  dans  le  feu. 
Salt,  leaves,  crackle  in  the  fire.  Ses  yeux  p^tillent  d'esprit.  Petiller  d'ardeur,  de 
joie,  d'impatience.  To  be  full  of  ardor,  of  joy,  of  impatience.  P6tiller  de  faire 
quelque  chose.      To  be  eager  {to  long)  to  do  anything. 

Peupler  (tr.).      To  people,  to  populate  ;  to  stock  (with  animals);   de,  with. 

Piltiner  (intr.).  To  move  about  one''s  feet,  to  stamp ;  de,  with.  Get  enfant  ne  fait  que 
pi^tiner.  Pietiner  de  colore,  d' impatience.  This  verb  is  familiar.  To  stainp  one's 
foot  is  expressed  ordinarily  by  frapper  du  pied.  EUe  frappa  du  pied  impatiemment. 
She  stamped  her  foot  impatiently.  Frapper  le  parquet  du  pied.  To  stamp  the  floor. 
For  other  meanings  of  to  stamp,  see  empreindre,  graver,  imprimer.  Trepigner  has 
about  the  same  meaning  and  use  as  pietiner  and  is  also  used  with  reference  to  horses. 

Piquer  (tr.).  To  prick  (with  anything  pointed);  (of  wasps,  insects,  etc.),  to  sting ;  to  stimu- 
late, to  excite,  to  goad,  etc.  Je  me  suis  piqu§  le  doigt  avec  une  aiguille.  I  have  pricked 
my  finger  with  a  needle. 

Se  piquer  de.      To  take  offense,  to  be  piqued  {at)  ;  to  pride  {plume)  one's  self;  de,  on. 

Idioms  and  sayings :  Piquer  la  curiosity  de  quelqu'un.  To  rouse  any  ofte's  curiosity. 
II  se  pique  d'un  rien.  He  takes  offense  at  the  slightest  thing.  II  s'est  piqu§  d'honneur. 
He  made  it  a  point  of  honor.  He  zvas  put  upon  his  mettle.  II  se  pique  d'esprit.  He 
poses  as  a  witty  man.  Se  piquer  au  jeu.  To  continue  obstinately  to  play  although  losing. 
To  go  on  in  an  enterprise  in  spite  of  all  obstacles.  Je  suis  piqu6  au  jeu.  The  cotnpeti- 
tion  excites  me.  Quelle  mouche  VOUS  pique  ?  What  makes  you  cross  ?  What  is  the 
matter  with  you  ?  Elle  s'est  piqu6  une  rose  dans  les  cheveux.  She  has  fixed  a  rose  in 
her  hair.     Ce  n'est  pas  piqu6  des  vers.      That  is  something  fine  (lit.,  not  zvorm-eaten). 

Plaindre  (tr.).     To  pity.     Se  plaindre.     To  complain.     See  150  and  177. 

Plaire  (intr.).     To  please.     Se  plaire.     To  take  delight;  a,  in.     See  147  and  178. 

Plaisanter  (intr.).  To  jest,  to  joke.  Plaisanter  avec  quelqu'un.  To  trifle  with  some  one. 
Plaisanter  sur  quelque  chose  (or  a  propos  de).     To  jest  over  or  abotit. 

Planter  (tr.).  To  plant.  Idiom:  Planter  quelqu'un  lH.  To  leave  any  one  in  the  lurch. 
To  leave  some  one  without  warning.     Vous  m'avez  plants  li. 

Plaquer  (tr.).      To  plate  (metals);   de,  with;  to  put  on  (mortar);   to  put  down  (turf). 

Pleurer  (tr.).      To  weep,  to  mourn,  to  deplore. 

Pleurer  (intr.).  To  iveep  {shed  tears);  to  mourn,  to  lament;  sur,  over.  Pleurer  de  joie. 
To  weep  for  joy.    Pleurer  sur  quelqu'un.     To  weep  for  or  over  some  one. 


334 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


Idioms:  Pleurer  a  chaudes  larmes  pour,  etc.  To  cry  one's  eyes  otit  for,  etc.  On 
dirait  qu'il  a  plejir6  pour  avoir  son  habit.  His  coat  is  too  tight.  II  pl«ure  ses  peches. 
He  deplores  his  faults  (sins).  II  a  pleur6  dans  le  gilet  de  son  ami.  He  confided  his 
troubles  to  his  friend.    On  ne  I'a  pleur6  que  d'un  ceil.    He  was  not  very  much  regretted. 

Pleuvoir  (intr.).  To  rain.  See  104.  Idiom:  Pleuvoirdes  hallebardes  (used  impersonally). 
To  rain  cats  and  dogs  (pitchforks).    II  pleuvait  des  boulets  de  canon,  etc. 

Flier  (tr.).  To  fold,  to  fold  up;  to  bend,  etc.  Flier  du  papier,  du  linge.  Fliez  votre  lettre. 
Se  plier  sous  un  joug.  Se  plier  aux  caprices  de  quelqu'un.  To  bend  a  stick  or 
something  of  which  we  bring  the  two  ends  near  together  is  expressed  by  ployer.  In 
military  sense  plier  means  to  give  way  (intr.).     See  fausser,  tendre,  diriger,  etc. 

Foindre  (intr.).     To  dawn.     See  171. 

Forter  (tr.).  To  carry,  to  bear,  etc.;  to  wear  clothes ;  to  influence,  etc. ;  to  bear  (with).  See 
supporter. 

Forter  (intr.).  To  lead;  d..,  to ;  to  bear,  to  carry,  etc.  Tenir  bon.  Ne  pas  se  laisser  abattre. 
Avoir  du  courage.  To  bear  up.  Tenir  tete  a,  r§sister  a.  To  bear  up  against. 
Idioms  and  sayings  :  C'est  elle  qui  porte  la  culotte.  She  is  mistress  in  this  house  (not 
her  husband).  On  le  porte  aux  nues.  They  praise  hijn  to  the  skies.  Ses  plaisanteries 
portent  coup.  His  jokes  hit  the  mark.  Le  bleu  se  porte  cet  hiver.  Blue  is  worn  this 
winter  (is  the  fashionable  color).  II  ne  porte  pas  son  ige.  He  does  not  look  as  old  as 
he  is.  II  me  porte  int^ret.  He  takes  interest  in  me.  Je  I'ai  vu  porter  en  terre.  / 
saw  his  funeral.  Cela  lui  porte  sur  les  nerfs.  That  makes  her  nervous.  II  porte  le 
poids  des  affaires.  The  responsibility  rests  upon  him.  Je  vous  porterai  sur  la  liste. 
I  will  inscribe  your  name  on  the  list.  Ce  fusil  porte  a  mille  pieds.  This  gun  has  a 
range  of  a  thousand  feet.  Ce  vin  me  porte  a  la  tete.  7  his  wine  goes  to  my  head. 
Forter  a  faux.  To  be  unjust:  Cette  critique  porte  k  faux.  Se  porter  fort  pour 
quelqu'un.  To  answer  for  so??ie  one;  to  be  guaranty  for.  Je  me  porte  fort  pour  lui. 
Se  porter  partie  civile.  To  claim  damages  in  a  criminal  suit.  Cet  argent  porte 
intlret.      This  money  bears  interest. 

Foursuivre  (tr.).      To  pursue  ;  to  prosecute  ivaXz.-^).     See  145. 

Fourvoir  (tr.).      To  provide.     See  121. 

Fousser  (tr.).      To  push,  to  thrust  (press  against)  ;  to  impel,  etc. 

Fousser  (intr.).  To  shoot  forth  ;  to  spring  up  (of  plants);  to  grow;  to  push  on,  etc.  II  m'a 
fait  tomber  de  la  chaise.     He  pushed  me  off  the  chair. 

Idionns :  Fousser  a  bout.  To  drive  to  extremity,  to  exhaust  one's  patience.  Ne  me 
poussez  pas  H  bout.  II  se  pousse  du  col.  He  is  conceited.  Sa  barbe  ne  pousse  pas 
encore.  His  beard  does  not  grow  yet.  lis  ont  pouss6  les  hauts  cris.  They  protested 
loudly. 

Fouvoir  (intr.).  To  be  able;  can;  may ;  to  be  possible,  etc.  See  115  and  129.  See  also  table 
of  auxiliaries.  Idioms :  Je  n'y  puis  rien.  /  cannot  helflt.  T'can  do  nothing  in  the 
matter.  Si  faire  se  pent.  If  possible.'  Cela  se  pent.  That  may  be.  Cela  ne  se 
pent  pas.  //  cannot  possibly  be.  It  cannot  be  done.  On  fait  comme  on  pent.  W'e 
must  do  the  best  we  can.      We  have  done  the  best  we  could.     Qu'y  puis-je?    How  can 

I  help  it?    Je  n'en  puis  plus.     I  am  done  up,  exhausted.     Je  n'en  puis  mais.     //  is 
no  fault  of  mine.     II  n'en  pent  mais.     He  is  not  the  cause  of  it.      He  cannot  help  it. 

II  est  toujours  on  ne  pent  plus  aimable.     He  is  always  as  agreeable  as  he  can  be. 
Fr§cautionner  (tr.).     To  caution;  contre,  against;  to  warn  of 

Se  pr6cautionner.     To  take  precautions  ;  contre,  against. 


THE  FRENCH    VERB  335 

Precher  (tr.).  To  preach;  to  preach  to,  etc.  Chicun  preche  pour  son  saint.  Every  one  has 
an  eye  to  his  ozvn  interest. 

Precher  (intr.).  To  preach.  Idiom:  Precher  dans  le  desert.  To  preach  to  empty  benches. 
7'o  be  unconvincing. 

Pr^conaitre.     To  foreknow.    Like  connaitre. 

Pr6dire  (tr.).      To  foretell.     Like  dire. 

Pr^ferer  (tr.).  To  prefer,  to  choose:  Pr^ferer  une  chose.  Pr6f6rer  une  chose  a  une  autre. 
Pr^ferer  is  used  before  the  infinitive  without  preposition,  or  it  may  be  used  with  de. 
II  pr^fdre  de  se  retirer  or  il  prefdre  se  retirer. 

Pr6judicier  (intr.).  To  prejudice  ;  to  be  prejudicial  (a)  to.  Cela  pr^judicie  a  mes  interets, 
a  mes  droits,  a  mes  reputation.  Etre  prevenu  (or  avoir  des  preventions)  contre. 
To  be  prejudiced  against.     Donner  des  preventions.      To  prejtuiice  the  mind. 

Pr^lever  (tr.).  To  deduct  in  advance,  to  take  off  first;  sur,  from.  Pr^lever  une  telle  somme 
sur  des  fonds  pour  des  frais  n^cessaires.  Sur  les  gages  des  ouvriers  on  prel§ve  un 
dixidme.     A  tenth  of  the  wages  of  the  workmen  is  deducted. 

Pr6m6diter  (tr.).  To  premeditate.  Pr6m6diter  un  crime,  etc.  Pr^mdditer  de  faire  quelque 
chose. 

Prendre  (tr.  and  intr.).  To  take.  See  143.  Se  prendre  (a).  To  catch  {in);  to  be  caught, 
etc.    Sa  robe  s'est  prise  a  une  6pine.    S'en  prendre  a.     To  lay  the  blame  on. 

Idioms  and  sayings :  Prendre  sur  son  sommeil.  7^o  retrench  on  one's  sleep.  II  prend 
sur  son  sommeil  pour  6tudier.  C'est  autant  de  pris  sur  Tennemi.  So  much  saved 
out  of  the  fire.  So  much  to  the  good.  Bien  m'en  (lui  en,  etc.)  a  pris.  /  {he,  etc.)  was 
inspired.  It  was  lucky.  It  zvas  a  happy  thought.  Bien  lui  en  prit  d'avoir  ferme  sa 
porte.  //  was  lucky  for  him  that  he  shut  his  door.  Je  vous  y  prends.  /  catch  you  at  it. 
II  prend  le  chemin  de  Thopital.  He  is  on  the  highway  to  ruin.  Je  m'en  prends  a  vous. 
I  lay  the  blame  at  your  door.  Qu'est-ce  qui  vOUS  prend?  What  is  the  matter  with  you  ? 
(is  not  an  inquiry  as  to  illness  or  sickness  ;  but  as  to  an  unusual  or  unexpected  action). 
Ce  qui  est  bon  a  prendre  est  bon  a  garden  What  is  worth  taking  is  zuorth  keeping. 
Montrez-moi  comment  il  faut  s'y  prendre.  Show  me  how  to  go  about  it.  A  tout  prendre. 
On  the  whole.  Everything  considered.  Prenez-vous-en  a  vous-meme.  You  have  your- 
self to  thank  for  it.  On  ne  sait  par  ou  le  prendre.  He  is  hard  to  manage.  Prendre  la 
mouche.  To  be  put  out  (about  a  trifle).  Prendre  de  I'embonpoint.  To groiu  fat ;  to 
become  stout.  II  le  prend  de  haut.  He  is  vexed  without  due  cause.  Prendre  le  temps 
comme  il  vient.  To  take  things  easily.  Ou  avez-vous  pris  cell?  Where  did  you  get 
that  infor /nation  {hear  that)?  II  m'a  pris  en  amiti§.  He  showed  a  fancy  for  me.  II 
m'a  pris  en  haine.  He  took  a  strong  dislike  to  me.  Je  vous  prends  au  mot.  /  take  you 
atyoicr  zvord.  Je  sors  d'en  prendre  »(fam.).  I  have  had  enough  of  it.  I  had  rather  be 
excused.  You  will  not  catch  me  again  so  soon.  Ca  prend.  That''s  a  go.  Ca  ne  prend 
pas.  Thafs  no  go  (fam.).  Je  VOUS  prends  a  temoin.  I  call  you  to  witness.  Prendre  le 
frais.  To  take  an  airing.  To  take  the  fresh  air.  Je  Tai  pris  a  partie.  I  took  him  to 
task.  II  prend  le  train  onze.  He  goes  on  shank's  mare  {on  foot).  II  a  pris  un  billet  de 
parterre.  He  fell  flat  on  his  back.  II  m'a  pris  en  grippe.  He  took  a  dislike  to  me.  J'ai 
pris  le  change  sur  vos  intentions.  I  zvas  jnistaken  as  to  your  intentions.  S'en  pren- 
dre a  son  aise.     To  take  it  easily.    Prendre  la  balle  au  bond.     To  seize  the  opportunity. 

Preparer  (tr.).  To  prepare  ;  a,  for  (b.  n.),  to  (b.  i.).  Preparer  quelqu'un  a  la  mort.  Pre- 
parer quelqu'un  a  faire  quelque  chose.     Preparer  quelqu'un  a  soutenir  un  examen. 

Se  preparer;  pour  or  a,/cr  (b.  n.).     Se  preparer  i  la  guerre.    Se  preparer  pour  faire 


336  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

quelque  chose  (or  \  faire  quelque  chose).  Le  temps  se  prepare  a  etre  beau. 
Appreter  and  disposer  are  synonyms  of  preparer.  Appreter  corresponds  to  our  verb 
to  get  ready,  and  implies  diligence  or  industry;  preparer  corresponds  more  nearly  to  the 
Eng.  to  prepare,  and  implies  forethought ;  disposer  expresses  to  make  dispositions  or 
arrangements  for,  and  implies  orderliness. 

Proposer  (tr.).  To  charge,  to  place.  To  establish  with  authority  (or  power);  a,  with;  pour, 
to;  sur,  over;  to  do  something  or  to  care  for  something.  Preposer  quelqu'un  a  la 
conduite  de  quelque  chose.  Les  6v^ques  sont  prepos^s  sur  I'eglise  de  Dieu,  a  la 
conduite  de  I'eglise  de  Dieu,  pour  gouverner  I'eglise  de  Dieu. 

Prescrire  (tr.  and  intr.).  To  prescribe,  to  order,  to  direct;  de  (b.  i.).  Like  ecrire.  Son 
m6decin  lui  a  prescrit  un  autre  regime ;  lui  a  prescrit  de  faire  des  promenades. 
Prescrivez-moi  ce  que  vous  d^sirez  que  je  fasse. 

Preserver  (tr.).      7^o preserve,  to  keep;  diQ^  from  (b.  n.  or  i.). 

Presider  (intr.).      To  preside  ;  a,  over  ;  to  be  in  the  chair. 

Presser  (tr.).      To  press,  etc.;  to  urge,  to  press  ;  de,  to  (b.  i.). 

Presumer  (tr.).  To  presume,  to  conjecture.  Pr^sumer  de.  To  presume  upon  {on).  II  pre- 
sume trop  de  son  succ§s. 

Pretendre  (tr.).     To  claim  (as  a  right)  ;  to  affirm,  maintain.     Je  pretends  que  c'est  faux. 

Pr§tendre  (intr.).  To  pretend,  to  intend,  to  aspire ;  a,  to  (b.  n.).  No  preposition  b.  i. 
Pritendre  a  une  place  ;  a  la  main  d'une  dame.  Je  pretends  faire  ce  voyage  en  dix 
jours.  /  intend  to  make  this  journey  in  ten  days.  II  pretende  commander  ici  a  tout 
le  monde.     He  claims  to  have  the  right  of  commanding  every  one  here. 

Prater  (tr.).      To  lend ;  to  ascribe ;  a,  to  (b.  n.). 

Se  preter  (a).      To  give  way  to,  to  indulge  in,  etc. 

Idioms  and  sayings :  II  prete  de  I'argent  a  la  petite  semaine.  He  lends  money  for 
a  short  time  at  a  high  rate  of  interest.  Preter  le  flanc  a,  etc.  To  lay  one's  self  open 
to,  etc.    Preter  serment.     To  take  oath.     Ce  drap  prete.      This  cloth  stretches. 

Privaloir  (intr.).     To  prevail ;  sur,  over.     Like  valoir.     Son  opinion  a  pr^valu. 

Se  pr^valoir  (de).  To  take  advantage  of;  to  profit  by.  See  profiter.  Je  lui  ai  persuade  de, 
etc.  (or  je  I'ai  d^cidl,  entraire  a,  etc.).  /  have  prevailed  upon  him  to,  etc.  La  force 
I'emporte  sur  le  droit.     Force  prevails  over  right. 

Pr6venir  (tr.).  Like  tenir.  To  precede,  to  arrive  before,  etc.;  to  inforin  ;  de,  of;  to  fore- 
warn.   Pr^venir  un  malheur.     To  prevent  a  misfortune.     See  informer. 

Pr^voir  (tr.).     To  foresee.     Like  voir. 

Prier  (tr.).      To  pray,  to  beg,  etc.     See  67  and  177.     Supplier  also  used  in   sense  of  to  beg. 
■    Mendier  (tendre  la  main).     To  beg  {for  alms).    Demander  grice.     To  beg  for  mercy. 
Grace!     Mercy!  {spare  me). 

Primer  (intr.).  To  take  the  lead ;  to  surpass.  Sagesse  prime  richesse.  Idiom:  EUe  prime 
par  sa  laideur.     She  takes  the  cake  for  ugliness. 

Procurer  (tr.).  To  procure,  to  obtain.  Procurer  quelque  chose  i  quelqu'un.  To  obtain,  to, 
procure,  something  for  some  one. 

Produire  (tr.).     To  produce,  etc.     Like  conduire. 

Profiter  (intr.).  To  profit;  sur,  by  ;  a,  by  ;  to  benefit  by,  etc.  II  a  profit!  a  ce  march!.  He 
profited  by  {in)  that  bargain.  II  a  beaucoup  profit!  sur  les  marchandises  qu'il  a 
vendues.  Profiter  de  Toccasion,  des  exemples  de  quelqu'un,  des  avis  de  quelqu'un, 
etc.  To  profit  by  {from)  the  occasion,  from  the  examples  or  advice  of  some  one.  See  also 
tirer  avantage,  profit,  de. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  337 

Projeter  (tr.).     To  project,  to   delineate,  to   contemplate,  etc.     Projeter   quelque  chose  ;    de 

faire  quelque  chose. 
Se  projeter  (sur).     To  project  {over). 

Promener  (tr.).     To  take  out  (animals) ;  to  conduct,  to  lead  out  (for  an  airing,  etc.). 
Se  promener.     To  take  a  walk.    Se  promener  a  cheval,  en  voiture,  etc.     To  take  a  ride 

(horseback),  to  drive  (in  a  carriage),  etc. 
Idioms:  Je  I'ai  envoy§  promener  (or  paitre).     /  sent  him  about  his  business.    Va 

te  promener  (fam.).     Go  to  Jericho  !  get  out!    Et  puis  tout  a  coup,  va  te  promener. 

Then  suddenly  the  whole  affair  went  through  {fell  through). 
Promettre  (tr.).     To  promise  ;  de,  to  (b.  i.);  a,  to  (b.  n.).    Idiom:  Promettre  et  tenir  sont 

deux.    It  is  one  thing  to  promise,  another  to  perform.    Promises  are  easily  made.    Chose 

promise,  chose  due.     Promises  should  be  kept.     Conjugated  like  mettre. 
Promouvoir  (tr.).     To  promote.     See  171. 

Proscrire  (tr.) .     To  proscribe,  to  outlaw  ;  de,  from.     Like  §crire. 
Proposer  (tr.).     To  propose,  to  offer ;  de,  to  (b.  i.)';   a,  to  (b.  n.). 
Se  proposer.      To  propose,  to  pm-pose,  etc.;  de,  to  (b.  i.), 
Prot^ger  (tr.).     To  protect ;  contre;  from;  de,  with. 
Provenir  (intr.).     To  proceed;  de,  from.     Like  tenir. 
Puer  (intr.).     To  stink.     See  171. 
Puiser  (tr.).     To  dip;  dans,  a,  from,  out  of.    Puiser  de  I'eau  k  la  rividre.     Puiser  also 

means  to  borrow,  to  take  (dans,  from)  ;  to  imbibe. 
Punir  (tr.).     To  punish;  dt^for. 

Q 

Qualifier  (tr.).  To  qualify ;  de,  as.  To  name,  to  call,  to  style.  On  le  qualifie  de  baron. 
He  is  styled  baron.  Vous  avez  tout  ce  qu'il  faut  pour  faire  cela.  You  are  qualified 
to  do  that.  Avoir  quality  pour.  To  be  qualified  to.  Preparer  pour  entrer  dans  les 
ordres.  To  be  qualifying  one's  self  for  holy  orders.  Acqu6rir  les  connaissances 
necessaires.      To  qualify  (i.e.  to  render  one's  self  eligible). 

Quereller  (tr.).*    To  quarrel  with.    Quereller  quelqu'un. 

Quereller  (intr.).  To  have  words,  to  quarrel.  II  aime  a  quereller.  Ne  querellez  point 
(not  used  with  noun). 

Se  quereller.  To  quarrel.  A  propos  de  quoi  se  querellent-ils.  What  are  they  quarreling 
about?  Chercher  une  querelle  d'allemand  a  quelqu'un.  7^ 0 pick  a  quarrel  tvith  some 
one  about  nothing  {to  be  looking  for  a  fight). 

Qu6rir  (tr.).  To  fetch.  See  172.  Used  after  aller,  envoyer,  venir.  Idiom  :  II  serait  bon  a 
aller  qu6rir  la  mort.    He  is  very  slotv. 

Questionner  (tr.).  To  question^  to  ask  questions  ;  sur,  on,  about.  Questionner  implies  curi- 
osity ;  interroger  implies  authority;  demander  implies  civility,  respect.  The  spy  would 
question  (questionne)  ;  a  judge  would  interrogate  (interroge)  ;  any  one  asks  (demande) 
information  of  a  friend.  Faire  (poser)  une  question.  To  ask  a  question.  Je  doute 
que  vous  puissiez  r6ussir.     I  question  whether  you  can  succeed. 

R 

Rabaisser  (tr.).     To  lower.    See  abaisser  and  baisser.    Used  also  like  abattre  with  reference 

to  I'orgueil,  le  ton,  etc. 
Rabattre  (tr.).     To  beat  down,  to  diminish,  to  lay,  etc.     Like  battre.     Rabattre  Torgueil  de 

V  martin's    FRENCH    VERB  —  22 


338  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

quelqu'un.     To  humble,  lower,  any  one's  pride.     Rabattre  le   caquet  i  quelqu'un 

(pop.).      To  take  a  person  do7vn  a  peg ;  to  stop  his  jaiu  {his  cackle^. 
Raccommoder  (tr.).     To  mend  (stockings,  clothes,  etc.) ;  to  darn  ;  to  put  to  rights  ;  to  reconcile ; 
.    avec,  to.    Raccommoder  quelqu'un  avec  un  autre;   raccommoder  deux  personnes. 

Faire  r6parer  une  montre.     To  have  a  watch  ?nended.    Retablir  une  constitution.     To 

mend  a  constitution.     Reformer  la  vie,  les  moeurs.     To  mend  life,  manners,  morals, 

etc.     II  faut  qu'il  s'amende.     He  must  mend  his  life. 
Raffoler  (intr.).     To  dote ;  de,  on.    II  raffole  de  la  musique. 
Raisonner   (intr.).     To  reason,  to  argue  ;  avec,  with.    See  arguer.    Vous  disputez  contre  la 

raison.      You  argue  against  reason. 
Rajeunir  (tr.).     To  renew  the  youth  of  to  restore  to  youth,  etc.     Sa  perruque  le  rajeunit  de 

vingt  ans.     His  zvig  makes  him  look  twenty  years  younger.     Rajeunir  with  avoir  to 

express  action  ;   with  6tre,  to  express  state. 
Ramener  (tr.).     To  bring  again.     Do  not  confuse  with  rapporter.     See  57. 
Ramentevoir  (tr.).     To  recall  to  (any  one's)  7nind.    Like  voir.    Rappeler  au  souvenir  de, 

etc.,  or  Rappeler  quelque  chose  a  quelqu'un  more  used. 
Ranger  (tr.).      To  range  {dispose  in  proper  lines),  to  array,  to  put  in  order,  etc.     See  55. 

Idiom:  II  s'est  rang6.     He  has  settled  down  (after  having  sown  his  wild  oats). 
Rappeler  (tr.).     To  call  again,  etc.     See  59  and  p.  88.     See   ramentevoir. 
Se  rappeler.     To  recollect,  to  recall.     II  s'est  rappele  sa  promesse.     To  bethink  one's  self  of 
Se  rapporter.     To  be  in  accordance  ;  avec,  with  ;  to  correspond  to,  etc.     Je  m'en  rapporte  a 

vous.     I  accept  your  decision  ;'  I  leave  it  to  you.     Qu'est-ce  que  cela  VOUS  rapportera? 

What  profit  can  you  derive  from  that? 
Rapprendre  (tr.).     To  learn  again.     Like  prendre. 
Rapprocher  (tr.).      To  draw,  bring,  nearer,  etc.;  de,  to.     Used  not  only  in  sense  of  to  draw, 

place,  bring,  nearer  again,   but  also  in  sense  of  to  place,  draw,  nearer.     Rapprocher  un 

fauteuil  du  feu.      To  draiu  a  chair  near  the  fire.     As  has  been  said  elsewhere,  the 

French  do  not  always  make  the  distinction  indicated  by  the  prefix  re.     See   remarks 

p.  256. 
Rassasier  (tr.).     To  satiate ;  Aq^  with.    Se  rassasier  de.  ,       • 

Rasseoir  (tr.).      To  reseat,  etc.     See  p.  128. 

Ratteindre  (tr.).     Like  craindre.     To  overtake  again,  to  catch  again.     But  little  used. 
Rattraper  (tr.).     To  catch  again.     Idiom:  Bien  fin  qui  me  rattrapera.     Once  bit  twice  shy ; 

I  won^t  be  caught  so  again. 
Ravir  (tr.).      To  ravish  ;  I.,  from.     Etre  ravi  de.      To  be  ravished,  transported,  with. 
Ravoir  (tr.).     To  have  again,  to  have  back.     Like  avoir;   but  used  only  in  infinitive. 
Readmettre  (tr.).     To  admit  again.     Like  mettre. 
Rebattre  (tr.).      To  beat  again;  to  repeat  {tell)  over  and  over.      To  sJmffle  cards  again.     Like 

battre. 
Se  rebeller.     To  rebel;  contre,  against.     Se  r^volter  contre  more  used. 
Se  rebiquer.      To  reply  with  impertinence,  to  be  pert ;  contre,  to  (fam.). 

Se  rebiffer.     To  tu,n  up  one's  nose;  contre  (quelqu'un  or  une  proposition).    Popular  expres- 
sion; ne  vouler  pas  de  quelque  chose  =  ordinary  term. 
Reboire  (tr.).      To  drink  again.     Like  boire. 

Recevoir  (tr.).     To  receive.    See  p.  46.    Etre  bien  re?u  par  quelqu'un ;  du  public. 
Se  rechauffer.     To  warm  one's  self  tip;  to  get  heated.    II  avait  froid;  il  s'est  rechauffe  a 

courir. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  339 

Rechigner  (intr.).      To  look  glum,  cross  ;  k^  at  (fam.). 

Rechoir  (intr.).      To  fall  again.     See  173.     Used  only  in  infin.  and  past  part. 

R6clamer  (tr.).      To  beseech,  to  implore,  etc. 

R^clamer  centre.     To  protest ;  to  object  to. 

Recommander  (tr.).     To  recommend,  etc.;  a,  to  (b.  n.);   de,  to  (b.  i.). 

Recommencer  (tr.  and  intr.).      7o  recommence,  etc.;  a,  to  (b.  i.). 

Recompenser  (tr.).     To  reward,  recompense ;  die,  for.    Etre  recompense  de. 

Se  recompenser.     To  make  it  up  to  one^s  self;  de,  for. 

Reconcilier  (tr.).     To  reconcile ;  avec,  to,  with. 

Reconduire  (tr.).      To  take  back,  to  reconduct,  etc.     See  conduire. 

Reconnaitre(tr.).     Like  connaitre.     7'<?  recognize,  to  admit,  etc. ;  k,  by.     Reconnaitre  quel- 

qu'un  i  savoix,  etc.    Reconnaitre  une  plante  a  sesfeuilles.    Reconnaitre  quelqu'un 

pour.     To  recognize  any  one  as.     Idioms :  Je  vous  (le)  reconnais  bien  la.     That  is  Just 

like  you  {him).     Ne  plus  s'y  connaitre.      To  be  quite  at  sea.     Not  to  know  zvhat  one 

is  about.    Je  ne  m'y  reconnais  plus. 
Reconqu6rir  (tr.).     To  reconquer.     Like  conqu6rir.  ,  , 

Recoudre  (tr.).     To  sew  again.     See  152. 

Recourir  (tr.).     See  courir.     To  run  again  ;  to  resort,  have  recourse ;  a,  to. 
Recouvrer  (tr.).     To  recover.     See  Recouvrir.    Recouvrer  son  bien,  sa  bourse,  etc. 
Recouvrir  (tr.).     To  cover  again.     Does  not  mean  to  recover,  which  is  s'ltablir,  recouvrer, 

retrouver,  etc.,  according  to  meaning. 
RIcrire  (tr.).     To  rewrite.     Like  6crire. 
Recroitre  (intr.).      To  spring  again,  etc.     Like  croitre. 
Recueillir  (tr.).      To  reap,  to  cull,  to  gather.     See  129. 
Recuire  (tr.).      To  cook  again.     Like  conduire.     To  reheat  liquids,  etc. 
Reculer  (intr.).      To  move  backward ;  to  recoil,  etc.     Idiom:  II  a  recul6  pour  mieux  sauter. 

He  waited  for  something  better.     He  stooped  to  conquer.     (Also  ironic.)     He  avoided  a 

small  evil  to  fall  into  a  greater. 
Redevenir  (intr.).     To  become  again.     Like  tenir. 
Redevoir  (tr.).     To  owe  still  (after  an  account  rendered).     See  48.     Vous  me  redevez  deux 

francs. 
Redire  (tr.).     To  repeat,  etc.     Like  dire.     Trouver  a  redire.     To  find  fault.     II  trouve  tou- 

jours  a  redire.    II  n'y  a  rien  a  redire  a  cela.     There  is  no  fault  to  be  found  %vith  that. 

That  is  all  right. 
R^duire  (tr.).     To  reduce ;  a,  to.    See  141.     R^duire  quelqu'un  au  d^sespoir,  etc.    Cette 

maladie  m'a  r6duit  a  ne  vivre  que  de  lait. 
Se  r§duire  k. 

R661ire  (tr.).  .  To  reelect.     Like  lire. 
Refaire  (tr.).     To  remake.     Like  faire. 
R6fl6chir  (tr.).     To  reflect.     Applies  to  light,  images,  the  voice,  luminous  rays.     Le  miroir 

r6fl6chit  1' image  des  objets.     Used  figuratively.    La  gloire  des  hommes  r^fl^chit  son 

6clat  sur  leurs  descendants.     Refl6ter  {to  reflect)  applies  to  light  and  color;  sometimes 

used   figuratively  like   r6fl6chir.      To  reflect  on  (i.e.  to  find  fault  with).     Rejeter   du 

blSme  sur.     Jeter  du  discredit  sur.      To  reflect  discredit  upon.      To  reflect  on  any  one. 

Censurer  quelqu'un;  rejeter  du  blUme  sur  quelqu'un.     That  reflects  honor  upon  him* 

Cela  r^pand  de  I'^clat  sur  lui. 
R6fl6cliir  (intr.).     To  reflect;  H,  upon,  on;  to  ponder,  etc.    J'y  ai  beaucoup  r6fl6clii. 


340 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


Refl§ter  (tr.).     See  r6fl6chir. 

Refrire  (tr.).     Like  frire.     To  fry  again, 

Refuir  (intr.).     Like  fuir.      To  double  (on  one's  tracks)  (hunting  term).     Le  cerf  a  refui. 

Refuser  (tr.  and  intr.).  To  refuse ;  de,  to  (b.  i.)-  Idiom:  Qui  refuse  muse.  He  who  zuill 
not  when  he  may,  zuhen  he  will  he  shall  have  nay. 

Se  refuser  quelque  chose.  To  deny  one's  self  anything.  Se  refuser  a  quelque  chose.  7  b 
deny,  gj-udge,  oner's  self  anything  or  to  refuse  one's  self  to  anything.  Ma  fortune  se  refuse 
a  une  si  grande  d^pense.  My  fortune  does  not  permit  {admit  of)  so  great  an  expense. 
Se  refuser  It  faire  quelque  chose.     A'ot  to  consent  to  do  something. 

Regaler  (tr.).      To  regale,  to  entertain;  de,  with. 

Regarder  (tr.).  To  look  at;  to  take  a  look  at,  etc.  Je  I'ai  vu  regarder  par-dessus  le  mur. 
I  saw  him  looking  over  the  wall.  EUe  regardait  par  la  fenetre.  She  %vas  looking  out 
of  the  windoiv.  Idioms  and  sayings :  N'y  regardez  pas  de  si  pr§s.  Do  not  be  so  par- 
ticular. Cela  ne  me  regarde  pas.  That  does  not  coticern  me  ;  is  not  my  business.  J'y 
regarderai  a  deux  fois.     /  shall  think  twice  before  doing  it. 

R6gler  (tr. ).  To  rule  (paper)  ;  to  regulate ;  to  adjust,  etc.  Idiom:  II  est  r6gl6  COmme  un 
papier  de  musique.      He  is  as  regular  as  clockwork. 

Se  r6gler.      To  be  guided;  sur,  by  ;  to  imitate,  etc. 

Regretter  (tr.).      To  regret.     See  177.     Etre  regrett6  de  (par). 

Se  rejeter  (sur).      To  have  recourse  to  ;  to  fall  back  on. 

R6jouir  (tr.).      To  rejoice,  to  gladden,  etc.;  de,  with. 

Se  r^jouir.      To  rejoice;  de,  in;  de,  to  (b.  i.).     See  86. 

Relever  (tr.).  To  raise  again,  to  elevate  a^ain,  to  pick  up,  etc.  Examples  of  use:  Relevez 
cette  chaise.  Pick  up  that  chair.  A-t-il  relev^  le  gant?  Did  he  take  the  challenge  ? 
A-t-on  relev6  le  mur?  Has  the  wall  been  rebuilt?  Cette  sauce  n'est  pas  assez 
relev^e.  This  sauce  is  not  spiced  enough.  La  toilette  relive  a  la  beauts.  Beatcty  is 
increased  by  elegance.  La  garde  n'est  pas  encore  relevde.  The  sentinels  have  not 
yet  beefi  relieved.  II  ne  s'en  relevera  jamais.  He  will  never  get  over  it.  J'ai  releve 
sa  faute.  I  have  criticised  his  fault.  Etre  releve  de  son  voeu.  To  have  one's  vow 
canceled  (by  the  Pope).  Relever  quelqu'un  de  son  contrat.  To  release  any  one  from 
his  contract.  Elle  a  relev6  son  voile.  She  raised  her  veil.  Se  remettre  de  maladie. 
To  be  convalescing. 

Relire  (tr.).      To  read  again.     See  lire. 

Rembourrer  (tr.).     To  stuff,  to  line;  avec,  with. 

Rembourser  (tr.).      To  reimburse. 

Se  rembourser  de.     To  reimburse  one's  self  for.    Etre  rembours§  de. 

Remercier  (tr.).     To  thank ;  Ae,  for  {^iuy thing) ;  Aq  (h.\.),  for. 

Remettre  (tr.).  To  put  off,  to  postpone;  to  put  back  (in  place).  Remettez  ce  livre  a  sa 
place.     Put  down  (or  back)  that  book. 

Remordre  (tr.).     To  bite  again.     Like  mordre. 

Remoudre  and  r6moudre.     See  154. 

Remplir  (tr.).     To  fill ;  de,  with.    Etre  rempli  de. 

Remporter  (tr.) .    To  carry,  to  take  back  ;  to  obtain.    Remporter  la  victoire.    To  carry  the  day. 

Remuer  (tr.).     To  move,  to  stir,  etc.     See  mouvoir,  122. 

Renaitre  (intr.).     To  be  born  again.      See  148. 

Rench^rir  (intr.).  See  ench^rir.  Idiom :  II  rench6rit  sur  tout  ce  qu'il  entend  dire.  He 
caps  every  story  he  hears  told. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  34 1 

Rencontrer  (tr.).  To  meet,  etc.  Idiom:  Les  beaux  esprits  se  rencontrent.  Great  minds 
run  in  the  same  channel.     Great  wits  jmnp  together. 

Rendormir  (tr.).     To  put  to  sleep  again.     See  125. 

Rendre  (tr.).  To  return,  to  give  back;  a,  to ;  to  repay,  etc.  See  50.  Examples  of  use:  On 
VOUS  rend  VOtre  parole.  The  engagement  is  broken.  You  are  released  from  your  prom- 
ise. Rendre  ses  devoirs  a  quelqu'un.  To  pay  one's  respects  to  any  one.  Rendre  la 
pareille  a  quelqu'un.  To  pay  any  one  in  his  own  coin.  Ce  ble  rend  beaucoup  de 
farine.  This  wheat  yields  a  great  deal  of  corn.  II  a  rendu  son  tablier.  He  has 
resigned  his  post.  On  vous  rendra  justice.  They  will  do  you  justice.  Je  rends  justice 
a  votre  m§rite.  /  acknozuledge  your  merit.  II  ne  se  rend  jamais.  He  is  never  con- 
vinced. II  vous  rendrait  des  points.  He  is  more  than  a  match  for  you.  Je  suis 
rendu.     /  am  done  up.     II  me  rend  la  vie  dure.     He  makes  my  life  a  burden  to  me. 

Se  renommer  (de).  To  make  use  of  any  one's  name.  II  est  bien  hardi  de  se  renommer  da 
moi,  je  ne  le  connais  pas. 

Renoncer  (tr.).  To  disown,  to  deny,  to  renounce.  Renoncer  quelqu'un  pour  son  parent. 
To  renounce  {disowti)  any  one  as  a  relation. 

Renoncer  (intr.).  To  renounce,  to  give  up,  to  waive,  etc.;  ^  (b.  n.  and  i.).  Renoncer  a  un 
avantage.    Renoncer  a  faire  quelque  chose. 

Rentraire  (tr.).     Like  traire.     To  fine-draw  (technical). 

Rentrer  (intr.).  To  come  in  again,  to  come  back;  dans,  to,  in;  to  come  home  again,  etc. 
Used  in  general  like  entrer.  A  quelle  heure  etes-vous  rentre  hier  soir  ?  At  what 
time  did  you  come  in  last  night? 

Renverser  (tr.).  To  upset,  to  turn  over,  to  spill  (as  ink,  wine,  etc.).  Faire  verser  une 
voiture.  To  upset  a  carriage.  Faire  chavirer  une  barque,  un  canot,  etc.  To  upset  a 
boat.  La  voiture  a  vers6.  The  carriage  upset.  Le  canot  a  verse.  The  canoe  upset. 
See  verser. 

Renvoyer  (tr.).     To  send  back.     See  112. 

Repaitre.     To  graze  again.     See  171,  173. 

R^pandre  (tr.).  To  pour  out  (liquids),  to  spill;  to  shed,  diffuse  (sur,  over);  to  strew,  to 
spread  (sur,  on,  upon);  to  expand  (sur,  over  a  surface),  etc.  Vous  avez  repandu  la 
sauce  sur  la  nappe.  Idioms :  C'est  un  homme  trds  repandu.  He  is  a  man  who  goes 
into  society  a  great  deal. 

Reparaitre  (intr.).     J'o  reappear,  etc.     Like  paraitre. 

Repartir  (tr,).  To  reply  (by  way  of  repartee).  Qu'avez-vous  i  me  repartir?  (Conjugated 
like  partir.) 

Repartir  (tr.).      To  divide,  to  distribute ;  entre,  parmi,  between,  among. 

Repeindre  (tr.).     To  paint  again.     Like  peindre. 

Se  repentir.  Like  partir.  To  repent.  De  used  always  before  a  noun.  De  used  before  infini- 
tive.    See  177. 

R6pondre  (intr.).  7"o  reply  ;  a,  to.  Je  vous  en  r6 ponds.  I  -will  be  bound  it  is.  I  dare  say. 
Take  my  word  for  it.     I  should  think  so,  indeed. 

R6pondre  de  quelqu'un.  To  ansiver  for  some  one  ;  to  be  responsible  for.  Je  r6ponds  de  ce 
monsieur. 

Reposer  (tr.).  To  place,  to  put,  to  rest,  etc.  Reposez  votre  tete  sur  I'oreiller.  Reposer  les 
yeux  sur  un  Objet.  To  rest  one's  eyes  on  an  object  (carries  idea  of  pleasure).  La  mai- 
son  repose  sur  un  roc.    Reposez  le  malade  sur  le  lit. 

Se  reposer.      To  rest  (cease  from  action,  etc.);   to  place  {put)  one's   self  again;   to   repose 


342  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

(suY,  on),  e^c.  Se  reposer  de  sa  corvee.  To  rest  fro^n  one's  task.  Se  reposer  sur  ses 
lauriers.  To  rest  on  one's  laurels.  Sur  reposer  sur  quelqu'un  du  soin  de  quelque 
chose  (d'une  affaire).      To  depend  (rely)  on  any  one  for  the  care  of  an  affair. 

Reposer  (intr.).     To  rest,  lean,  to  lie,  etc.;  sur,  on.     Sur  quoi  reposent  vos  esp§rances? 

Reprocher  (tr.).  To  reproach,  etc.;  de,  with  (b.  i.).  Reprocher  a  quelqu'un  d'avoir  fait 
quelque  chose.  The  person  is  not  the  object  of  the  verb  in  this  sense.  Reprocher 
quelque  chose  a  quelqu'un.  To  reproach  any  one  with  {ot  for)  anything.  Reprocher 
aux  gens  les  services  qu'on  leur  a  rendus.  To  throw  in  the  face  of  persons  the  services 
one  has  rendered  them.  Idiom :  II  me  reproche  les  morceaux.  He  grudges  me  the 
very  food  I  eat. 

Reproduire  (tr.).      To  reproduce,  etc.     Like  conduire. 

Repromettre  (tr.).      To  promise  again.     Like  mettre. 

R6prouver  (tr.).  To  condemn,  to  disapprove.  Synonym  of  d^sapprouver  and  improuver. 
One  disapproves  (d^sapprouve)  what  seems  not  good,  not  proper,  etc.;  one  disapproves 
or  opposes  (improuve)  what  is  vicious  or  reprehensible;  one  disapproves,  condemns 
(r§prouve)  that  which  one  considers  odious,  intolerable,  detestable.  Vous  dlsap- 
prouvez  une  manidre  de  penser.  On  improuve  une  opinion  dangereuse.  Dieu 
r^prouve  les  m6chants,  les  infiddles. 

R§pugner  (intr.).  To  have  repugnance ;  a,  to.  RIpugner  a  faire  une  chose.  It  is  repug- 
nant to  me,  to  my  feelings,  to  do,  etc. ;  I  am  loth,  reluctant,  to  do,  etc. ;  Je  r^pugne  a 
faire,  etc.  II  me  r6pugne  de  faire  (used  impersonally) .  Get  homme  me  repugne. 
That  man  is  repugnant  to  me. 

Requ§rir  (tr.).  To  request,  to  summon;  de,  to  (b.  i.);  to  claim  (in  virtue  of  the  law);  to 
require  (of  things).  Requ^rir  un  passant  de  vous  venir  en  aide.  Requ6rir  quel- 
qu'un de  faire  quelque  chose.  To  summon  any  otte  to  do  sofuething.  Requ^rir  la 
force  armle.     Ce  sont  des  travaux  qui  requierent  une  grande  application. 

Se  r^server.  To  reserve  one's  self,  to  wait;  pour,  for  (b.  n.);  a  or  de,  to  (b,  i.).  II  se 
reserve  pour  de  plus  grandes  choses.  Je  me  r6serve  a  faire  cela  (de  faire  cette 
chose) .  /  am  putting  off  doing  that  until  I  shall  deem  it  proper.  Also  used  in  sense 
ofy^  wait  for  an  opportunity.     To  reserve  the  right  to^  etc. 

RIsonner  (intr.).      To  resound ;  de,  ivith.  / 

R^soudre  (tr.).  See  155  and  177.  Idiom:  Je  ne  puis  m'y  r§soudre.  I  cannot  make  up  my 
mind  to  do  it. 

Respirer  (intr.).  To  breathe,  to  draw  breath.  Respirer  apres.  To  long  ardently  for. 
Stronger  than  soupirer  aprds. 

Resplendir  (intr.).     To  be  resplendent,  to  shine  brilliantly ;  de,  with. 

Ressembler  (intr.)  H.  To  resemble.  Ressembler  a  quelqu'un  en  quelque  chose.  To  be  like 
any  one  in  anything.     Ressembler  a  quelqu'un  de  visage. 

Ressentir  (tr.).  To  feel  (have  the  sense  of);  to  feel  (mentally);  to  experience;  to  show,  to 
manifest,  etc. 

Se  ressentir  de.  To  feel  (disease,  pain);  to  feel  (the  effects  of).  Se  ressentir  de  ses 
debauches. 

Ressortir  (intr.).     Like  sentir,  125.     To  go  out  again,  to  come  out  again,  to  show,  etc. 

Ressortir  (intr.  reg.).  To  be  in  the  jurisdiction  ;  a.,  of  Une  affaire  qui  ressortit  au  juge  de 
paix. 

Se  ressouvenir.  Like  venir.  To  remember  after  having  forgotten  ;  ^lq.  See  se  souvenir  de 
and  se  rappeler. 


THE  FRENCH    VERB  343 

Rester  (intr.).      To  stay,  to  remain,  etc.     He  stays  away.     II  s'absente. 

Restreindre  (tr.).     To  reduce,  to  limit,  to  restrict.    Like  craindre. 

Retenir  (tr.).     Like  tenir.      To  have,  get,  again;  to  detain,  to  withhold,  etc.     See  d^tenir. 

Retentir  (intr.).      To  resound  {be  reverberated');   de,  with. 

Retirer  (tr.).  To  withdraw ;  de,  from  {to  take  away);  to  withdraw;  £l,  from  {to  cease  to 
grant).  Retirer  un  enfant  d'un  college.  Retirer  sa  confiance,  son  estime  a  quel- 
qu'un. 

Retomber  (intr.).  To  fall  again,  etc.  (Conj.  with  etre.)  Retomber  dans  le  vice.  To  relapse 
into  vice.     Si  mon  fils  retombe,  il  en  mourra.     Jfmy  son  has  a  relapse,  he  will  die. 

Retordre  (tr.).  To  twist  again,  to  twist.  Idiom:  Donner  du  fil  a  retordre  a  quelqu'un.  To 
give  any  one  a  great  deal  of  trouble. 

Retourner  (tr.).  To  turn;  to  turn  over;  to  turn  clothes,  etc.  Retourner  un  matelas.  Do 
not  confuse  with  rendre. 

Retourner  (intr.).  To  return,  to  go  back.  Idiom:  Je  sais  de  quoi  il  retourne.  /  know  how 
fnatters  stand.  De  quoi  se  tourne-t-il  ?  How  does  the  matter  stand?  How  are  things 
going? 

Retrancher  (tr.).  To  cut  off,  to  strike  off,  to  curtail.  Retrancher  une  branche  d'un  arbre. 
Retrancher  quelque  chose  a  quelqu'un.  To  curtail  any  one  of  anything.  To  cut  any 
one  off  from  anything.     Retrancher  une  pension  a  quelqu'un. 

Retrouver  (tr.).  To  find  again  ;  to  recover  (lost  property).  Je  le  retrouverai  bien.  He  will 
not  escape  me. 

R^ussir  (intr.).      To  succeed;  dans,  in  (b.  n.) ;   a,  in  (b.  i.). 

Revaloir  (tr.).  Like  valoir.  To  return  (good  or  evil,  generally  the  latter).  To  pay  back 
(fam.).     See  rendre.     Cet  homme  m'a  fait  une  injure,  je  lui  revaudrai  cela. 

Revendre  (tr.).  To  sell  again.  Idiom:  Avoir  d'une  chose  k  revendre.  To  have  more  than 
enough  of  a  thing. 

Revenir  (intr.).  Like  venir.  To  return,  to  come  again,  to  recover ;  ^Q,  from.  Idioms  and 
uses :  Revenons  a  nos  moutons.  But  to  return  to  our  subject.  Vous  en  revenez 
toujours  la.  You  are  always  harping  on  that  string.  Je  n'en  reviens  pas.  /  cannot 
get  over  it ;  I  cannot  recover  from  my  astonishment.  N'y  revenez  pas.  (Ht.)  Do 
not  come  here  again;  (fig.)  Do  not  do  that  again.  Csla  revient  a  dire.  That 
amotmts  to  saying.  Cela  revient  au  meme.  That  is  just  the  saf?ie  thing;  amounts  to 
the  same  thing.  Son  nom  ne  me  revient  pas.  /  do  not  recollect  his  name.  Sa  figure 
me  revient.  I  like  his  face.  Je  suis  bien  revenu  sur  le  compte  de  votre  frdre.  / 
have  lost  all  the  illusions  I  had  of  your  brother.  Je  reviens  de  loin.  (lit.)  /  come 
from  a  long  distance  ;  (fig.)  I  am  recovering  from  a  long  illness. 

Rever  (tr.).      To  dream ;  to  dream  {itnagine). 

Rever  (intr.).  To  dream;  de,  of;  to  be  in  a  dream.  Rever  a  (or  sur)  une  affaire.  To 
think  of  {over)  an  affair. 

Revetir  (tr.).      To  clothe  again.     See  131. 

Se  revetir  de.     To  clothe  one's  self  in. 

Revivre  (intr.).      To  rise  from  the  dead ;  to  live  again.     See  146. 

Revoir  (tr.).      To  see  again.     See  117. 

Rinstruire  (tr.).     To  reinstruct.     Like  conduire. 

Rire  (intr.).  To  laugh.  See  149.  Idioms  and  sayings:  Rira  bien  qui  rira  le  dernier.  He 
laughs  best  who  laughs  last ;  let  those  who  win  laugh.  Tel  qui  rit  vendredi  dimanche 
pleura.     Sorrow  treads  on  the  heels  of  mirth ;  laugh  to-day  and  cry  to-morrow,     II  a 


344  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

toujours  le  mot  pour  rire.  He  is  ever  ready  with  a  joke  ;  he  is  full  of  fun.  II  m'a  ri 
au  nez.  He  laughed  in  my  face.  Rire  aux  §clats.  To  roar  with  laughter.  Rire 
dans  sa  barbe  (or  rire  sous  cape  ;  said  of  ladies).  To  laugh  in  one's  sleeve.  Rire  du 
bout  des  dents.  To  force  a  laugh  ;  to  give  a  forced  laugh.  Rire  jaune.  To  laugh  on 
the  wrong  side  of  one's  mouth.  Rire  aux  anges.  To  laugh  immoderately  (also  means 
to  laugh  to  one's  self).  C'est  un  pince-sans-rire.  He  is  dry  joker.  Rire  a  gorge 
d6ploy6e.  To  roar  with  laughter.  Se  tordre  de  rire  (fam.).  To  split  otie's  sides 
laughing. 

Risquer  (tr.).     To  risk.    See  177  and  aventurer. 

Rivaliser  (intr.)  avec.  To  rival ;  de,  eij,  in.  Rivaliser  avec  quelqu'un  en  (or  de)  quelque 
chose.  To  rival,  emulate,  any  one  in  anything ;  to  vie,  to  compete,  with  any  one  in  any- 
thing. 

Rompre  (tr.).  To  break  (Jo  snap);  to  break  asunder,  etc.;  to  discontinue,  etc.  Rompre  des 
engagements.  To  break  (off)  engagements.  Rompre  la  conversation.  To  break  off 
the  conversation.  Rompre  avec  quelqu'un.  See  casser.  Idioms:  II  faut  que  cela 
plie  ou  rompe.  //  must  be  mended  or  ended.  Applaudir  quelqu'un  (un  acteur)  a  tout 
rompre.      To  applaud  any  one  (as  an  actor)  so  as  to  bring  down  the  house. 

Ronger  (tr.).      To  gnaw,  to  nibble,  etc.     Etre  rong6  de.      To  be  preyed  upon,  etc. 

Rougir  (tr.).      To  blush  ;  -pom,  for  ;  de,  at  (b.  n.);   de,  to  (b.  i.). 

Rouvrir  (tr.).      7'o  open  again.     Like  Ouvrir. 

Se  ruer  (sur).      To  rush  upon,  to  throzv  one's  self  upon, 

Rugir  (intr.).      7^<?  r^ar  (of  wild  beasts) ;   diQ,with. 

S 
Saigner  (intr.).     To  bleed.    Le  doigt,  le  nez,  etc.,  lui  saigne  or  II  saigne  du  doigt,  du  nez. 

His  finger,  nose,  is  bleeding.     Le  CCeur  me  saigne.     My  heart  bleeds. 

Saigner  (tr.).     To  bleed. 

Saillir  (intr.).     See  174. 

Salir  (tr.).     To  dirty,  to  soil,  pollute,  etc. ;  de,  with. 

Saluer  (tr.).      To  salute;  de,  with  (a  sword,  flag,  etc.). 

Satisfaire  (tr.).     To  satisfy,  to  gratify,  to  soothe,  to  indulge,  etc. 

Satisfaire  a  (intr.).  To  satisfy  {to  give  satisfaction  to)  ;  to  execute.  Used  only  when  the  idea 
is  to  satisfy  an  obligation,  to  do  what  it  is  one's  duty  to  do.  Satisfaire  a  son  devoir, 
i  ses  obligations,  aux  commandements  de  Dieu,  a  la  loi,  au  pr^cepte,  a  un  paye- 
ment,  i  un  objection,  aux  ordres  du  roi.  Se  contenter  de  or  Etre  content  de.  To  be 
satisfied  with.    Etre  convaincu  de.     To  be  satisfied  of  {-^  fact,  etc.). 

Saturer  (tr.).      To  saturate;  avec,  with.    Etre  satur6  de.     To  be  saturated  with. 

Saupoudrer  (tr.).  To  salt,  to  sprinkle  with  salt;  to  sprinkle;  avec,  de,  with.  Saupoudrer 
des  soles  avec  de  la  farine,  pour  les  frire.  Saupoudrer  un  lievre  de  poivre.  Etre 
saupoudr6  de. 

Sauter  (tr.).  To  jump,  leap  over ;  to  skip  {omit).  Sauter  le  ruisseau.  Sautez  deux  cha- 
pitres.  Conclure,  decider,  sans  reflexion  =  To  jump  at  a  conclusion.  Je  I'accepterai 
avec  empressement.    /  should  jump  at  it.    Sauter  a  bas  du  lit.     To  jump  out  of  bed. 

Sauter  (intr.).     To  leap,  to  jump,  to  skip,  etc. ;  to  explode.    Sauter  par  la  fenetre.     To  jump 

out  of  the  ivindoiv.    Sauter  dans  la  rividre.     To  jump  in  the  river.    Sauter  sur  la 

table.     To  jump  on  the  table.    Sauter  par-dessus  la  table.     To  jump  over  the  table. 

Idioms:  Se  faire  sauter  la  t§te  (or  la  cervelle).     To  blow  out  one's  brains.    Faire 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  345 

sauter  la  banque.  To  break  the  bank  (gambling).  Reculer  pour  mieux  sauter.  See 
reculer. 

Sauver    (tr.).     To  save,  to  preserve  ;  die,  from. 

Se  sauver.  To  escape^  to  make  one's  escape  ;  to  run  away,  Sauve  qui  peut.  Every  one  for 
himself ;  run  for  your  lives.     Je  me  sauve.     I  must  be  off . 

Savoir  (tr.).  To  know.  See  116.  Idioms  and  sayings:  Pas  que  je  sache.  Not  to  my 
knowledge.  C'est  a  savoir.  That  (it)  remains  to  be  seen.  II  salt  cela  comme  son 
Pater.  He  knoius  that  as  well  as  his  A-B-C.  II  ne  salt  a  quel  saint  se  vouer.  He  is 
in  a  fix.  Je  suis  tout  je  ne  sais  comment.*  I  am  out  of  sorts.  II  en  sait  long.  He 
knows  too  much  about  it.  Qui  rien  ne  sait,  de  rien  ne  doute.  Ignorance  is  bliss  ;  he 
who  knows  nothing  doubts  nothing.  Si  jeunesse  savait.  If  young  people  had  experi- 
ence! De  savoir  vient  avoir.  Knowledge  is  poiver.  Un  je  ne  sais  qui.  A  disreputa- 
ble fellow  ;  somebody  unknown.  Un  je  ne  sais  quoi.  A  '^  something''^ ;  something 
indefinable.  Qui  plus  sait  plus  se  tait.  A  still  tongue  shows  a  wise  head.  Avoir 
du  savoir  vivre.  To  be  well  bred ;  to  knozv  hozv  to  behave.  II  a  du  savoir  vivre.  Avoir 
savoir-faire.  To  have  tact.  En  savoir  plus  d'une  (fam.).  7V  know  more  than  one 
trick.  II  en  sait  plus  d'une.  He  knows  a  trick  or  two.  Savoir  bon  gr6  a  quelqu'un. 
To  be  grateful  to  any  one  ;  de,  for. 

Secher  (tr.  and  intr.).      To  dry ;  to  dry  up,  etc.     Idiom:  S§clier  sur  pied.      To  pine  away. 

Secourir  (tr.).     Like  courir.      To  succor,  to  aid;  to  relieve,  etc. 

S^duire  (tr.).     Like  conduire.      To  seduce,  to  bribe,  etc. 

Sembler  (intr.).  To  seem,  to  appear;  to  resemble.  Cela  me  semble  etre  ainsi.  II  me 
semble  que  je  le  vois.  II  ne  me  semble  pas  que  je  le  voie.  Requires  subjunctive 
when  used  impersonally,  if  doubt  or  uncertainty  is  expressed,  as  is  the  case  in  the  nega- 
tive or  interrogative.  Comme  bon  vous  semble.  Just  as  you  please.  Si  bon  vous 
semble.     If  you  think  fit. 

Semer  (tr.).  To  sow ;  de,  with.  Semer  un  chemin  de  fleurs.  Semer  used  in  connection 
with  the  seed;  ensemencer,  with  the  ground  sown.  Nous  semons  du  bl6.  Nous 
ensemen^ons  un  champ.  Semer  is  used  figuratively :  Je  s§me  a  tout  vent.  Ense- 
mencer is  used  only  literally.  Proverb :  II  faut  semer  pour  r§COlter.  One  must  sow 
in  order  to  reap.     One  must  work  to  be  successful. 

Sentir  (tr.).  To  feel  (^perceive  by  the  touch);  to  feel  {experience  a  sensation  of);  to  feel  {to 
know).,  to  be  sensible  of,  etc. 

Sentir  (intr.).  To  feel  {to  be  perceived  by  the  touch)  ;  to  smell  {to  have  an  odor).  See  125. 
Idioms  and  uses :  Cela  ne  me  sent  pas  bon.  /  donU  like  the  look  of  that.  Je  ne  me 
sens  pas  de  joie.  I  am  beside  myself  with  joy.  II  sent  ce  qu'il  vaut.  He  is  conscious 
of  his  oivn  worth.  II  ne  peut  pas  me  sentir.  He  hates  me.  Je  me  sens  mal.  /  am 
fainting.  Je  ne  me  sens  pas  d'humeur  a  plaisanter.  lam  not  in  the  mood  for  joking. 
Ca  se  sent  de  loin.  This  odor  is  penetrating.  That  has  a  strong  odor.  On  se  sent  de 
son  Education.  Education  shotus  its  influence.  Je  sens  les  beautds  de  la  musique. 
/  appreciate  the  beauties  of  music.  Je  le  sens  du  doigt.  /  am  touching  it  with  my 
fingers. 

Seoir  (intr.).     See  174. 

Serrer  (tr.).  To  press  close,  to  clasp,  to  squeeze,  etc.  Exprimer  le  jus  de.  To  squeeze  out  the 
juice  (of  a  lemon,  etc.).  Tirer  de  I'argent  de.  To  squeeze  money  from.  Je  ne  puis 
rien  lui  soutirer.  /  can  squeeze  nothing  out  of  him.  II  me  pressa  (serra)  la  main. 
He  squeezed  my  hand.    Presser,  serrer,  entre  ses  bras.      To  squeeze  {hug). 


346  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

Servir  Ctr.).      To  serve,  to  %vait  uport,  to  be  of  service  to,  etc. 

Servir  (intr.).      To  serve ;  to  be  at  service,  to  be  employed;  to  serve,  to  be  of  use ;  de,  as,  for. 

See  125. 

Idioms  and  uses:    Madame  est  servie  (announcement  of  a. servant).      Dinner   is 

served.     A  quoi  sert  de  VOUS  mettre  en  colore?      What  is  the  use  of  getting  angry? 

Nous  nous  servons  toujours  chez  lui.      We  always  buy  our  things  from  him.     Ce 

balai  sert  depuis  deux  ans.      This  broom  has  been  used  for  two  years.     On  n'est  jamais 

si  bien  servi  que  par  soi-meme.     If  you  zvant  a  thing  tvell  done,  do  it  yourself.     Get 

outil  sert  a  percer  des  trous.     Thk  tool  is  used  to  make  holes.    II  me  sert  de  pdre. 

He  is  a  father  to  me.     Cela  sert  de  jouet  aux  enfants.      1  hat  is  a  toy  for  the  children. 

Cela  ne  servira  pas  i  grand  chose.     That  will  be  of  very  little  use. 
S^vir  (intr.)  centre.     To  treat  with  severity ;  to  punish  with  rigor,  etc.     Sevir  contre  un 

coupable.     S6vir  contre  un  abus. 
SoUiciter  (tr.).     To  solicit;  to  incite,  to  induce,  etc.     Solliciter  Hvla  revolte,  au  pech6,  au 

mal.      To  incite  to  revolt,  to  sin,  to  evil.     Solliciter  quelqu'un  pour  avoir  quelque 

chose  or  Solliciter  quelque  chose  de  quelqu'un.     To  solicit  a  thing  of  a  person  {to 

solicit  a  person  for  a  thing').     Solliciter  quelqu'un  a  (or  de)  faire  quelque  chose. 

To  solicit  any  one  to  do  anything. 
Sommer  (tr.).     To  summon  to,  to  call  upon  to ;  de  (b.  i.).     See  177. 
Songer  (intr.).      To  dream  ;  de,  of;  to  think;  a,  of;  to  reflect  on,  etc.;  to  intend,  to  purpose ; 

li,  to  (b.  i.).    II  songe  i  se  marier.     See  55. 
Sonner  (tr.).      To  ring  for  {any  one  or  anything');  to  strike  (of  clocks,  etc.)  ;   to  toll  (of  bells). 

Sonner  un  domestique.     To  ring  for  a  servant.     Sonner  le  diner.     To  ring  for  the 

dinner. 
Sonner  (intr.).      To  ring,  to  ring  a  bell ;  to  sound  {prodtice  sound);  to  press  the  bell  button, 
pull  the  bell,  etc.    J'ai  entendu  sonner.     I  heard  the  bell  ring.    Mes  oreilles  me  tin- 
tent.     My  ears  ring.    Le  cri  lui  retentissait  aux  oreilles.      The  cry  rang  in  his  ears. 

Idioms :  Elle  a  trente  ans  bien  sounds.      She  is  not  less  than  thirty.     She  is  over  thirty. 

II  est  trois  heures  sonn6es.     It  has  struck  three  o'clock.    Payer  en  bonnes  espdces 

sonnantes.      To  pay  in  hard  cash. 
Sortir  (tr.).     To  take  out.     (Intr.).      To  go  out  {of),  etc.     See  125.     Idioms  and  uses:    La 

rividre  est  sortie  de  son  lit.     The  river  has  overflowed  its  banks.    Au  sortir  dc  I'hiver. 

At  the  end  of -winter.     II  sort  des  gonds  {hinges).     He  is  out  of  temper.     II  sort  de 

maladie.     He  has  just  recovered  from  an  illness.     II  sort  de  la  mesure.     He  does  not 

keep  time  (to  music).     II  sort  du  sujet.     He  changes  the  subject.     II  ne  sort  pas  de  \k. 

He  sticks  to  what  he  says.     Sortir  d'une  bonne  famille.      To  be  of  a  good  family. 
Se  SOUCier.      To  care;  ^Q,  for,  about.     (De  b.  n.  and  i.;   que  b.  subj.)     See  117.      To  trouble, 

to  concern  one's  self  about,  etc. 
Souffrir  (tr.).      To  suffer,  etc.     See  126. 

Souhaiter  (tr.).     To  wish,  etc;  de,  to  (b.  i.);  que  (b.  subj.).     See  114,  177.     Idioms:  Je 
t'en  (vous  en)  souhaite  (fam.).     I  wish  you  may  get  it.    Souhaiter  la  bonne  annee  a' 

quelqu'un.      To  ivish  any  one  a  happy  new  year. 
Soumettre  (tr.).     Like  mettre.      To  subdue,  to  subject,  etc. 
Se  soumettre.     To  submit,  to  yield,  etc.    Saying :  II  faut  se  soumettre  ou  se  d^meUre.     You 

must  give  way  or  resign.      You  must  give  in  ox  give  up. 
SoupQOnner  (tr.).      To  suspect;  to  have  a  suspicion  of;  de,  of  (^.  i.).     See  se  douter. 
Soupirer  (intr.).     To  sigh.    Soupirer  de  douleur,  d'amour,   etc.      To  sigh  for  {from,  on 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  347 

account  of),  grief,  love,  etc.     Soupirer  apres.      To  long  for  ardently.     Soupirer  pour 
used  in  same  sense  :    To  sigh  for,  long  for. 

Sourdre  (intr.).     See  174. 

Sourire  (intr.).  To  smile.  See  149.  Sourire  i  quelqu'un.  To  give  a  smile  to  some  one. 
To  smile  at  some  one.  Sourire  de  quelque  chose.  To  smile  at  anything.  Saying: 
Cela  me  sourit  assez.     I  rather  like  this  (or  that). 

Souscrire  (tr.).  To  subscribe,  to  sign.  Like  6crire.  Does  not  mean  to  subscribe  to  a  publi- 
cation.    See  abonner. 

Souscrire  (intr.).  To  subscribe.  Souscrire  a  un  arrangement.  To  consent  to  an  arrange- 
ment. Souscrire  pour  (un  monument,  etc.).  To  subscribe  to  ox  to  hind  one' s  self  for 
a  sum  to  an  enterprise.  Souscrire  pour  cent  francs.  To  subscribe  a  hundred  francs  to. 
Souscrire  pour  cent  francs  pour  un  monument. 

Soustraire  (tr.).  To  remove,  to  take  away  ;  diQ^  from  ;  to  preserve,  save  ;  a. ^  from.  (In  arith- 
metic), to  subtract ;  de,  from.  No  past  definite  indicative;  no  imperfect  subjunctive. 
Rien  ne  pent  le  soustraire  a  mon  vengeance.  II  a  soustrait  du  dossier  les  pieces 
les  plus  importantes.  Soustrayez  543  de  768.  In  subtraction,  the  expressions  used 
generally  are  sept  ote  de  dix  or  sept  de  dix,  reste  trois. 

Se  soustraire  a.      To  escape  from,  to  avoid,  to  abscond,  etc. 

Soutenir  (tr.).  To  support,  to  tnaintain,  etc.  Like  tenir.  See  124.  See  maintenir.  Je 
soutiens  ce  que  je  dis.     I  abide  by  what  I  say. 

Soutirer  (tr.).  To  draw  off  (2,  liquor);  to  get  (by  cunning);  "k.,  from.  Soutirer  de  I'argent 
a  quelqu'un. 

Se  souvenir  de.  To  re77iember.  See  124.  Autant  que  je  puisse  m'en  souvenir.  To  the 
best  of  my  recollection.  C'est  du  plus  loin  qu'il  me  souvienne.  /  can  barely  remember 
it.     It  is  as  far  back  as  I  can  recollect. 

Sp6culer  (tr.).     To  observe.    Faire  remarquer,  the  term  in  use. 

Splculer  (intr.).      To  speculate ;  sur,  in  (commercial);   to  speculate. 

Statuer  (tr.).  To  decide,  to  order,  to  resolve ;  sur,  as  to,  concerning.  (A  formal  term,  used 
with  reference  to  courts,  assemblies,  etc.) 

Stimuler  (tr.).     To  stimulate.    Used  generally  in  literal  sense.     See  exciter;  aiguillonner. 

Substituer  (tr.).  To  substitute ;  ^,  for,  in.  Substituer  un  mot  k  un  autre.  Substituer 
une  chose  (personne)  a  la  place  d'une  autre.     See  remplacer,  used  in  sense  of  to  be 

I  a  {the')  substitute  for. 

Subvenir  (intr.)  at.  To  relieve,  to  assist;  to  provide ;  a,  for.  Auxiliary  avoir;  conjugated 
like  venir.  Subvenir  aux  b^soins  de  quelqu'un.  May  also  be  used  in  reference  to 
persons.     See  secourir,  soulager,  aider;  less  formal  terms. 

Succ^der  (intr.)  i.  To  succeed  {to  follow  in  succession).  To  gain  success  is  expressed  by 
r§ussir. 

Suffire  (intr.).  To  suffice,  to  be  sufficient;  H,  for.  Conjugated  like  confire.  See  p.'  177. 
Cent  francs  par  mois  lui  suffisent  pour  sa  subsistance.  Cette  somme  ne  sufftt  pas 
pour  payer  VOS  dettes.  With  personal  subject,  a  follows  the  verb  when  sense  is  to  be 
adequate  to,  to  be  capable  of.  On  ne  peut  pas  suffire  a  tout.  Used  impersonally,  suffire 
is  followed  by  de  before  infinitive :  II  sufifit  de  dire,  etc. 

Suffoquer  (tr.).     To  choke,  to  suffocate,  etc.    Etre  suffoqu6  par  la  fum^e. 

Suffoquer  (intr.).      To  suffocate ;  ^'Q,  with. 

Suivre  (tr.).      To  follow,  etc.     See  145. 

Supplier  (tr.).      To  supply  {anything);  to  make  good,  to  make  up. 


348  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

Supplier  (intr.)  a.      To  supply  the  place  of;  to  serve  instead.     The  transitive  verb  is  used 

when  a  deficiency  is  made  up  by  supplying  the  thing,  number,  or  quantity  lacking.     The 

intransitive  verb  is  used  when  a  substitution  supplies  the  need.     La  valeur  suppl^e  au 

nombre.     See  fournir,  ajouter  ce  qui  manque. 
Supplier  (tr.).      To  supplicate,  to  beseech  ;  de,  to  (b.  i.). 
Surcharge!    (tr.).     To   overload,  to   overburden;   de,    with    (fig.)-     Surcharge   de   travail, 

d'affaires. 
Surfaire  (tr.  and  intr.).     Like  faire.      To  overcharge;  to  ask  too  high  a  price  for  merchandise, 

etc.    Ce  marchand  surfait.    II  surfait  ces  objets.    II  vous  a  surfait. 
Surgir  (intr.).      To  land  (a),  to  reach  haven.     See  174.     Surgir  also  means  to  spring  up,  to 

arise,  to  start  up.    Une  voile  surgit  a  T horizon.    De  nouvelles  difficult^s  surgissent 

sans  cesse.    On  a  vu  surgir  la  reputation  de  cet  6crivain. 
Surprendre  (tr.).    To  surprise,  to  take  by  surprise,  etc    Like  prendre.    Surprendre  quelqu'un 

H  faire  quelque  chose.   Etre  surpris  de  voir  quelque  chose.    Etre  surpris  de  quelqu'un, 

de  quelque  chose.      To  be  surprised  at  any  one,  at  anything. 
Se  surprendre.      To  surprise  one'' s  self;  a,  at ;  to  find  one^s  self  (a)  doing  something.     Je  me 

suis  surpris  a  pleurer  comme  un  enfant. 
Surseoir  (intr.).      To  suspend,  etc.     See  123. 
Survenir  (intr.).     To  occur,  to  happen  unexpectedly.     Conjugated   like   venir.     Aux.  :   etre. 

Comme  nous  6tions  prets  a  partir,  il  survint  un  orage.     As  we  were  about  to  start  a 

storm  came  tip.     Survenir  also  has  meaning  of  to  come,  to  arrive  unexpectedly.    Comme 

lis  6taient  ensemble,  il  survint  du  monde.     As  they  were  together  some  people  came  in 

unexpectedly.    Si  la  fidvre  survenait,  s'il  survient  le  moindre  accident  c'est  un 

homme  mort. 
Survivre  (intr.)  i.     To  survive ;  to  outlive  ;  to  outlast.    Survivre  a  quelqu'un.     Survivre  a 

son  honneur,  etc.     Survivre  is  used  in  a  legal  sense  as  a  transitive  verb.     Survivre 

quelqu'un.     The  intransitive  form  is  the  one  in  general  use. 

T 

TUcher  (intr.).  To  try,  to  endeavor,  to  strive.  Uses  de  before  infinitive  with  the  usual  idea  of 
the  verb.  Tfichez  d'avancer  cet  ouvrage.  Uses  a  before  infinitive  with  idea  of  to  aim 
at,  to  make  it  one's  object  to.  II  tiche  a  me  nuire.  De  has  the  idea  of  effort  in  execu- 
tion ;   a  carries  idea  of  aiming  at. 

Tacheter  (tr.).  Conjugated  like  jeter.  To  mark  (with  natural  or  artificial  spots);  to  speckle, 
to  freckle.    Le  soleil  lui  a  tachet§  le  visage.    Un  chien  noir,  tachet6  de  blanc. 

Tailler  (tr.).  To  cut  {to  remove  superfluous  part)  ;  to  cut  {heiv  out,  shape)  ;  to  trim,  etc.  Idioms 
and  uses :  L'arm^e  fut  taill6e  en  pidces.  The  army  was  cut  to  pieces.  Tailler  un 
crayon.  To  sharpen  a  pencil.  Tailler  des  croupidres  a  quelqu'un.  To  raise  difficul- 
ties in  any  one's  zaay.  Tailler  un  diamant.  Tacut  a  diamond.  Tailler  une  chemise, 
un  habit,  etc.  To  cut  out  a  shirt,  a  coat,  etc.  Tailler  des  arbres.  To  trim  treej. 
Tailler  les  cheveux  i  quelqu'un.  To  trim  any  one's  hair.  Tailler  de  la  besogne  k 
quelqu'un.      To  cut  out,  prepare  work  for  any  one. 

Taire  (intr.,  irr.).      To  keep  silent  on,  keep  secret,  conceal.     See  156. 

Tancer  (tr.).     To  upbraid,  rebuke,  etc.    Like  avancer. 

Se  tapir.      To  crouch,  to  squat,  to  coiver ;  contre,  against;  derriere,  behind;  SOUS,  under. 

Tapisser  (tr.).      To  carpet;  de,  7vith.      To  hang,  to  cover,  -with  tapesfrv. 

Tarder  (intr.).  To  delay,  defer  (a  b.  i.),  etc. ;  to  long  (impers.  with  de  b.  i.).  See  177  and 
178.    II  tarde  a  venir.    II  me  tarde  d'y  arriver. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  349 

Se  targuer  de.      To  plume  one's  self,  to  brag,  boast  {of).     Etre  targu6  de.     To  be  proud  of ,  etc. 

Titer  (tr.).  To  feel,  to  feel  of  {to  try  by  the  touch.  Do  not  confound  with  sentir).  TMer 
le  pouls  (a  quelqu'un).  To  feel  any  one's  pulse.  Tater  une  ^toffe.  Titer  le  ter- 
rain.     To  feel  one's  way ;  to  investigate.     Tater  quelqu'un.      To  sound  any  one. 

Titer  (intr.)  a,  de.  To  taste,  to  taste  of.  Titer  au,  du  vin.  Titer  a  un  mets.  Titer 
d'un  metier.      To  try  a  career,  a  trade. 

Taxer  (tr.).  To  regulate.,  fix,  the  price  of  (taxer  la  viande,  le  pain);  to  tax,  to  put  a  tax 
on  (taxer  les  objets  de  luxe);  to  accuse  of  (de),  to  tax  zvith  (taxer  quelqu'un  d'ava- 
rice,  d' ingratitude,  etc.). 

Teindre  (tr.).     Like  craindre.     To  dye,  to  tinge ;  de,  with.     Etre  teint  de. 

Teinter  (tr.).     To  tint  (painting).    Donner  une  teinte  a.     To  tint. 

T^moigner  (tr.).     To  show  (par,  by),  to  testify. 

T§moigner  (intr.)  de.  To  testify,  to  bear  witness  to.  T6moigner  de  I'innocence,  de  la  pro- 
bite,  de  quelqu'un.     Temoigner  centre  quelqu'un. 

Temp6rer  (tr.).  To  temper,  to  modify,  to  soothe,  etc.;  par,  luith.  Temperer  la  justice  par 
la  cl^mence.  To  temper  justice  zvith  mercy.  Temperer  I'aigre  par  le  doux.  To 
temper  the  bitter  with  the  sweet.  A  I'agneau  tondu  Dieu  mesure  le  vent.  God  tempers 
the  wind  to  the  shorn  lamb. 

Tendre  (tr.).  To  stretch,  to  stretch  out ;  to  bend  (a  bow)  ;  to  lay,  spread  (as  a  snare,  etc.);  to 
pitch  (a  tent,  camp,  etc.).  Idioms  and  uses:  Tendre  la  main.  To  beg  {to  ask  alms). 
II  vaut  mieux  tendre  la  main  que  le  cou.  //  is  better  to  beg  than  to  steal.  L'arc  tou- 
jours  tendu  se  gite.  All  work  and  no  play  makes  Jack  a  dull  boy.  Tendre  un  pidge 
a.      To  set  a  trap  for. 

Tendre  (intr.).  To  load,  to  tend,  to  conduce ;  a,  to.  La  ville  ou  tendent  nos  pas.  L'ivro- 
gnement  tend  a  demoraliser  I'homme. 

Tenir  (tr.).     To  hold,  occupy, possess ;  to  estee?n,  consider  ;  to  keep,  to  manage,  etc.    See  124. 

Tenir  (intr.).  To  hold,  to  hold  to  ;  to  hold  {to  contain),  etc.  Tenir  a.  To  hold  to.  Tenir 
de.  To  resemble.  Aux. :  avoir.  Se  tenir  de  bout.  To  stand  up.  Soutenir  quel- 
qu'un.    To  standby  any  one.     D^fendre  ses  droits.     To  stand  tip  for  one's  rights. 

Idioms  and  uses  of  tenir  tr.  and  intr. :  II  tient  de  son  pdre.  He  resembles  {takes 
after)  his  father.  Tiens!  Hold  on  I  ox  Hullo  I  Tiens  !  c'est  vous.  Hullo,  is  that 
you?  Tiens!  Tiens!  Well!  Well!  ox  Indeed !  or  You  don' t  say  so  I  Well,  Pit  declare  ! 
Tenez  !  Also  much  used  as  an  exclamation.  It  may  mean  Here  !  or  Look  I  etc.  Ne  tenir 
a  rien  que  .  .  .  ne.  .  .  .  To  be  within  an  ace  of.  II  ne  tint  a  rien  qu'ils  ne  tombassent. 
Also  Etre  a  deux  doigts  de  quelque  chose.  (The  last  used  before  a  noun.)  Tenir  une 
boutique,  une  pension.  To  keep  a  shop,  a  boarding  house.  Tenir  lieu  de  pere  (de 
mere)  a  quelqu'un.  To  be  a  father  {a  mother)  to  some  one.  Le  tenir  de  bonne 
source.  To  have  it  on  good  authority.  II  vous  tient  entre  ses  mains.  You  are  in 
his  power.  Tenez-VOUS-en  la.  Go  no  further ;  stop  right  where  you  are  ;  be  satisfied 
with  what  you  have  done.  Tenez-VOUS  la.  Stand  there.  N'y  tenir  pas.  Not  to  care 
for.  N'y  tenir  plus.  To  care  for  no  longer.  On  le  tient  a  quatre.  It  takes  four  men 
to  holdhi7n  down.  Je  me  suis  tenu  a  quatre.  /  could  hardly  control  myself  Je  me 
suis  tenu  a  quatre  pour  ne  pas  lui  dire  ses  v6rit6s.  It  was  almost  more  than  I  could 
do  not  to  tell  him  what  I  thought  of  him.  II  a  de  qui  tenir.  He  is  a  chip  of  the  old  block. 
Tenir  beaucoup  a  quelque  chose.  To  set  great  store  by  anything.  II  y  tient  beau- 
coup.  He  wants  it  at  any  cost ;  prizes  it  highly,  etc.  II  en  tient.  He  is  smitten.  He 
is  caught.    (II  en  tient  pour  elle.)     Tenir  le  loup  par  les  oreilles.     To  be  in  a  bad 


350  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

boat;  to  be  in  a  dilemma.  Qu'i  cela  ne  tienne.  Never  mind  that ;  do  not  let  that  make 
any  difference.  Cela  lui  tient  au  coeur.  He  is  anxious  about  that.  S'il  ne  tient 
qu'i  cela.  If  that  is  all.  Un  tiens  vaut  tnieux  que  deux  tu  I'auras.  A  bird  in  the 
hand  is  worth  two  in  the  bush.  Tenez  bon.  Hold  on  I  Stick  to  it !  Don't  give  way, 
etc.  II  a  tenu  bon.  He  stuck  to  it.  A  quoi  cela  tient-il.  What  is  the  cause  of  that? 
What  is  that  07uing  to?  Ne  tenir  qu'a  quelqu'un.  To  rest  entirely  tvith  some 
one.  II  ne  tient  qu'a  lui  de  commencer.  Tenez-vous  droit.  Sit  up  {stand  up) 
straight.  II  tient  tout  de  vous.  He  ozues  everything  to  you.  Tenir  la  queue  de  la 
pO§le.  To  bear  all  the  responsibility.  Tenir  un  livre,  une  canne,  etc.,  a  la  main. 
To  hold  a  book,  a  cane.  La  corde  tient  toujours.  The  cord  still  holds.  Le  plitre 
tient.  Le  tenir  a  honneur.  To  hold  it  an  honor.  Tenir  la  campagne.  To  hold  the 
field.  Occuper  une  ville,  une  maison.  I'o  hold  a  city,  a  house.  Porter  un  titre.  To 
hold  a  title.  Occuper  (remplir)  un  emploi  (avoir  le  portf euille  —  in  government). 
To  hold  an  office.  Avoir  le  rang  de.  l^o  hold  the  rank  of.  Avoir  de  la  v§n6ration,  du 
m6pris,  pour.  To  hold  in  veneration,  in  contempt.  Avoir  en  horreur.  To  hold  in 
abhorrence. 

Tenter  (tr.).     To  tempt;  de,  to  (b.  i.). 

Tirer  (tr.).     To  draw,  to  pull,  etc. 

Tirer  (intr.).  To  draw,  etc.;  to  fire ;  sur,  upon.  Se  faire  tirer  I'oreille.  To  require  fore- 
ing,  urgitig.  II  se  tirerait  d'un  puits.  He  would  get  out  of  any  difficulty.  He  is  a 
man  of  many  resources.  Savoir  en  tirer  parti.  To  be  able  to  turn  {anything)  to 
account.  Tirer  les  vers  du  nez  a  quelqu'un.  To  pump  any  one.  Tirer  au  sort. 
To  draw  lots.  Tirer  a  sa  fin.  To  be  near  one's  end  {on  on^ s  last  legs) .  Tirer  sur 
quelqu'un.  To  draw  on  any  one  (commercial).  Se  tirer  d'affaire.  To  get  out  of 
{extricate  one's  self  from)  a  difficulty.  To  get  out  of  it.  Tirer  une  carotte  H  quelqu'un. 
To  get  anything  out  of  any  one.  To  tell  hard  luck  stories  to  any  one.  Retirer  des 
forces.  To  draw  off  forces.  Ranger  des  forces.  To  draw  up  forces  (in  battle). 
Dresser  (r^diger)  un  contrat.  To  draw  up  a  contract.  Se  reculer  (se  retirer).  To 
draw  back. 

Tomber  (intr.)  (aux.  §tre).  To  fall,  to  tumble,  etc.  Used  popularly  as  a  transitive  verb  with 
the  idea  of  ^^  to  floor  {to  roast)  an  adversary.''  Idioms  and  uses:  Tomber  d'accord 
afvec  quelqu'un  sur  quelque  chose.  To  be  at  one  with  any  one  on  anything.  Tomber 
des  nues,  de  son  haut.  To  be  astonished,  struck  with  surprise.  La  conversation 
tombe.  The  conversation  is  languishing.  Etre  bien  tomb6.  To  be  happily  7narried. 
Ca  tombe  a  pic,  a  point,  bien.  That  {it)  comes  {happens)  just  at  the  right  time, 
C'est  tomb^  dans  I'eau.  It  was  not  a  success.  Tomber  a  la  renverse.  To  fall  on 
one's  back.  Tomber  les  quatre  fers  en  I'air.  To  fall  heels  over  head.  (Note.  — 
Tomber  par  terre  is  said  of  things  which,  being  already  on  the  earth,  fall  flat  from  an 
erect  position:  Un  arbre,  un  enfant,  tombe  par  terre.  Tomber  a  terre  is  said  of 
things  which  fall  to  the  earth  from  a  position  above  it.     Une  pomme  tombe  i  terre.) 

Toucher  (tr.).  To  touch,  etc.;  to  concern,  regard,  etc.  Toucher  quelque  chose  du  doigt,  dU 
pied,  du  bras,  de  la  main.     To  touch  anything  7vith  the  finger,  the  foot,  etc. 

Toucher  (intr.)  a.  To  touch  {come  in  contact  ivith)  ;  to  reach  {extend  as  far  as)  ;  to  touch  {to 
take  away  from  ;  as  funds,  etc.).  Toucher  de.  To  play  on  (a  musical  instrument). 
See  jouer. 

Idioms  and  uses:  Touchez-1^.     Here's  my  hand  on  it.     Cela  ne  me  touche  en  rien. 
I  have  nothing  to  do  with  that.    Cela  ne  me  tOUChe  pas.     That  does  not  move  {soften)  me. 


THE  FRENCH    VERB  35 1 

Cela  louche  a  la  folie.      That  borders  on  madness.    Ne  touchez  pas  cela.     DonU  touch 

that  {do  not  put  your  hands  on  it).     Ne  touchez  pas  a  cela.     Do  not  make  use  of  that. 
Tourmenter  (tr.).     To  torment;  to  annoy.    Etre  tOurment§  de  quelqu'un,  quelque  chose. 

See  ennuyer  and  contrarier. 
Tourner  (tr.).      To  turn,  etc. 
Tourner  (intr.).     To  revolve,  to  turn.     Tourner  la  clef.     To  turn  the  key.     Tourner  la  t§te 

(vers).      To  turn  the  head  {toward).     Tourner  le  dos  a  quelqu'un.      To  turn  the  back 

upon  any  one.     II  avail  le  dos  10urn6  vers  nous.     His  back  was  turned  to  {toward)  us. 

Tourner  le  coin.      To  turn  the  corner.     Ren(}re  la  pareille  a.      To  turn  the  tables  upon. 

Transformer  en  or  converlir  en.     To  turn  {transfrom)  into.    Faire  du  jour  la  nuit. 

To  turn  flight  into  day.        Tourner  (la  doublure)  en  dehors.      To  turn  inside  out. 
Traduire  (tr.).     To  translate.     Like  conduire. 
Traire  (tr.).     See  157. 
Trailer  (tr.).     To  treat  {to  act  tozvards);  to  deal,  to  negotiate,  etc.     Trailer  de.      To  treat  as 

{give  a  title  to);  to  call.    Trailer  de.     To  treat  to  {with).     Trailer  d'un  bon  repas. 

Trailer  de  fal.      To  call  any  one  a  fop.     Trailer  en  roi.      To  treat  like  a  lord. 
Trancher  (tr.).     To  ctit  {asunder);  to  strike  or  cut  off ;  to  solve,  to  settle.     Trancher  la  lele  a 

quelqu'un.    Tranchsr  la  lele  de  ttuelqu'un.     Trancher  la  difficuU^.     To  settle  the 

problem;  to  cut  the  knot.     Trancher  le  mol.      To  speak  in  plain  language;  to  put  it 

plainly. 
Trancher  (intr.).      To  decide,  etc.;  not  to  harmonize  (of  colors),  to  fight.     Trancher  de.      To 

affect :  Trancher  du  pelil-mailre.     Trancher  dans  le  vif.     To  take  energetic  measures; 

to  cut  to  the  quick. 
Transcrire  (tr.).     To  transcribe.     Like  6crire. 
Transir  (tr.).      To  bemanb,  to  chill,  etc. ;  de,  with. 
Transir  (intr.).      To  be  chilled,  benumbed ;  to  shudder ;  de,  with, 
Transmellre  (tr.).     To  transmit.     Like  mellre. 
Transporler  (tr.).      To  transport,  convey,  etc.;  diQ.,  from ;  a,  to;  to  be  transported;  de,  with. 

Eire  Iransporle  ds.     To  be  enraptured  with. 
Travailler  (tr.).     To  fashion,  to  work  at;  to  torment  (of  fever,  etc.).     Travailler  le  fer. 

Limited  in  use  as  transitive  verb. 
Travailler  (intr.).     To  work,  to  labor ;  di.,  at,  etc     Examples:  II  Iravaille  a  s'enricher.     He 

is  trying  hard  to  get  rich.     II  Iravaille  SOn  slyle.      He  writes  luith  elegance  {studied 

effort). 
Trembler  (intr.).     To  tremble;  a,  to  (b.  i.) ;    de,  with;  pour,  for.    Trembler  de  peur. 

Trembler  pour  quelqu'un.     Je  Iremble  que  cela  n'arrive. 
Tremper  (tr.).     To  steep,  to  soak,  to  dip,  to  wet  through,  etc.    Eire  lremp6  jusqu'aux  os. 

To  be  tvet  to  the  skin.    Tremper  quelque  chose  dans  I'eau.     To  soak  {steep)  anything 

in  the  water. 
Tressaillir  (intr.).     To  start,  to  give  a  start;  to  tremble.     Like  assaillir.     Tressaillir  de. 

To  start  {tremble)  with. 
Triompher  (intr.).     To  triumph  ;  de,  over;  to  glory ;  de,  in.     Triompher  de  ses  ennemis. 

To  triumph  over  {vanquish)  one's  enemies.     Triompher  de  ses  passions.     Triompher 

du  malheur  d'aulrui. 
Tromper  (tr.).      To  deceive ;  to  impose  upon,  etc. 
Se  Iromper.     To  be  mistaken,  in  error  ;  sur,  as  to.    Elle  s'est  lromp6e  sur  le  lemps  de  sa 

maladie.     Se  tromper  de  chemin,  de  date,  etc.    Ne  vous  y  trompez  pas.    Don't 


352  THE  FRENCH   VERB 

deceive  yourself.    Do  not  make  a  mistake.     II  n'y  a  pas  a  s'y  tromper.      There  is  no 

tnistake  about  it. 
Troquer  (tr.).     To  exchange  {to  trade);  contre,>n    Troquer  son  cheval  borgne  centre  un 

aveugle.      To  trade  bad  for  worse. 
Trotter  (intr.).      To  trot  (of  animals);   to  run  about,  etc.  (of  persons).     Cette  idee  lui  trotte 

par  (or  dans)  la  tete  (la  cervelle).     That  idea  runs  in  his  head. 
Trouver  (tr.).      Tofind^  to  discover;  to  find  out;  to  deem,  to  like,  to  judge.     Cela  se  trouve 

bien.      That  is  lucky.    Trouver  visage  de  bois.      To  find  the  door  shut  against  one. 

Comment  trouyez-vous  le  cigare  ?,  Hoiv  do  you  like  the  cigar?    Je  m'en  trouve  bien. 

I  congratulate  myself  tn  the  matter  {about  it).     II  se  trouve  que  vous  aviez  tort.     //  is 

proved  that  you  were  wrong.     Se  trouver  mal.      To  faint,  to  become  faint.     Comme  9a 

se  trouve  !     lloiv  lucky !      What  a  lucky  circumstance  1     Vous  trouvez-vous  bien  ici  ? 

Are  you  comfortable  here  ?    Trouvez-vous  ici  a  six  heures.     Be  here  at  six.     Trouver 

bon  que.     To  approve.    Trouver  mauvais  que.     To  disapprove  that.     Trouvez  bon 

que  je  ne  pense  pas  comme  vous.     Allotu  me  to  hold  a  different  opinion.     II  se  trouve 

que.    It  happens  that.    Trouver  a  redire  a.     To  find  fault  with.     Je  sais  ce  qu'il 

vaut.     (Je  I'ai  d6masqu4.)     I  have  found  him  out. 
Tuer  (tr.).     To  kill.     Tuer  un  homme  d'un  coup  de  pistolet,  de  coup  d'6p6e.     Tuer  un 

homme  a  coups  de  pistolet,  a  coups  d'ep^es.     Etre  tue  de.     Se  tuer  de.    II  me  tue 

avec  ses  compliments. 

U 

User  (tr.).      To  consume  by  usage^  to  use ;  to  use  up ;  to  wear  out  (of  clothes,  etc.).     User  ses 

chapeaux,  ses  souliers,  etc.     User  sa  sant§.     To  exhaust  {destroy)  one's  health. 
User  (intr.).     To  use ;  to  make  use ;  de,  of.     User  d'un  droit.     To  have  recourse  to.     User 

de  violence. 
En  user.     To  act,  to  conduct  one's  self    Vous  en  usez  mal  avec  lui.     See  se  servir  de,  to 

use,  to  make  use  of. 
Usurper  (tr.).     To  usurp;  to  take  unlawful  possession  of    The  intransitive  form  with  sur  is 

not  much  used. 

V 

Vaguer  (intr.).  To  wander,  to  stray.  Vaguer  par  les  chemins.  Vaguer  9a  et  la.  Not 
much  used.     See  errer. 

Vaincre  (tr.,  also  intr.).  See  144.  A  vaincre  sans  p§ril,  on  triomphe  sans  gloire.  There 
is  no  glory  where  there  is  no  danger. 

Valoir  (intr.).  To  be  worth ;  to  be  as  good  as,  etc.  See  1 1 8.  Vaut  bien  que  mal  (or  vaille  que 
vaille).  At  all  events.  For  better  for  worse.  Je  VOUS  revaudrai  cela.  I  tvill  return 
you  the  compliment.  C'est  un  rien  qui  vaille.  He  is  a  hard  case.  Valoir  mieux. 
To  be  better.  II  vaut  mieux  rester  que  de  partir.  Cela  ne  dit  rien  qui  vaille. 
That  is  not  reassuring;  bodes  no  good.  Cela  vaut  fait.  That  is  as  good  as  done. 
Cela  m'a  valu  une  r^primande.  I  got  a  scolding  for  it.  Le  jeu  ne  vaut  pas  la 
chandelle.  The  game  is  not  ivorth  the  candle.  It  is  not  worth  while.  We  pas  valoir 
I'eau  (fu'on  boit  (le  pain  qu'on  mange).  Not  to  be  worth  one' s  salt.  Cela  ne  vous 
vaut  lien.  That  does  you  no  good ;  is  not  good  for  you.  Se  faire  valoir.  To  main- 
tain one's  rights  ;  to  keep  up  one's  dignity  (also,  to  put  one's  self  forward).  II  se  fait 
trop  valoir.     He  brags  too  much. 

Vanter  (tr.).      To  praise,  extol,  etc. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  353 

Se  vanter.  To  praise  on^sself;  to  boast;  de,  of.  II  n'y  a  pas  de  quoi  se  vanter.  There 
is  nothing  to  boast  of. 

Vaquer  (intr.).  To  be  vacant,  empty.  Les  bonnes  places  ne  vaquent  pas  longtemps. 
Vaquer  £L.  To  apply  one's  self  to.  See  n'etre  pas  occup^.  Avez-vous  des  chambres 
de  libre  ?     Have  you  any  rooms  vacant  (^free)  ? 

Varier  (tr.).  To  vary,  to  change,  diversify,  etc.  Varier  ses  plaisirs.  Varier  les  aliments. 
Varier  un  air  (de  musique).     To  play  an  air  with  variations. 

Varier  (intr.).  To  vary ;  to  differ ^  etc.  Les  historiens  varient  sur  cela.  Historians  differ 
respecting  (as  to')  that. 

Veiller  (tr.).     To  sit  up  with.    Veiller  un  malade,  un  mort. 

Veiller  (intr.).  To  remain  awake,  to  be  awake,  on  the  watch;  to  watch;  to  keep  watch.  Veiller 
sur.      To  watch  over.     Veiller  II.      To  see  to,  to  attend  to  ;  to  look  after. 

Vendre  (tr.).  To  sell;  to  sell  for  {z.  price).  Vendre  quelque  chose  cent  francs.  To  sell  any- 
thing for  a  hundred  francs.  Vendre  Cher.  To  sell  dear.  Vendre  comptant  (or  argent 
comptant).  To  sell  for  cash.  Vendre  pour  rien.  To  sell  for  nothing,  for  a  mere 
nothing.  Vendre  a  perte,  au  pair.  To  sell  at  a  loss,  at  par.  Vendre  a  bon  march6, 
pour  un  morceau  de  pain.  To  sell  cheap;  to  sell  for  a  song  {a  trifle). '  Le  beurre  se 
vend  bien.  Butter  sells  well.  On  vend  du  beurre  ici.  Butter  is  sold  here.  Idioms 
and  uses  of  vendre  :  I!  vendrait  pdre  et  m§re.  He  has  no  scruples.  A  vendre.  For 
sale.    Chose  qui  plait  est  ^  moiti§  vendue. 

Venger  (tr.).     To  revenge,  to  avenge,  etc. 

Se  venger.  To  revenge,  to  be  revenged,  to  revenge  one's  self;  de,  on.  Se  venger  d'un 
ennemi,  d'une  offense. 

Venir  (intr.).  To  come,  etc.  See  124  (also  70).  See  180.  Venez-vous  en,  il  est  tard. 
Come  away ;  it  is  late.  Venir  i  bout  de,  en  venir  i  bout.  To  bring  about,  to  accom- 
plish. II  se  vante  d'en  venir  k  bout.  He  says  he  is  sure  to  succeed.  Venir  de  faire 
quelque  chose.  To  have  just  done  something.  D'ou  vient  que  vous  etes  triste  ? 
Why  are  you  sad?  Faire  venir  quelqu'un.  To  send  for  any  one.  Faire  venir  une 
voiture.  To  order  a  carriage,  Faire  venir  I'eau  at  la  bouche.  To  make  the  mouth 
water.  0^  voulez-vous  en  venir?  What  are  you  driving  at?  C'est  la  que  j'en 
voulais  venir.  That  is  what  I  am  driving  at.  L'ann^e  qui  vient.  Next  year.  Le 
monde  i  venir.  The  other  %vorld.  Tout  vient  a  point  k  qui  salt  attendre.  Every- 
thing comes  to  the  man  who  waits.  C'est  un  beau  venir  y  voir!  It's  a  pretty  sight, 
I  must  say!  En  etre  venu  a.  To  be  reduced  to.  EUe  en  est  venue  a  mendier. 
Dites-lui  que  vous  venez  de  ma  part.     Tell  him  that  I  sent  you  ;  use  my  name. 

Verser  (tr. ).  To  pour,  to  pour  out  (liquids) ;  to  spill ;  to  upset  a  carriage  (or  the  persons  in  it) ; 
to  pay,  to  pay  out  (money).  Verser  du  vin  dans  une  carafe,  du  bl6  dans  un  sac. 
Verser  de  Tencre.     Le  cocher  nous  a  vers§s. 

Verser  (intr.).     To  upset;  to  overturn  (of  carriages,  etc.).     L'automobile  a  vers6. 

Idioms  and  uses :  Versez-lui  ^  boire.     Give  him  a  drink.    Verser  son  sang  pour  la 
patrie.      To  be  killed  (shed  one's  blood)  for  one's  country. 

Vetir  (tr.).  To  clothe.  See  131.  Vetir  is  used  with  reference  to  ordinary  garments;  rev§tir 
with  respect  to  those  peculiar  to  civil  offices,  or  to  the  incumbents  of  stations  of  honor 
and  dignity  ;  affubler  is  generally  used  in  ironical  speech,  or  in  speaking  of  an  unusual 
or  ridiculous  costume. 

Vexer  (tr.).  To  vex,  to  molest.  See  contrarier,  tourmenter.  Faire  de  la  peine.  Etre 
vex6  de  quelque  chose.     To  be  vexed  at  (very  fam.).    fetre  contraril  more  usual. 

MARTIN'S   FRENCH  VERB  —  23 


354 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


Virer  (intr.).  To  turn,  turn  about;  to  tack  (naval),  to  heave.  Vous  avez  beau  touraer  et 
virer.  It  is  useless  for  you  to  turn  and  twist  (fam.;  generally  used  with  tourner). 
Virer  de  bord  (naval).  To  put  about.  Same  expression  is  used  figuratively  in  a 
familiar  way  to  indicate  unsteadiness  of  conduct :  II  a  vir6  de  bord  dans  vingt  affaires. 
Virer  i.     To  incline  towards.    Le  noir  vire  souvent  au  jaunitre. 

Viser  (tr.).  To  aim  at,  to  take  aim  at;  to  strike  (the  object  aimed  at).  Viser  un  oiseau. 
Viser  les  honneurs. 

Viser  (intr.)  a.  To  aim  at,  take  aim  at;  to  direct  one^s  blow  or  shot  at,  Viser  au  cceur. 
Viser  a  I'effet.     To  direct  one's  efforts,  etc. 

Visiter  (tr.).  To  visit,  to  go  and  see  (through  curiosity,  duty,  charity).  Expresses  formality. 
The  ordinary  expression  for  to  visit  in  the  sense  of  to  make  a  call  on  is  faire  une 
visite  a. 

Vivre  (intr.).  See  146.  Idioms  and  uses :  Qui  vivra  verra.  Time  will  tell.  Who  lives  the 
longest  will  see  the  most.  Qui  vive  !  Who  is  there?  {who goes  there  ?^  (mil.  challenge). 
Apprendre  a  quelqu'un  a  vivre.  To  teach  {better)  manners  to  any  one.  Apprendre 
"k  vivre.  To  learn  manners.  Vivre  au  jour  le  jour.  To  live  from  hand  to  mouth. 
Vivre  d'amour  et  d'eau  fraiche.  To  be  lovesick.  Pour  vivre  heureux,  vivons 
tach6s.  To  live  happily,  live  apart ;  far  from  court,  far  from  care.  Vivre  aux 
crochets  des  autres.  To  be  a  parasite.  Vive!  Long  live  1  Hurrah  for  I  etc.  Vive  le 
roi.  Vivre  en  gargon.  To  lead  a  bachelor'' s  life.  Comme  c'est  v6cu !  How  true  to 
life  !  Vivre  dans  I'abondance.  To  live  in  clover.  Vivre  (etre)  k  gogo,  sometimes 
said  familiarly  in  same  sense. 

Voiler  (tr.).     To  veil,  etc.    Etre  voil6  de.     To  be  veiled  with. 

Voir  (intr.).      To  see.     See  117. 

Voir  (tr.).  Idioms  and  uses  :  Vous  n'avez  rien  a  y  voir.  That  is  no  business  of  yours ; 
you  have  nothing  to  do  with  this.  Vous  n'avez  rien  k  voir  ici.  You  are  not  wanted 
here.  II  ne  voit  goutte.  He  is  blind.  On  n'y  voit  goutte.  One  can  see  nothing. 
Voir  quelque  chose  de  bon  (de  mauvais)  ceil.  To  view  favorably  or  unfavorably. 
To  approve  or  to  disapprove.  Voir  venir  quelqu'un.  To  see  what  any  one  is  driving 
at.  To  perceive  any  one's  intentions.  II  a  vu  du  pays.  He  has  traveled  a  great  deal. 
Voir  quelque  chose  en  beau  (en  noir).  To  see  the  bright  side  {dark  side)  of  anything. 
Voyons  !  Let  us  see  I  Let  me  see !  Come  !  Voyons  !  Voyons  !  Come  !  Come  !  or 
Come,  control  yourself  I  Faire  voir.  To  show.  Faites-moi  voir  cela.  II  m'en  a  fait 
voir  de  toutes  les  couleurs.  He  told  us  all  sorts  of  tales;  worried  us  to  exhaustion.  II 
m'en  a  fait  trop  voir.  He  has  exhausted  my  patience.  My  patience  is  exhausted  with 
him.  J' en  ai  vu  de  toutes  les  couleurs.  I  had  all  kinds  of  experiences.  Cela  se  voit 
tons  les  jours.  That  happens  frequently.  lis  ne  se  voient  plus.  They  are  not  on 
good  terms. 

Voler  (intr.).  To  fly  (with  wings,  in  the  air)  ;  to  wing  one's  way  (flight).  Used  literally  and 
figuratively.  Voler  de  ses  propres  ailes.  To  act  for  one's  self  On  pouvait  entendre 
voler  une  mouche.      You  could  hear  a  pin  drop. 

Voler  (tr.).  To  steal  (anything) ;  to  rob  (any  one) ;  H,  from.  Voler  quelqu'un.  Voler 
quelque  chose  k  quelqu'un.  See  dSrober.  II  ne  I'a  pas  vol6.  He  richly  deserved 
what  he  got. 

Voler  (intr.).     To  steal,  to  rob.    Voler  sur  le  grand  chemin. 

Voter  (tr.).  To  vote.  Voter  une  loi.  lis  I'ont  proclam6  une  homme  assomant.  They  voted 
him  a  bore.    Si  nous  allions  nous  promener  en  bateau.     /  vote  we  go  for  a  boat  ride. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB  355 

Voter  (intr.).     To  vote  (in  an  election).     II  a  vot6  pour  Monsieur  B. 

Vouer  (tr.).  To  vow  ;  a,  to.  Vouer  ob^issance  au  roi.  To  consecrate  (a,  to'),  Vouer  un 
temple  i  Dieu. 

Se  vouer  (a).  To  dedicate  one's  self  to,  etc.  Je  ne  sais  it  quel  saint  me  vouer.  I  do  not 
know  which  way  to  turn. 

Vouloir  (tr.).  See  114.  Idioms  and  uses:  Vouloir  c'est  pouvoir.  Where  there's  a  willy 
there's  a  way.  En  vouloir  a  quelqu'un.  To  have  a  grudge  against  some  one.  Je  lui 
en  veux.  Que  VOulez-VOUS?  What  do  you  zvant?  What  can  I  do  for  you?  Also 
much  used  in  sense  of :  (i)  What  can  you  expect  ?  {2)  It  could  not  be  helped.  (3)  What 
could  I  do  ?  Que  lui  voulez-vous  ?  What  do  you  want  of  him  ?  Vous  I'avez  voulu. 
You  would  have  it.  It  is  your  own  fault.  Faire  (quelque  chose)  sans  le  vouloir.  To 
do  {something)  unintentionally.  Vouloir  dire.  To  mean.  Que  voulez-vous  dire? 
What  do  you  mean?  C'est  ce  qu'il  voulait  dire.  That  is  what  he  meant.  Savoir  ce 
que  parler  veut  dire.  To  take  the  hint ;  to  understand  a  hidden  meaning.  Je  le 
veux  bien.  /  have  no  objection ;  with  pleasure  I  II  veUt  cent  francs  de  cela.  He 
wants  {asks)  one  hundred  francs  for  that. 


INDEX 


(Figures  refer  to  pages) 


Auxiliaries,  classification  and  discussion,  76- 

79. 
English,  and  their  French  equivalents,  252- 

254. 
table  of  translations  of,  254-255. 

Classification  of  verbs,  5. 

as  to  conjugations,  32. 
Composition  of  the  French  verb,  32. 
Compound  Conditional,  the,  9. 
Compound  Tenses,  how  formed,  9,  ill. 
Conjugation,  First  (regular  verbs),  34-42. 

Second  (regular  verbs),  42-45. 

Third  (regular  verbs),  45-50. 

Fourth  (regular  verbs),  50-53. 

Defective  Verbs,  209-230. 

Endings,  Present  Indicative,  8,  no. 
Imperfect  Indicative,  8,  m. 
Past  Definite  Indicative,  8,  112. 
Future  Indicative,  8,  no. 
Present  Conditional,  8,  no. 
Imperative,  9,  112. 
Present  Subjunctive,  9,  in. 
Imperfect  Subjunctive,  9,  112. 
Infinitive,  5,  8. 
of  the  four  conjugations,  33. 
comparison,  55. 
of  tenses,  discussion  and  tables,  109-113. 

Formation  of  verbs  (tenses),  8,  109-113. 

How  the  French    express   the    English   verb 

to  make,  28,  53. 
How  to   learn   quickly  to   conjugate  French 

verbs,  51. 

Imperative,  7,  9,  n  2. 
Imperfect  Indicative,  use,  109. 

formation,  in. 
Imperfect  Subjunctive,  9,  112. 
Impersonal  Verbs,  95-108;   discussion,  95,  96. 

describing  phenomena  of  nature,  list,  104. 


Infinitive,  discussion,  5,  8,  no. 

as  object  of  a  verb,  249. 
Interrogative  Conjugation,  discussion,  13,  15. 
Irregular  Verbs,  First  Conjugation,  I13-I15. 

Second  Conjugation,  138-163. 

Third  Conjugation,  115-137. 

Fourth  Conjugation,  163-208. 

Model  Verbs,  First  Conjugation,  34-42. 

Second  Conjugation,  43-45. 

Third  Conjugation,  46-48. 

Fourth  Conjugation,  50-52. 
Mood,  Indicative,  6. 

Conditional,  7. 

Subjunctive,  7. 

Imperative,  7. 
Movcy  tOy  examples  of  translation,  135, 


Negative  Conjugation,  discussion,  16. 
Negative-Interrogative    Conjugation, 
sion,  19-20. 


discus- 


Orthographic  changes  in  verbs,  table,  56. 

Passive  Verb,  108,  109. 

Past  or  Compound  Conditional,  9. 

Past  Definite,  109,  112. 

Past  Indefinite,  9,  109. 

Past  Participle,  discussion,  6, 

agreement  of,  109. 
Practical    Exercises  in   answering  questions, 
231-232. 
on  verbs  requiring  de  before  following  in- 
finitive, 232-238. 
on  verbs  requiring  h.  before  following  infini- 
tive, 238-243. 
on  verbs   requiring  no    preposition  before 

following  infinitive,  244-247. 
on  verbs  requiring  sometimes  i,  sometimes 

de,  247-248. 
on  verbs  reflected  in  French  and  not   in 
English,  249-252. 


357 


358 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


Present  Indicative,  8,  iio-iii. 
Present  Participle,  6,  iio-iii. 
Present  Subjunctive,  7,  iii. 
Primitive  Tenses,  53. 

Reflexive  Verb,  discussion,  79-83. 
Conjugation  (Model  Verb),  80. 
Interrogative  Conjugation,  86. 
Negative  Conjugation,  83. 
Negative-Interrogative  Conjugation,  88. 

Verbs,  classification  as  to  conjugations,  32. 
classified  as  to  terminations,  ending  in, 
aindre  (eindre,  oindre),  192-194. 
aitre,  169,  188. 
ayer  (and  eyer),  71. 
cer,  57. 
dure,  196. 
courir,  147-149, 
crire,  172-173. 
croitre,  199-200. 
cueillir,  152,  153. 
dire,  167. 
dormir,  143-145. 

eindre  (aindre  and  oindre),  192-194. 
eler,  eter,  66-68. 
eyer  (and  ayer),  71. 

Exceptions,  68. 
ger,  60. 


lire,  173-175- 

mener,  lever,  etc.,  64. 

mettre,  1 70-1 71. 

moudre,  201-203. 

oindre  (aindre,  eindre),  192-194. 

oyer  (uyer),  62. 

plaire,  186-187. 

prendre,  179-180. 

qu6rir,  150-151. 

r6v6rer,  posslder,  etc.,  69. 

sentir,  143-145. 

servir,  143-145. 

sortir,  143-144. 

soudre,  203-204. 

tenir,  1 38-141. 

uire,  175-177- 

uyer  (oyer),  62. 

venir,  1 38-141. 

vetir,  156-157. 
Composition,  8,  9,  iio-iii. 
reflected   in   French  and   not   in   English. 

See  Practical  Exercises, 
requiring  de  or  a  before  an  infinitive  de- 
pending upon  them,  discussion,  10.     See 

Practical  Exercises, 
requiring  no  preposition  before  a  dependent 

infinitive.     See  Practical  Exercises.    . 
tenses,  8,  1 09-1 13. 


VERBS  CONJUGATED  IN  TEXT 


Note.  —  If  in  this  list  a  particular  verb  is  not  indexed,  look  for  it  in  the  verb  dictionary. 
The  defective  verbs  are  separately  arranged,  alphabetically,  beginning  on  page  209. 

Acqu6rir,  150. 
Ad  venir,  103. 
Agir,  102. 


AUer,  29. 
Aller,  S'en,  90. 
Appeler,  66. 
Arguer,  74. 
Assaillir,  154. 
Asseoir,  126. 
Asseoir,  S',  128. 
Avancer,  58. 
Avoir,  II. 
Avoir,  Y,  96. 


Battre,  76. 
B6nir,  75. 
Boire,  177-178. 
Bouillir,  1 60-1 61. 


Conclure,  195-196. 
Conduire,  175-177. 
Connaitre,  168-169. 
Convaincre,  145. 
Coudre,  197-198. 
Courir,  147-148. 
Craindre,  192-194. 
Cr6er,  74. 


THE  FRENCH   VERB 


359 


Croire,  163. 
Croitre,  199. 
Cueillir,  152. 
Cuire,  177. 

♦  Devoir,  49. 
Dire,  165. 
Dormir,  143. 

Ecrire,  172.     - 

Employer,  62.  ^ 

Envoyer,  114. 

Etre,  21. 

Faire,  25.  ^ 
Falloir,  98. 
Falloir,  S'en,  loi. 
Finir,  43. 
Fleurir,  75. 
Fuir,  158. 

Geler,  105. 
Greler,  107. 

Hair,  75. 

Importer,  107. 

Jouer,  73. 

Laver,  Se  (Reflexive  Model  Verb),  80. 
Lire,  173. 

Manger,  60. 
Mener,  64. 
Mettre,  170. 
Moudre,  201. 
Mourir,  162. 
Mouvoir,  133. 

Naitre,  188. 
Neiger,  106. 
Nuire,  177. 

Offrir,  145. 
Ouvrir,  145. 

Parler    (Model    Verb,    First     Conjugation), 
34. 


Partir,  141. 
Payer,  71. 
Percevoir,  48. 
Plaire,  186. 
Pleuvoir,  105. 
Poursuivre,  184. 
Pourvoir,  131. 
Pouvoir,  118. 
Prendre,  179. 
.'^Prier,  74. 

Recevoir  (Model  Verb,  Third  Conjugation), 

46. 
Rendre   (Model  Verb,  Fourth  Conjugation), 

50- 
R^soudre,  203. 
R6v^rer,  69. 
Rire,  190. 
Rompre,  76. 

S'agir,  102. 
S'asseoir,  128. 
Savoir,  120. 
Se  laver,  80. 
S'en  aller,  90. 
S'en  falloir,  loi. 
S'enfuir,  159. 
Sentir,  143. 
Servir,  143. 
Sortir,  143. 
Souffrir,  146. 
Suivre,  182. 
Surseoir,  136. 

Taire,  205. 
Tenir,  1^8. 
Traire,  207. 
Tressaillir,  155. 
Tuer,  73. 

Vaincre,  181. 
•Valoir,  124. 
Venir,  138. 
V§tir,  156. 
Vivre,  184. 
Voir,  122. 
Vouloir,  115. 


A    THREE    YEAR    COURSE 
IN    FRENCH 

By  L.  C.  SYMS,  B.  es  L.,  L.  en  D.,  De  Witt  Clinton 
High  School,  New  York 


First  Year  in  French     . $0.50 

Second  Year  in  French 1. 00 

Third  Year  in  French         1.20 


THIS  comprehensive  course  in  French  teaches  pupils  not 
only  to  read  but  also  to  speak  and  write  the  language 
correctly.  In  the  First  Year  the  early  lesssons  con- 
tain only  the  names  of  common  objects  while  the  later  ones 
include  short  stories  which  are  not  intended  to  be  translated 
into  EngUsh.  In  the  Second  Year  an  almost  equal  amount 
of  time  is  given  to  reading,  conversation,  translation, 
and  grammar.  Particular  stress  is  laid  upon  the  study  of 
verbs.  A  short  story  or  description  forms  the  basis  of  each 
lesson,  illustrating  a  grammatical  principle  and  affording  an 
easy  and  pleasant  subject  for  conversation.  The  more 
difficult  aspects  of  French  grammar  and  syntax  are  treated  in 
the  Third  Year,  and  unusual  attention  is  given  to  all  points 
likely  to  prove  especially  confusing.  The  progressive  reading 
lessons  are  such  as  will  prepare  the  student  to  read  the  master- 
pieces of  French  literature.  Each  book  contains  vocab- 
ularies. 


SYMS'S    EASY   FIRST   FRENCH    READER.    ^0.50 

THESE  stories  and  poems  have,  for  the  most  part,  been  selected  from 
the  works  of  Octave  Feuillet,   £.  Laboulaye,   Hegesippe  Moreau, 
Felix  Gras,  and  other  well  known  writers.     The  text  is  easy  and 
progressive,  proceeding  from  the  very  simple  to  the  more  difficult  by  a 
regular  gradation.      Following  the  reading  material,  and  based  on  it,  are 
short  English    exercises  to    be   translated  into   French,  vocabularies,  etc. 


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BOOKS  ON   FRENCH   PROSE 
COMPOSITION 

By   VICTOR    E.    FRANCOIS,    Instructor   in    French, 
College  of  the  City  of  New   York 


Introductory  French  Prose  Composition .  j^O.25 

Advanced  French  Prose  Composition 80 


THE  INTRODUCTORY  FRENCH  PROSE  COM- 
POSITION is  designed  for  students  with  some  knowl- 
edge of  French  grammar — that  is,  in  the  second  year  in 
the  high  school,  or  the  second  term  in  college,  although  it  may 
be  used  satisfactorily  earlier  in  the  course.  Part  I.  presents  a 
systematic  review  of  the  elements  of  French  grammar  by  means 
of  an  original  narrative,  and  Part  II.  contains  an  adapted 
story.  The  progressive  exercises  in  grammar,  transposition, 
and  translation,  the  general  review,  and  the  vocabulary  are 
all  arranged  for  interesting  and  effective  work, 
•ly  The  ADVANCED  FRENCH  PROSE  COMPOSI- 
TION is  intended  for  the  third  and  fourth  years  in  high 
schools,  or  for  the  second  year  in  colleges,  and  may  be 
used  with  any  complete  grammar.  Each  exercise  in  Part  I. 
includes  the  rules  of  grammar  to  be  reviewed,  a  list  of 
verbs  with  the  required  preposition,  a  portion  of  French 
text,  work  in  transposition,  questions  to  be  asked  the  student, 
and  an  English  passage  for  translation  into  French.  For 
Part  II.  the  author  has  chosen  an  interesting  subject,  **A 
Stranger  Visiting  Paris,'*  and  has  based  upon  it  numerous 
French  and  English  passages  for  translation,  in  this  way  im- 
parting much  valuable  information  about  that  city.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  book  is  a  list  of  tolerances  adopted  by  the 
French  Minister  of  Public  Ihstruction  in  his  decree  of  February 
6,1901.  The  book  contains,  furthermore,  brief  yet  sug- 
gestive notes,  French-English  and  English-French  vocabula- 
ries, and  numerous  illustrations. 


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("4) 


FRENCH     TEXTS 


THESE  French  texts  are,  in  the  main,  those  which  are 
read  most  by  classes  following  the  recommendations  of 
the  Modern  Language  Association,  the  College  Entrance 
Examination  Board,  and  the  New  York  State  Education 
Department.  In  addition  a  few  others  are  included  which 
are  no  less  suitable.  With  few  exceptions  each  volume 
contains  notes  and  a  vocabulary. 


ELEMENTARY 

fRICH 

Bacon.      Une  Semaine  a  Paris $o»S^ 

Bruno.      LeTour  de  la  France  (Syms) 60 

CoNLEY.      La  Fille  deThuiskon 65 

Dumas.  Excursions  surles  Bordsdu  Rhin(Henckels),  .40 
Erckmann-Chatrian.  Madame Therese  (Fontaine),  .50 
FoA.  Le  Petit  Robinson  de  Paris  (De  Bonneville),  .45 
GooDELL.     L* Enfant  Espion,  and  Other  Stories  .     .        .45 

GuERBER.      Contes  et  Legendes,  Part  1 60 

GuERBER.      Contes  et  Legendes,  Part  II 60 

La  Bedolliere.       La    Mere    Michel    et  Son    Chat 

(Josselyn) 30 

Labiche  and  Martin.  LaPoudre  aux  Yeux(Fran9ois),  .  30 
Labiche  and  Martin.      Le  Voyage  de  M.  Perrichon 

(Castegnier) .35 

Legouve  and  Labiche.      La  Cigale  chez  les  Fourmis 

(Farrar) 25 

Mairet.      La  Clef  d' Or,  and  Les  Fleches  Magiques 

(Healy) .35 

Mairet.  LaTache  du  Petit  Pierre  (Healy)  .  .  .  .35 
Mairet.      L* Enfant  de  la  Lune  (Healy)  ....        .35 

Merimee.      Colomba  (Williamson) 40 

ScHULTZ.  La  Neuvaine  de  Colette  (Lye)  .  .  .  .45 
Syms.  Le  Chien  de  Brisquet,  and  Other  Stories  .  .35 
Verne.      Les  Enfants  du  Capitaine  Grant  (Healy)  .        .30 


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("6) 


FRENCH    TEXT  S 


THESE  texts  are,  in  the  main,  those  recommended  by  the 
Modern  Language  Association,  the  College  Entrance  Ex- 
amination Board,  and  the  New  York  State  Education  De- 
partment.  Most  of  the  volumes  contain  notes  and  a  vocabulary. 


INTERMEDIATE 

PRICK 

AuGiER  and  Sandeau.      Le  Gendre  de  M.  Poirier 

(Roedder) ^^0.40 

Cameron.      Tales  of  France i.oo 

Chateaubriand.     Les  Aventures  du  Dernier  Aben- 

cerage  (Bruner) 30 

Cremieux  and   Decourcelle.      L'Abbe   Constantin 

(Fran9ois) .35 

Daudet.       La   Belle- Nivernaise,   and    Other  Stories 

(Jenkins)         50 

Daudet.      Tartarin  de  Tarascon  (Fontaine)  .      .      .        .45 

Dumas.      La  Tulipe  Noire  (Brandon) 40 

Dumas.      Les  Trois  Mousquetaires  (Fontaine)     .      .        .60 

Fontaine.      Douze  Contes  Nouveaux 45 

Hugo.      La  Chute  (Kapp) 35 

La  Brete.  Mon  Oncle  et  Mon  Cure  (White)  .  .  .50 
Moliere.       Le    Bourgeois    GentUhomme   (Roi    and 

Guitteau) ,        .35 

Sand.  La  Mare  au  Diable  ( Randall-La wton)  .  .  .35 
Sandeau.  Mademoiselle  de  la  Seigliere  (White)  .  .40 
Sevigne,  Madame  DE.     Selected  Letters  (Syms)  .      .        .40 

ADVANCED 

FoNCiN.  Le  Pays  de  France  (Muzzarelli)  ...  .60 
GoNCOURT,    Edmond,    and    Jules     de.      Selections 

(Cameron) 1.25 

La  Fontaine.      Fifty  Fables  (McKenzie)       ...  .40 

Racine.      Iphigenie  (Woodward) .60 

Voltaire.     Selected  Letters  (Syms) 75 


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GERMAN     TEXTS 


THESE  German  texts  are,  in  the  main,  those  which 
are  read  most  by  classes  following  the  recommendations 
of  the  Modern  Language  Association,  the  College 
Entrance  Examination  Board,  and  the  New  York  State 
Education  Department.  In  addition  a  few  others  are  in- 
cluded which  are  no  less  suitable.  With  few  exceptions 
each  volume  contains  notes  and  a  vocabulary. 


ELEMENTARY  ^^.^^ 

Arnold.  Ein  Regentag  auf  dem  Lande  (Kern)  .  ;^o.2  5 
Baumbach.  Im  Zwielicht,  Vol.  I.  (Bernhardt)  .  .65 
Baumbach.  Im  Zwielicht,  Vol.  II.  (Bernhardt)  .  .65 
Baumbach    and    Wildenbruch.      Es    War    Einmal 

(Bernhardt) 65 

Benedix.      Der  Prozess,  and  Wilhelmi.   Einer  Muss 

Heiraten  (Lambert) 30 

Grimm.      Kinder-  und  Hausmarchen  (Vos)    .     .     .        .45 

Heyse.      Anfang  and  Ende  (Lentz)      .      .     .     .     .        .30 

Heyse.      Das    Madchen   von    Treppi,   and   Marion 

(Bernhardt) 30 

Heyse.      L'Arrabbiata  (Lentz) 30 

HiLLERN.      Hoher  als  die  Kirche  (Dauer) 25 

Leander.      Traumereien  (Hanstein) 35 

Meyer.     Das  Amulett  (Glascock) 35 

Seidel.      Die  Monate  (Arrowsmith) 25 

Seidel.  Der  Lindenbaum  and  Other  Stories  (Richard),  .  2  5 
Seidel.   Leberecht  Hiihnchen  und  Andere  Sonderlinge 

(Bernhardt) 50 

Spyri.      Rosenresli,  and  Der  Toni  von  Kandergrund,        .25 

Stoltze.     Bunte  Geschichten 30 

Storm.      Immensee  (Dauer) 25 

Storm.     Im  Sonnenschein,  and    Ein    Grunes  Blatt 

(Swiggett) 25 

Zschokke.      Der  Zerbrochene  Krug  (Berkefeld)       .        .25 


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GERMAN     TEXTS 


INTERMEDIATE  ^rick 

Bernhardt.     Freudvoll  und  Leidvoll $^'^S 

DiLLARD.  Aus  dem  Deutschen  Dichterwald  ...  .60 
Ebner-Eschenbach.  Krambambuli,  and  Klaussmann, 

Memoiren  eines  Offizierbiirschen  (Spanhoofd),        .25 

FouQUE.      Undine  (Senger) 5° 

Freytag.      Die  Journalisten  (Johnson) 35 

Groller.      Inkognito,  and  Albersdorf.  Cand.  phil. 

Lauschmann  (Lentz) 3° 

Keller.  Bilder  aus der  Deutschen  Litteratur.  Revised,  i.oo 
Lessing.      Minna  von  Barnhelm  (Lambert)     ...        .50 

MosER.      Der  Bibliothekar  (Cooper) 45 

RiEHL.      Das    Spielmannskind,     and    Der     Stumme 

Ratsherr  (Priest) .35 

RiEHL.  Der  Fluch  der  Schonheit  (Frost)  ...  .30 
RiEHL.      Die    Vierzehn    Nothelfer,   and    Trost    um 

Trost  (Sihler) 30 

ScHANZ.     Der  Assistent  and  Other  Stories  (Beinhorn),        .  3  5 

Schiller.     Wilhelm   Tell   (Roedder) 70 

Seidel.      Herr   Omnia   (Matthewman) 25 

Stern.      Geschichten  vom   Rhein 85 

Stern.      Geschichten  von  Deutschen  Stadten .      .     .      1.25 

Stifter.     Das    Heidedorf   (Lentz) 25 

WiLDENBRUCH.     Das  Edle   Blut  (Eggert)      .     .     .        .30 

ADVANCED 
Bernhardt.      Deutsche  Litteraturgeschichte    .     .     .        .75 

Lessing.      Nathan  der  Weise  (DiekhofF) 80 

Prehn.     Journalistic  German 50 

Ranke.      Kaiserwahl  Karl's  V.  (Schoenfeld)  .     .      .        .35 

Richter.      Selections   (Collins) 60 

Scheffel.  Der  Trompeter  von  Sakkingen  (Buehner),  .75 
Schiller.  Gustav  Adolf  in  Deutschland  (Bernhardt),  .45 
Wagner.  Die  Meistersinger  von  Nurnberg  (Bigelow) ,  .  70 
Wilbrandt.    Der  Meister  von  Palmyra  (Henckels),       .80 


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(234) 


TWO     GERMAN     READERS 

By  MENCO  STERN 


Geschichten  vom  Rhein j^o«85 

Geschichten  von  Deutschen  Stadten 1.25 


THESE  two  collections  of  stories  are  designed  to  arouse 
and  stimulate  the  pupil's  interest,  not  only  while  he  is 
struggling  with  the  difficulties  of  German  grammar,  but 
even  after  he  has  successfully  completed  the  study.  They 
make  him  acquainted  with  the  German  people,  and  describe 
faithfully  the  various  sections  of  the  German  Empire,  portray- 
ing their  local  color,  and  giving  their  local  traditions. 
^  These  volumes,  each  containing  nearly  one  hundred  stories, 
furnish  interesting  reading-matter,  and  include,  besides,  valu- 
able suggestive  material  for  exercises  in  conversation  and  com- 
position. They  are  well  suited  for  intermediate  and  advanced 
grades,  and  provide  excellent  preparation  for  the  reading  of 
the  German  classics .  Both  books  have  been  recommended  for 
schools  by  the  New  York  State  Education  Department. 
^  While  each  chapter  is  complete  in  itself,  yet  taken  together, 
they  form  a  complete  whole,  and  afford  a  good  general 
acquaintance  with  the  scenes  in  which  they  are  laid.  In 
Geschichten  von  Deutschen  Stadten,  the  stories  commence 
with  the  cities  on  the  coast  of  the  North  Sea,  and  progress 
through  the  leading  towns  of  the  German  Empire.  In 
Geschichten  vom  Rhein,  the  reader  starts  from  the  source  of 
the  Rhine,  and  follows  it  throughout  its  course.  These  sketches 
all  |)ortray  the  romance  of  Germany — its  scenery,  cities, 
castles,  and  homes,  interweaving  with  the  descriptions  the 
legends  and  folk-lore  of  the  people.  They  do  not,  however, 
consist  of  fiction  only,  but  furnish  also  many  facts  of  historical, 
geographical,  and  literary  importance.  The  vocabularies, 
which  have  been  carefully  compiled,  furnish  ample  aid.  The 
maps  help  show  the  significance  of  the  tales. 


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A  BRIEF  GERMAN   COURSE 

J1.2O 

By  C.  F.  KAYSER,  Ph.D.,  Professor  of  German,  Normal 
College  of  the  City  of  New  York,  and  FREDERICK 
MONTESER,  Ph.D.,  First  Assistant  in  German,  DeWitt 
Clinton  High  School,  New  York 


MANY  valuable  features  differentiate  the  Brief  German 
Course  from  the  conventional  beginner's  book  in 
German.  Each  lesson  contains  one  or  more  topics 
of  grammar,  a  special  vocabulary,  and  exercises  in  reading 
and  writing  German,  with  such  suggestions  and  helps  for  the 
student  as  are  needed.  The  arrangement  of  the  subject- 
matter  has  been  determined  by  pedagogic  considerations  and 
practical  experience,  which  have  led  to  frequent  departures 
from  the  usual  sequence  of  topics.  The  recommendations 
of  the  Modern  Language  Association  have  been  followed. 
^  To  secure  to  the  pupil  variety  and  interest  in  his  work,  and 
to  facilitate  their  mastery,  the  difficulties  of  declension  and 
conjugation,  instead  of  being  grouped  together,  as  is  customary, 
are  introduced  gradually.  Elementary  syntax  is  treated  from 
the  beginning  in  immediate  connection  with  the  study  of 
forms.  The  rational  acquisition  of  a  German  vocabulary  is 
faciUtated  by  a  unique  treatment  of  word  formation.  The 
transition  from  disconnected  sentences  to  connected  reading  is 
made  simple  by  the  use  of  real  idiomatic  German  sentences, 
often  connected  in  sense. 

^  Frequent  review  lessons  are  given,  containing  grammatical 
questions,  interesting  reading  matter,  both  prose  and  verse,  and 
exercises  in  conversation.  The  reading  matter,  which  provides 
an  excellent  application  of  those  grammatical  principles,  and 
only  those,  met  in  the  previous  lessons,  is  written  in  an  easy, 
fluent  style,  and  illustrates  German  Hfe,  history,  geography, 
and  literature.  The  book  includes  complete  German-English 
and  English- German  vocabularies,  an  appendix  of  collected 
paradigms  of  declensions  and  conjugations,  and  an  index. 


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14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

LOAN  DEPT. 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 

Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 


t9N0V'59PF 


RUC'D  CK 


.^hM  1 1  ^960 


R^C'D  UD 


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IN   STACKS 


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LD  21A-50w-4,'59 
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General  Library 

University  of  California 

Berkeley 


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